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2023届新高考英语高频考点专项练习：专题十二 考点17 说明文（B卷）
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这是一份2023届新高考英语高频考点专项练习：专题十二 考点17 说明文（B卷），共12页。
While sme f the air-cleaning qualities f lightning are already well understd—in particular the creatin f nitric xide(氧化亚氮) and hydrxide(氢氧化物) that can wash ut varius greenhuse gases frm the sky—there's a lt mre ging n here, accrding t the new research.
It appears that bth lightning and the weaker, invisible electrical charges arund them can prduce the pllutant-catching xidants hydrxyl (OH) and hydrperxyl (HO2), which can als remve sme plluted gases such as methane and carbn mnxide frm the atmsphere.
These 2012 readings were taken frm a NASA plane flying ver Clrad and Oklahma, measuring the tp part f strm cluds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered n the grund at the same time, shwed that the lightning was indeed prducing these high levels f xidants(氧化剂).
A series f lab experiments backed up the idea that bth visible lightning and invisible electrical charges in the air culd prduce extreme amunts f xidants hydrxyl (OH) and hydrperxyl (HO2). It's wrth bearing in mind that mst lightning strms never strike the grund, but are nevertheless setting ff a lt f chemical reactins in the cluds.
At the mment, the hydrxyl and hydrperxyl prduced by lightning isn't included in atmspheric mdeling—a neglect that culd be significant.
"Thrugh histry, peple were nly interested in lightning strms because f what they culd d n the grund," says Brune. "Nw there is increasing interest in the weaker electrical discharges in thunderstrms that lead t clean the atmsphere."
There's a lt f uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mstly because their data is frm a small part f the wrld ver a limited time frame—but they guess that between 2-16 percent f glbal atmspheric xidatin culd be caused by lightning strms.
1.Why can the lightning clean the air?
A.It usually ges with rain.B.It can prduce mre xygen.
C.It can remve sme greenhuse gases.D.It deals with the dirty dust and plluted air.
2.Hw did the researchers get the cnclusin?
A.By using thers' reprt.B.By cmparing sme data.
C.By ding research in the lab.D.By studying the previus data.
3.What is the disadvantage f the research?
A.It is nt all-sided.B.It is nt the latest.
C.It is dne n the grund.D.It is nly abut atmsphere.
4.Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.The Atmsphere is Getting Plluted
B.Lightning is Dangerus fr Human Beings
C.Scientists Find Chemical Reactins in the Cluds
D.Lightning Helps the Atmsphere Clean Itself
2. Scial distancing is nt a new cncept in the natural wrld, where infectius diseases are cmmnplace. Thrugh specialized senses animals can detect certain diseases and change their behavir t avid getting ill.
In 1966, while studying chimps(猩猩) in a Tanzanian natinal park, zlgist Jane Gdall bserved a chimp named McGregr wh had caught a highly infectius virus. His fellw chimps attacked him and threw him ut f the grup. In ne instance, McGregr apprached chimps in a tree. He reached ut a hand in greeting, but the thers mved away withut a backward glance.
"Fr a full tw minutes, ld McGregr sat mtinless, staring after them," Gdall ntes in her 1971 bk In the Shadw f Man. "It's really nt that different t hw sme scieties react tday t such a tragedy."
Nt all animals are s aggressive tward their sick neighbrs. Smetimes it's as simple as aviding thse wh may infect yu.
When Kiesecker, a lead scientist in America, studied American bullfrg in the late 1990s, he fund that bullfrgs culd nt nly detect a deadly smell f infectin in ther bullfrgs, but healthy members actively avided thse that were sick. Bullfrgs rely n chemicals signals t determine wh is sick r nt.
Caribbean lbsters(龙虾) als avid diseased members f their cmmunity, well befre they becme infectius. It takes abut eight weeks fr lbsters infected with the deadly virus t becme dangerus t thers. Nrmally scial animals, lbsters begin keeping away frm the diseased as early as fur weeks after infectin—nce the lbsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals.
"Overall, it's imprtant t nte that, unlike us, animals dn't realize if they stay hme, they might actually reduce the infectin rate," Kiesecker explains. "As humans, we have that ability. It's a big difference."
1.Why did ther chimps attack McGregr?
A.He was a lner.B.He gt seriusly ill.
C.He may cause the grup ill.D.He hurt ther chimps first.
2.Hw did Gdall feel when seeing McGregr's result?
A.Supprtive.B.Dubtful.C.Objective.D.Sympathetic.
3.Hw lng will the healthy Caribbean lbsters stay with the diseased nes?
A.Abut a mnth.B.Abut eight weeks.
C.Abut fur days.D.Fewer than fur weeks.
4.Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Scial Distancing in NatureB.Carrying ut Scial Distancing
C.Puzzling Scial Distancing in ChimpsD.Scial Distancing between Human and Animals
3. Bld dnatins save lives. But bld can nly be stred under fridge fr up t six weeks. After that, it's n lnger usable fr transfusins. But Kpechek's team has develped a methd f preserving bld s it can be stred in a dehydrated(脱水的) state at rm temperature. T d s, they turned t a sugar called trehalse(海藻糖), which is a cmmn material in a friedcake...
"T help make them lk fresh even when they might be mnths ld, and yu wuldn't knw the difference." The researchers chse trehalse because in nature, it's made by tugh animals like sea mnkeys—als knwn as brine shrimp(虾)—famus fr their ability t survive dehydratin. "S these animals can dry ut cmpletely fr a lng perid f time and then be rehydrated and restart nrmal functin. S we wanted t use the trehalse that's prduced by these creatures and apply that t preserving bld cells in a dried state, just like thse creatures are."
But first, the researchers had t get trehalse int bld cells. They then used special equipment t drill hles in the cell tissue layers—which let sme trehalse get in. And they need t have sufficient level f trehalse n bth the inside and the utside f the cell in rder t survive the dehydratin and rehydratin prcess. At that pint, the bld culd be dried and made int a pwder. And then they can rehydrate the bld and have it return back t nrmal.
The team is still trying t imprve prductin but thinks the dried bld culd be stred at rm temperature fr years. Kpechek says the technique culd be ready fr clinical trials in three t five years. If successful, it culd be used t create stres f dried bld in case f future diseases r natural disasters and fr humanitarian aid wrk, military peratins r even missins t Mars. Maybe first aid kits n the Red Planet will include dried red bld cells.
1.Why are sea mnkeys mentined in the secnd paragraph?
A.Their brn dehydratin is wrth studying.
B.They are as well-knwn as ne species f shrimp.
C.They can prduce much trehalse t lengthen their life.
D.Their ability t survive dehydratin may inspire the researchers.
2.What's the third paragraph mainly abut?
A.The methd f dehydrating plants.B.The prcess f prducing dried bld.
C.The wrking system f taking in trehalse.D.The way f string spare fresh bld.
3.What's Kpechek's attitude t the technique f preserving bld?
A.Subjective.B.Supprtive.C.Dubtful.D.Ambiguus.
4.Where is the passage prbably frm?
A.A bilgy textbk.B.A travel brchure.
C.A ppular nvel.D.A science magazine.
4. A new study has fund that braving the cld may be a gd way t help burn ff sme f that Christmas desserts.
The research was carried ut by scientists at Canada's Laurentian University and fcused n high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This frmat has grwn in ppularity f late due t the fat-burning benefits it brings, and the team set ut t explre hw temperature might influence its effects.
The study invlved 11 verweight adults wh tk part in tw HIIT sessins a week apart. One f these was carried ut in a "thermneutral" envirnment with temperatures f arund 70℉ (21℃), and the ther at a cld 32℉ (0℃). The sessins cnsisted f 10 separate cycling race at 90 percent effrt lasting ne minute, fllwed by 90-secnd "recvery" perids f cycling at 30 percent intensity.
After each sessin, the participants cled dwn by gently cycling r walking, ate a nutritin bar befre ging t sleep and enjyed a high-fat breakfast the mrning after. During these sessins, the scientists mnitred skin temperature, cre bdy temperature, heart rate and the amunt f xygen. Bld samples were als drawn t help calculate fat burning rates fllwing the breakfast the next day.
"The present study fund that high-intensity exercise in the cld increased lipid xidatin(脂质氧化) by 358 percent in cmparisn t high-intensity exercise in a thermneutral envirnment," the team writes.
The authrs als nte that the idea that cld temperatures help us burn mre fat during exercise will need further investigatin(调查), thugh the first-f-a-kind study des indicate it's a pssibility wrth pursuing.
1.What is gd fr burning ff fat accrding t the study?
A.Cld fd.B.Lw temperature.
C.Hard wrkut.D.Cycling race.
2.What is the third paragraph mainly abut?
A.Intrductin t the study.B.Sme data in the study.
C.The participants in the study.D.The prcess f the study.
3.What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A.Further study needs t be dne.B.Ding exercise burns mre fat.
C.The effrts f scientists are in vain.D.The study result is unreasnable.
4.What is the best title f the text?
A.High-intensity Wrkuts Help Burn ff Extra Calries
B.Cycling in the Cld Is a Great Way t Build up Yur Bdy
C.Study Shws Fat-burning Ptential f Exercising in the Cld
D.Researchers Have Fund Mre Fat-burning Wrkuts
5. Human beings are nt alne in having invented vaccinatin(接种疫苗), while hneybees gt there first and they can run what lk like vaccinatin prgrammes, which has been cnfirmed by Gyan Harwd f the University f Illinis, Urbana-Champaign.
Queen bees vaccinate their eggs befre they are laid. But the questin is hw the queen receives her antigen supply f defensive matter, fr she lives purely n ryal jelly(蜂王浆), a liquid prduced by nurse bees when they are in the life stage f feeding the yung. Dr. Harwd wndered if the nurses cmbined the ryal jelly they prduced with pieces frm pathgens(病原体碎片) they had cnsumed while eating smething brught in frm utside.
T test this idea, they cllected abut 150 nurse bees and divided them amng six queenless mini nests equipped with the yung t lk after. They fed the nurses n sugar-water, and fr three f the hives they added Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing a disease, t sugar-water.
Dr. Harwd and Dr. Salmela marked the bacteria, t make them easy t track. And, sure enugh, micrscpe cnfirmed that Paenibacillus larvae were getting int ryal jelly secreted by thse bees which had been fed with the sugar water. Mrever, examinatin f this ryal jelly included higher levels f defensive matter, cmpared with ryal jelly frm bees that had nt been mixed with Paenibacillus larvae. This matter is thught t help bee immune systems fight against bacteria.
All tld, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their ryal jelly, passing defensive matter n t the queen, then int eggs. They als mean, because the yung receive ryal jelly fr the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the yung the secnd defensive matter. Each yung bee is therefre being vaccinated twice.
1.What puzzled Dr. Harwd abut the queen bees?
A.Whether bees run vaccinatin earlier than man.
B.Hw the antigen cme int the queen bees' bdies.
C.Where the nurses receive pathgens.
D.What the ryal jelly cnsists f.
2.Hw did Dr. Harwd develp his experiment?
A.By dividing bees int different rles.B.By bserving the nurses' behavirs.
C.By changing the cmpnents f ryal jelly.D.By keeping track f the special bacterium.
3.What d we learn frm the results f the experiment?
A.Nurse bees are the key t vaccinatin fr bee grup.
B.The queens prduced defensive matter by themselves.
C.Bacteria-used ryal jelly has fewer defensive matter.
D.Tw vaccinatins are given t yung bees by caregivers directly.
4.Where is the passage prbably taken frm?
A.A pet guide.B.A scial website.
C.An fficial dcument.D.A medical magazine.
6. Since there seems t be an app fr everything, it may cme as n surprise that there is an app fr cheating. But what surprised me mst as an educatr playing this cat-and-muse game fr decades is that cheating is nw scaled up. Chegg, in which students pay $10 r $15 a mnth fr rund-the-clck access t resurces including exam questins, textbk slutins and hmewrk "help", reprted 4.9 millin subscribers, a 31% year-ver-year increase, and $198.5 millin in quarterly revenue.
As an unintended cnsequence f technlgy allwing remte learning and exams, students are finding mre and mre nline venues allwing them t earn grades and diplmas by cheating. Hw d we curb this kind f cheating and its threat t the integrity (诚实) f ur students and educatinal system?
The answer depends n the mtivatin behind the decisin t cheat. Many students dn't think f it as cheating, as they are paying a legal cmpany fr the service; thers feel pressured t get the grades and s justify the means. Sme students wh are cheating ddge academic cnsequences, as there are few technlgy slutins t capture riginal answers prvided by experts, and plagiarism (剽窃)-catching sftware can't detect riginal wrk bught and paid fr by these students.
Hwever, in 2020, Australian lawmaker made it illegal t arrange fr r advertise selling certain cheating services such as paid essay writing. Did it have an effect? Accrding t Frbes cntributing writer Derek Newtn, many f the biggest and best-knwn essay mills (工厂) are ending peratins there.
Besides, fighting against this cheating requires a crdinated effrt by educatinal institutins and their accreditrs, with accreditatin agencies pssibly changing nline prfessinal entrance exams t prevent cheating. Fields such as engineering, science and nursing will lse in the lng run if students cheat their way int the prfessins.
Indeed, ur sciety lses the mst frm this cheating in plain sight (显眼的). Cheating crrupts the individual wh cheats, yes, but it als destrys the faith we have in ur educatinal system, its hnest graduates and the peple we depend n t build technlgy that truly serves human interactin, decisin making and achievement.
1. What might the writer be?
A. A teacher. B. A parent. C. An fficialD. A pliceman.
2. What des the underlined wrd "ddge" in the third paragraph mean?
A. Reject. B. Face. C. Avid. D. Accept.
3. What happened after Australian lawmakers tk actin against cheating?
A. Few students dared t cheat any lnger.
B. Many writers and schlars lst their jbs.
C. Students wh cheated faced serius utcmes.
D. Many essay-selling cmpanies were clsed there.
4. What is the best title f the passage?
A. Hw t fight against cllege cheating?
B. Being hnest is the mst imprtant quality
C. What happened t the educatinal system?
D. Online cheating, the dark side f remte learning
7. Peple wh have difficulty in falling asleep may put n a pair f scks when they are ging t sleep. It is said that it will prmte sleep. What is the reasn behind it?
T understand why, yu first need t grasp the relatinship between cre bdy temperature and sleep. During daylight hurs, the human bdy wrks at an average temperature f 37℃. But at night, yur cre bdy temperature dips as much as 1.2℃ ver the curse f six r seven hurs f sleep.
This gradual decrease in cre bdy temperature, as it turns ut, is a key part f the cmplicated neurbilgical (神经生物学的) behavir f falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster yu can lwer yur cre bdy temperature, the faster yu will fall asleep. The palms f yur hands and sles f yur feet are the bdy's mst efficient heat exchangers, since they are hairless and less insulated (有隔热保护的) than ther skin surfaces.
Studies have shwn that warming the feet befre ging t sleep by having a warm ft bath r by wearing scks prmtes vasdilatin (血管舒张), which in turn lwers the bdy's cre temperature faster than ging t sleep with cld, bare feet.
In a study, Krean researchers fund that wearing a pair f special "sleeping scks" nt nly speeded up the nset f sleep, but increased the verall sleep time by an average f 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episdes in half.
These scientific studies cnfirm that wearing scks t bed can actually prmte sleep. If yu're ne f thse peple wh have truble falling asleep, put n a pair f scks at bedtime!
1. What des getting t sleep mainly depend n?
A. The average temperature f human bdies.
B. The verall sleep time.
C. The insulated hands.
D. The drp in cre bdy temperature.
2. Which parts f the bdy mainly give ff heat?
A. The head and hair. B. Skin and bldy
C. The heart and lungs. D. Hands and Feet.
3. Which f the fllwing is nt ne f the benefits f wearing scks when sleeping?
A. Falling asleep quicker. B. Feeling cmfrtable.
C. Increasing the sleep time. D. Waking up less ften at night.
4. Where des the passage prbably cme frm?
A. A newspaper. B. A travel guide.
C. A science reprt. D. A fashin magazine.
8. "We thught dgs wuld behave like children under age 5, but nw we guess that perhaps dgs can understand when smene is dishnest," says Huber at the University f Vienna in Austria. "Maybe they think, 'This persn has the same knwledge as me, but is giving me the wrng infrmatin.' It's pssible they culd see that as intentinally misleading, which is lying."
Once that trust was established, the team had the dgs witness anther persn mve the fd frm the first t the secnd hwl. The cmmunicatrs were either in the rm, and als witnessed the switch, r were briefly absent and s apparently unaware that the fd had been switched. In either case, the cmmunicatrs wuld later recmmend the first bwl, which was nw empty.
In previus versins f this experiment with children under age 5, the participants reacted in particular ways. They wuld typically ignre a cmmunicatr wh gave hnest but misleading advice n where the fd was. Hwever, if the cmmunicatr had been in the rm and witnessed the switch, but still recmmended the first (nw empty) hwl, yung children were actually much mre likely t fllw the cmmunicatr's knwingly misleading suggestin.
This may be because the children and nn-human primates(灵长类) trusted the cmmunicatr ver the evidence f their wn eyes, says Huber.
The dgs in the new experiment, hwever, weren't s trusting f lying cmmunicatrs, much t the researchers' surprise, says Huber. Half f the dgs wuld fllw the cmmunicatr's misleading advice if the cmmunicatr hadn't witnessed the fd switch. But abut tw-thirds f dgs ignred a cmmunicatr wh had witnessed the fd switch and still recmmended the nw-empty bwl. These dgs simply went t the bwl filled with fd instead. "They did nt rely n the cmmunicatr anymre," says Huber.
1. What d Huber's wrds in the first paragraph imply?
A. Dgs are a lt cleverer than we thught.
B. Dgs can be trained t act like children.
C. Dgs can understand everything humans mean.
D. Dgs wn't believe peple any lnger.
2. What's the purpse f the third paragraph?
A. T draw a cnclusin. B. T sum up the reasn.
C. T make a cmparisn. D. T lead in a new experiment.
3. Wh wuld the dgs trust after the fd was mved?
A. The ne wh mved the fd.
B. The ne wh didn't see the fd switch.
C. The ne wh saw the fd switch and tld the truth.
D. The ne wh saw the fd switch and recmmended the wrng bwl.
4. What can we cnclude frm the passage?
A. We shuld treat dgs hnestly.
B. Dgs are cleverer than children under age 5.
C. We can train dgs t find fd in different ways.
D. Dgs judge the cmmunicatr mainly by what they see.
答案以及解析
1.答案：1-4 CBAD
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的"in particular the creatin f nitric xide(氧化亚氮) and hydrxide(氢氧化物) that can wash ut varius greenhuse gases frm the sky"可知, 闪电中生成的氧化亚氮和氢氧化物可以清除天空中的各种温室气体。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段"These 2012 readings were taken frm a NASA plane flying ver Clrad and Oklahma, measuring the tp part f strm cluds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered n the grund at the same time, shwed that the lightning was indeed prducing these high levels f xidants(氧化剂)."可知, 这些2012年的数据是美国航空航天局的一架飞机在科罗拉多州和俄克拉荷马州测量风暴云的顶部时获得的。最近的分析加上同时在地面上收集的数据表明, 闪电确实产生了这些高级的氧化剂。由此可推知, 研究人员是通过对比分析数据得出的结论。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"There's a lt f uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mstly because their data is frm a small part f the wrld ver a limited time frame"可知, 研究人员承认, 数据中有很多不确定性, 主要是因为他们的数据只是(在)有限的时间内的数据, 且他们只在世界上的一小部分地区进行了测试。由此可推知, 该研究不是很全面。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 文章主要介绍闪电是自然界中天然的空气净化器。因此, D项"闪电有助于大气层的自我清洁"概括了本文大意, 是本文的最佳标题。故选D。
2.答案：1-4 CDAA
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句"In 1966, while studying chimps(猩猩) in a Tanzanian natinal park, zlgist Jane Gdall bserved a chimp named McGregr wh had caught a highly infectius virus. His fellw chimps attacked him and threw him ut f the grup."可知, McGregr感染了一种传染性很强的病毒, 它的黑猩猩同伴攻击了它, 把它赶出了群体。由此可推知, 猩猩们攻击McGregr是因为它可能会导致整个群体生病。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段" 'Fr a full tw minutes, ld McGregr sat mtinless, staring after them,' Gdall ntes in her 1971 bk In the Shadw f Man. 'It's really nt that different t hw sme scieties react tday t such a tragedy.' "可知, Gdall在她1971年出版的In the shadw f Man一书中写道: "老McGregr一动不动地坐了整整两分钟, 盯着它们的背影, 这和如今一些社会群体对这样的悲剧的反应没有什么不同"。由此可推知, 当看到McGregr的结局时, Gdall对此感到同情。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句"Nrmally scial animals, lbsters begin keeping away frm the diseased as early as fur weeks after infectin—nce the lbsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals."可知, 龙虾通常是群居动物, 一旦它们闻到生病的龙虾释放出的特定化学物质, 会在生病的龙虾感染四周后尽可能早地开始远离它, 即健康的加勒比龙虾会和生病的龙虾在一起待约一个月的时间。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文尤其是第一段第一句"Scial distancing is nt a new cncept in the natural wrld, where infectius diseases are cmmnplace."可知, 文章主要介绍了自然界中动物保持社交距离的现象。A项是最适合本文的标题, 故选A。
3.答案：1-4 DBBD
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段第二至四句中的"sea fr their ability t survive dehydratin. S these animals can dry ut we wanted t use the that t preserving bld thse creatures are."可知, 这些动物能完全脱水变干很长一段时间后再水化, 然后重启正常的机能。所以研究人员想利用这些动物产生的海藻糖, 将其应用于在干燥的状态下保存血细胞。由此可推知, 第二段提及海猿是为了表明海猿脱水生存的能力可能让研究人员获得了保存血液的灵感。故选D。
2.段落大意题。根据第三段中的"first"、"then"、"At that pint"、"And then"等描述过程的衔接词和"bld cells"、"rehydrate"以及第四句中的"the bld culd be dried and made int a pwder"可知, 本段主要介绍了制造脱水血液的过程。故选B。
3.观点态度题。根据最后一段第二句"Kpechek says the technique culd be ready fr clinical trials in three t five years."可知, Kpechek表示这种技术能为三到五年内的临床试验做准备。由此可推知, Kpechek对此项技术持支持态度。故选B。
4.文章出处题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了一项关于血液保存的科学研究。由此可推知, 本文可能来自一本科学杂志。故选D。
4.答案：1-4 BAAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段"A new study has fund that braving the cld may be a gd way t help burn ff sme f that Christmas desserts."可知, 根据该研究, 低温有助于燃烧脂肪。故选B。
2.段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知, 本段介绍了这项研究的研究对象以及研究过程。由此可推知, 本段主要介绍了这项研究。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"The authrs als nte that the idea that cld temperatures help us burn mre fat during exercise will need further investigatin(调查)"可知, 低温有助于我们在运动中燃烧更多脂肪的想法还需要做进一步的研究(去证实)。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了一项研究, 此研究发现在低温中锻炼的人们可以燃烧更多的脂肪。因此C项为本文的最佳标题。故选C。
5.答案：1-4 BDAD
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段内容尤其是第二句中的"But the questin is hw the queen receives her antigen supply"可知, Harwd博士对于抗原进入蜂后体内的方式感到困惑。故选B。
2.推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容尤其是第四段第一句"Dr. Harwd and Dr. Salmela marked the bacteria, t make them easy t track."可知, Harwd博士为了验证自己的猜想, 便和Salmela博士把150只保育蜂分成六组, 用糖水喂养这些保育蜂, 并在其中三个蜂巢的糖水中加入了幼虫芽孢杆菌, 然后研究人员在显微镜下追踪被标记了的幼虫芽孢杆菌的情况。由此可推知, Harwd博土是通过追踪特殊的细菌来开展他的实验的。故选D。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句"All tld, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their ryal jelly, passing defensive matter n t the queen, then int eggs. They als mean, because the yung receive ryal jelly fr the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the yung the secnd defensive matter."可知, 综上所述, 这些发现表明, 保育蜂确实通过蜂王浆将抗原传给蜂后, 以便将其接种到卵中。这也意味着, 因为幼虫在孵化后的最初几天也会接受蜂王浆, 所以保育蜂会给它们的幼虫注射第二次疫苗。由此可推知, 保育蜂对蜂群的疫苗接种至关重要。故选A。
4.文章出处题。通读全文内容可知, 本文主要介绍了蜜蜂是最先发明疫苗并接种疫苗的物种。因此, 本文最有可能摘自一本医学杂志。故选D。
6.答案：1-4 ACDD
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第二句But what surprised me mst as an educatr playing this cat-and-muse game fr decades is that cheating is nw scaled up.可知,作者是一名玩了几十年这种"猫捉老鼠游戏"的教育工作者,结合选项可知,作者可能是一名教师。故选A。
2.词义猜测题。第三段主要讲述了网络作弊背后的动机。根据该段最后一句中的as there are few technlgy slutins t capture riginal answers prvided by experts, and plagiarism-catching sftware can't detect riginal wrk bught and paid fr by these students可知,很少有技术解决方案能够捕捉专家提供的原创答案,而捕捉剽窃的软件也无法查到这些学生购买和支付的原创作品,因此可推断画线词所在句表明:一些作弊的学生能够逃避学术后果。avid意为"避开;避免",与画线词意思最为接近。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句Accrding t Frbes cntributing writer Derek Newtn, many f the biggest and best-knwn essay mills are ending peratins there.可知,据《福布斯》撰稿人德里克·牛顿所说,那里许多最大、最著名的论文工厂正在结束营业。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,全文围绕网络作弊这一现象展开,介绍了其产生原因、现状、危害及如何杜绝网络作弊。结合选项可知,D项最适合作本文标题。故选D。
7.答案：1-4 DDBC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句This gradual decrease in cre bdy temperature, as it turns ut, is a key part f the cmplicated neurbilgical behavir f falling asleep and staying asleep.可知,核心体温的逐渐下降是入睡和保持睡眠这一复杂的神经生物学行为的关键。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的The palms f yur hands and sles f yur feet are the bdy's mst efficient heat exchangers可知,手掌和脚掌是身体最有效的传热器。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第五段中的wearing a pair f special "sleeping scks" nt nly speeded up the nset f sleep, but increased the verall sleep time by an average f 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episdes in half可知,穿袜子睡觉不仅加快了入睡过程,而且使总睡眠时间平均增加了30分钟,还使夜间醒来的次数减少了一半。B项(感觉舒服)在文章中未提及。故选B。
4.推理判断题。本文主要介绍了穿袜子睡觉有助于睡眠的原因以及相关研究,故本文应出自一篇科学报告。故选C。
8.答案：1-4 ACBA
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段内容尤其是第一句中的"but nw we guess that perhaps dgs can understand when smene is dishnest"可知,Huber猜测也许当某个人不诚实时,狗会知道。由此可推知,Huber的话表明狗比我们所认为的要聪明得多。故选A。
2.目的意图题。通读全文尤其是第三段内容可知,本段主要介绍了5岁以下儿童寻找食物的特定方式,此种方式与狗寻找食物的方式明显不同。由此可推知,作者写第三段的目的是将儿童与狗寻找食物的方式进行对比。故选C。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第二、三句中的"Half f the dgs wuld fllw the cmmunicatr's misleading advice if the cmmunicatr hadn't witnessed the fd switch. But abut tw-thirds f dgs ignred a cmmunicatr wh had witnessed the fd switch"可知,如果交流者没有看到食物的转移,一半的狗会听从交流者的误导性的建议,但大约三分之二的狗会忽视看到了食物的转移的交流者(的建议)。由此可推知,当食物被移动后,狗会信任没有看到食物被移动的人。故选B。
4.推理判断题。通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知,文章介绍了一项实验,该实验表明狗比人类想象得要聪明得多,如果你给狗留下了不诚实的印象,那么它们就不会再相信你了。由此可推知,我们应该诚实地对待狗。故选A。
While sme f the air-cleaning qualities f lightning are already well understd—in particular the creatin f nitric xide(氧化亚氮) and hydrxide(氢氧化物) that can wash ut varius greenhuse gases frm the sky—there's a lt mre ging n here, accrding t the new research.
It appears that bth lightning and the weaker, invisible electrical charges arund them can prduce the pllutant-catching xidants hydrxyl (OH) and hydrperxyl (HO2), which can als remve sme plluted gases such as methane and carbn mnxide frm the atmsphere.
These 2012 readings were taken frm a NASA plane flying ver Clrad and Oklahma, measuring the tp part f strm cluds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered n the grund at the same time, shwed that the lightning was indeed prducing these high levels f xidants(氧化剂).
A series f lab experiments backed up the idea that bth visible lightning and invisible electrical charges in the air culd prduce extreme amunts f xidants hydrxyl (OH) and hydrperxyl (HO2). It's wrth bearing in mind that mst lightning strms never strike the grund, but are nevertheless setting ff a lt f chemical reactins in the cluds.
At the mment, the hydrxyl and hydrperxyl prduced by lightning isn't included in atmspheric mdeling—a neglect that culd be significant.
"Thrugh histry, peple were nly interested in lightning strms because f what they culd d n the grund," says Brune. "Nw there is increasing interest in the weaker electrical discharges in thunderstrms that lead t clean the atmsphere."
There's a lt f uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mstly because their data is frm a small part f the wrld ver a limited time frame—but they guess that between 2-16 percent f glbal atmspheric xidatin culd be caused by lightning strms.
1.Why can the lightning clean the air?
A.It usually ges with rain.B.It can prduce mre xygen.
C.It can remve sme greenhuse gases.D.It deals with the dirty dust and plluted air.
2.Hw did the researchers get the cnclusin?
A.By using thers' reprt.B.By cmparing sme data.
C.By ding research in the lab.D.By studying the previus data.
3.What is the disadvantage f the research?
A.It is nt all-sided.B.It is nt the latest.
C.It is dne n the grund.D.It is nly abut atmsphere.
4.Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.The Atmsphere is Getting Plluted
B.Lightning is Dangerus fr Human Beings
C.Scientists Find Chemical Reactins in the Cluds
D.Lightning Helps the Atmsphere Clean Itself
2. Scial distancing is nt a new cncept in the natural wrld, where infectius diseases are cmmnplace. Thrugh specialized senses animals can detect certain diseases and change their behavir t avid getting ill.
In 1966, while studying chimps(猩猩) in a Tanzanian natinal park, zlgist Jane Gdall bserved a chimp named McGregr wh had caught a highly infectius virus. His fellw chimps attacked him and threw him ut f the grup. In ne instance, McGregr apprached chimps in a tree. He reached ut a hand in greeting, but the thers mved away withut a backward glance.
"Fr a full tw minutes, ld McGregr sat mtinless, staring after them," Gdall ntes in her 1971 bk In the Shadw f Man. "It's really nt that different t hw sme scieties react tday t such a tragedy."
Nt all animals are s aggressive tward their sick neighbrs. Smetimes it's as simple as aviding thse wh may infect yu.
When Kiesecker, a lead scientist in America, studied American bullfrg in the late 1990s, he fund that bullfrgs culd nt nly detect a deadly smell f infectin in ther bullfrgs, but healthy members actively avided thse that were sick. Bullfrgs rely n chemicals signals t determine wh is sick r nt.
Caribbean lbsters(龙虾) als avid diseased members f their cmmunity, well befre they becme infectius. It takes abut eight weeks fr lbsters infected with the deadly virus t becme dangerus t thers. Nrmally scial animals, lbsters begin keeping away frm the diseased as early as fur weeks after infectin—nce the lbsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals.
"Overall, it's imprtant t nte that, unlike us, animals dn't realize if they stay hme, they might actually reduce the infectin rate," Kiesecker explains. "As humans, we have that ability. It's a big difference."
1.Why did ther chimps attack McGregr?
A.He was a lner.B.He gt seriusly ill.
C.He may cause the grup ill.D.He hurt ther chimps first.
2.Hw did Gdall feel when seeing McGregr's result?
A.Supprtive.B.Dubtful.C.Objective.D.Sympathetic.
3.Hw lng will the healthy Caribbean lbsters stay with the diseased nes?
A.Abut a mnth.B.Abut eight weeks.
C.Abut fur days.D.Fewer than fur weeks.
4.Which can be a suitable title fr the text?
A.Scial Distancing in NatureB.Carrying ut Scial Distancing
C.Puzzling Scial Distancing in ChimpsD.Scial Distancing between Human and Animals
3. Bld dnatins save lives. But bld can nly be stred under fridge fr up t six weeks. After that, it's n lnger usable fr transfusins. But Kpechek's team has develped a methd f preserving bld s it can be stred in a dehydrated(脱水的) state at rm temperature. T d s, they turned t a sugar called trehalse(海藻糖), which is a cmmn material in a friedcake...
"T help make them lk fresh even when they might be mnths ld, and yu wuldn't knw the difference." The researchers chse trehalse because in nature, it's made by tugh animals like sea mnkeys—als knwn as brine shrimp(虾)—famus fr their ability t survive dehydratin. "S these animals can dry ut cmpletely fr a lng perid f time and then be rehydrated and restart nrmal functin. S we wanted t use the trehalse that's prduced by these creatures and apply that t preserving bld cells in a dried state, just like thse creatures are."
But first, the researchers had t get trehalse int bld cells. They then used special equipment t drill hles in the cell tissue layers—which let sme trehalse get in. And they need t have sufficient level f trehalse n bth the inside and the utside f the cell in rder t survive the dehydratin and rehydratin prcess. At that pint, the bld culd be dried and made int a pwder. And then they can rehydrate the bld and have it return back t nrmal.
The team is still trying t imprve prductin but thinks the dried bld culd be stred at rm temperature fr years. Kpechek says the technique culd be ready fr clinical trials in three t five years. If successful, it culd be used t create stres f dried bld in case f future diseases r natural disasters and fr humanitarian aid wrk, military peratins r even missins t Mars. Maybe first aid kits n the Red Planet will include dried red bld cells.
1.Why are sea mnkeys mentined in the secnd paragraph?
A.Their brn dehydratin is wrth studying.
B.They are as well-knwn as ne species f shrimp.
C.They can prduce much trehalse t lengthen their life.
D.Their ability t survive dehydratin may inspire the researchers.
2.What's the third paragraph mainly abut?
A.The methd f dehydrating plants.B.The prcess f prducing dried bld.
C.The wrking system f taking in trehalse.D.The way f string spare fresh bld.
3.What's Kpechek's attitude t the technique f preserving bld?
A.Subjective.B.Supprtive.C.Dubtful.D.Ambiguus.
4.Where is the passage prbably frm?
A.A bilgy textbk.B.A travel brchure.
C.A ppular nvel.D.A science magazine.
4. A new study has fund that braving the cld may be a gd way t help burn ff sme f that Christmas desserts.
The research was carried ut by scientists at Canada's Laurentian University and fcused n high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This frmat has grwn in ppularity f late due t the fat-burning benefits it brings, and the team set ut t explre hw temperature might influence its effects.
The study invlved 11 verweight adults wh tk part in tw HIIT sessins a week apart. One f these was carried ut in a "thermneutral" envirnment with temperatures f arund 70℉ (21℃), and the ther at a cld 32℉ (0℃). The sessins cnsisted f 10 separate cycling race at 90 percent effrt lasting ne minute, fllwed by 90-secnd "recvery" perids f cycling at 30 percent intensity.
After each sessin, the participants cled dwn by gently cycling r walking, ate a nutritin bar befre ging t sleep and enjyed a high-fat breakfast the mrning after. During these sessins, the scientists mnitred skin temperature, cre bdy temperature, heart rate and the amunt f xygen. Bld samples were als drawn t help calculate fat burning rates fllwing the breakfast the next day.
"The present study fund that high-intensity exercise in the cld increased lipid xidatin(脂质氧化) by 358 percent in cmparisn t high-intensity exercise in a thermneutral envirnment," the team writes.
The authrs als nte that the idea that cld temperatures help us burn mre fat during exercise will need further investigatin(调查), thugh the first-f-a-kind study des indicate it's a pssibility wrth pursuing.
1.What is gd fr burning ff fat accrding t the study?
A.Cld fd.B.Lw temperature.
C.Hard wrkut.D.Cycling race.
2.What is the third paragraph mainly abut?
A.Intrductin t the study.B.Sme data in the study.
C.The participants in the study.D.The prcess f the study.
3.What can we learn frm the last paragraph?
A.Further study needs t be dne.B.Ding exercise burns mre fat.
C.The effrts f scientists are in vain.D.The study result is unreasnable.
4.What is the best title f the text?
A.High-intensity Wrkuts Help Burn ff Extra Calries
B.Cycling in the Cld Is a Great Way t Build up Yur Bdy
C.Study Shws Fat-burning Ptential f Exercising in the Cld
D.Researchers Have Fund Mre Fat-burning Wrkuts
5. Human beings are nt alne in having invented vaccinatin(接种疫苗), while hneybees gt there first and they can run what lk like vaccinatin prgrammes, which has been cnfirmed by Gyan Harwd f the University f Illinis, Urbana-Champaign.
Queen bees vaccinate their eggs befre they are laid. But the questin is hw the queen receives her antigen supply f defensive matter, fr she lives purely n ryal jelly(蜂王浆), a liquid prduced by nurse bees when they are in the life stage f feeding the yung. Dr. Harwd wndered if the nurses cmbined the ryal jelly they prduced with pieces frm pathgens(病原体碎片) they had cnsumed while eating smething brught in frm utside.
T test this idea, they cllected abut 150 nurse bees and divided them amng six queenless mini nests equipped with the yung t lk after. They fed the nurses n sugar-water, and fr three f the hives they added Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing a disease, t sugar-water.
Dr. Harwd and Dr. Salmela marked the bacteria, t make them easy t track. And, sure enugh, micrscpe cnfirmed that Paenibacillus larvae were getting int ryal jelly secreted by thse bees which had been fed with the sugar water. Mrever, examinatin f this ryal jelly included higher levels f defensive matter, cmpared with ryal jelly frm bees that had nt been mixed with Paenibacillus larvae. This matter is thught t help bee immune systems fight against bacteria.
All tld, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their ryal jelly, passing defensive matter n t the queen, then int eggs. They als mean, because the yung receive ryal jelly fr the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the yung the secnd defensive matter. Each yung bee is therefre being vaccinated twice.
1.What puzzled Dr. Harwd abut the queen bees?
A.Whether bees run vaccinatin earlier than man.
B.Hw the antigen cme int the queen bees' bdies.
C.Where the nurses receive pathgens.
D.What the ryal jelly cnsists f.
2.Hw did Dr. Harwd develp his experiment?
A.By dividing bees int different rles.B.By bserving the nurses' behavirs.
C.By changing the cmpnents f ryal jelly.D.By keeping track f the special bacterium.
3.What d we learn frm the results f the experiment?
A.Nurse bees are the key t vaccinatin fr bee grup.
B.The queens prduced defensive matter by themselves.
C.Bacteria-used ryal jelly has fewer defensive matter.
D.Tw vaccinatins are given t yung bees by caregivers directly.
4.Where is the passage prbably taken frm?
A.A pet guide.B.A scial website.
C.An fficial dcument.D.A medical magazine.
6. Since there seems t be an app fr everything, it may cme as n surprise that there is an app fr cheating. But what surprised me mst as an educatr playing this cat-and-muse game fr decades is that cheating is nw scaled up. Chegg, in which students pay $10 r $15 a mnth fr rund-the-clck access t resurces including exam questins, textbk slutins and hmewrk "help", reprted 4.9 millin subscribers, a 31% year-ver-year increase, and $198.5 millin in quarterly revenue.
As an unintended cnsequence f technlgy allwing remte learning and exams, students are finding mre and mre nline venues allwing them t earn grades and diplmas by cheating. Hw d we curb this kind f cheating and its threat t the integrity (诚实) f ur students and educatinal system?
The answer depends n the mtivatin behind the decisin t cheat. Many students dn't think f it as cheating, as they are paying a legal cmpany fr the service; thers feel pressured t get the grades and s justify the means. Sme students wh are cheating ddge academic cnsequences, as there are few technlgy slutins t capture riginal answers prvided by experts, and plagiarism (剽窃)-catching sftware can't detect riginal wrk bught and paid fr by these students.
Hwever, in 2020, Australian lawmaker made it illegal t arrange fr r advertise selling certain cheating services such as paid essay writing. Did it have an effect? Accrding t Frbes cntributing writer Derek Newtn, many f the biggest and best-knwn essay mills (工厂) are ending peratins there.
Besides, fighting against this cheating requires a crdinated effrt by educatinal institutins and their accreditrs, with accreditatin agencies pssibly changing nline prfessinal entrance exams t prevent cheating. Fields such as engineering, science and nursing will lse in the lng run if students cheat their way int the prfessins.
Indeed, ur sciety lses the mst frm this cheating in plain sight (显眼的). Cheating crrupts the individual wh cheats, yes, but it als destrys the faith we have in ur educatinal system, its hnest graduates and the peple we depend n t build technlgy that truly serves human interactin, decisin making and achievement.
1. What might the writer be?
A. A teacher. B. A parent. C. An fficialD. A pliceman.
2. What des the underlined wrd "ddge" in the third paragraph mean?
A. Reject. B. Face. C. Avid. D. Accept.
3. What happened after Australian lawmakers tk actin against cheating?
A. Few students dared t cheat any lnger.
B. Many writers and schlars lst their jbs.
C. Students wh cheated faced serius utcmes.
D. Many essay-selling cmpanies were clsed there.
4. What is the best title f the passage?
A. Hw t fight against cllege cheating?
B. Being hnest is the mst imprtant quality
C. What happened t the educatinal system?
D. Online cheating, the dark side f remte learning
7. Peple wh have difficulty in falling asleep may put n a pair f scks when they are ging t sleep. It is said that it will prmte sleep. What is the reasn behind it?
T understand why, yu first need t grasp the relatinship between cre bdy temperature and sleep. During daylight hurs, the human bdy wrks at an average temperature f 37℃. But at night, yur cre bdy temperature dips as much as 1.2℃ ver the curse f six r seven hurs f sleep.
This gradual decrease in cre bdy temperature, as it turns ut, is a key part f the cmplicated neurbilgical (神经生物学的) behavir f falling asleep and staying asleep. And the faster yu can lwer yur cre bdy temperature, the faster yu will fall asleep. The palms f yur hands and sles f yur feet are the bdy's mst efficient heat exchangers, since they are hairless and less insulated (有隔热保护的) than ther skin surfaces.
Studies have shwn that warming the feet befre ging t sleep by having a warm ft bath r by wearing scks prmtes vasdilatin (血管舒张), which in turn lwers the bdy's cre temperature faster than ging t sleep with cld, bare feet.
In a study, Krean researchers fund that wearing a pair f special "sleeping scks" nt nly speeded up the nset f sleep, but increased the verall sleep time by an average f 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episdes in half.
These scientific studies cnfirm that wearing scks t bed can actually prmte sleep. If yu're ne f thse peple wh have truble falling asleep, put n a pair f scks at bedtime!
1. What des getting t sleep mainly depend n?
A. The average temperature f human bdies.
B. The verall sleep time.
C. The insulated hands.
D. The drp in cre bdy temperature.
2. Which parts f the bdy mainly give ff heat?
A. The head and hair. B. Skin and bldy
C. The heart and lungs. D. Hands and Feet.
3. Which f the fllwing is nt ne f the benefits f wearing scks when sleeping?
A. Falling asleep quicker. B. Feeling cmfrtable.
C. Increasing the sleep time. D. Waking up less ften at night.
4. Where des the passage prbably cme frm?
A. A newspaper. B. A travel guide.
C. A science reprt. D. A fashin magazine.
8. "We thught dgs wuld behave like children under age 5, but nw we guess that perhaps dgs can understand when smene is dishnest," says Huber at the University f Vienna in Austria. "Maybe they think, 'This persn has the same knwledge as me, but is giving me the wrng infrmatin.' It's pssible they culd see that as intentinally misleading, which is lying."
Once that trust was established, the team had the dgs witness anther persn mve the fd frm the first t the secnd hwl. The cmmunicatrs were either in the rm, and als witnessed the switch, r were briefly absent and s apparently unaware that the fd had been switched. In either case, the cmmunicatrs wuld later recmmend the first bwl, which was nw empty.
In previus versins f this experiment with children under age 5, the participants reacted in particular ways. They wuld typically ignre a cmmunicatr wh gave hnest but misleading advice n where the fd was. Hwever, if the cmmunicatr had been in the rm and witnessed the switch, but still recmmended the first (nw empty) hwl, yung children were actually much mre likely t fllw the cmmunicatr's knwingly misleading suggestin.
This may be because the children and nn-human primates(灵长类) trusted the cmmunicatr ver the evidence f their wn eyes, says Huber.
The dgs in the new experiment, hwever, weren't s trusting f lying cmmunicatrs, much t the researchers' surprise, says Huber. Half f the dgs wuld fllw the cmmunicatr's misleading advice if the cmmunicatr hadn't witnessed the fd switch. But abut tw-thirds f dgs ignred a cmmunicatr wh had witnessed the fd switch and still recmmended the nw-empty bwl. These dgs simply went t the bwl filled with fd instead. "They did nt rely n the cmmunicatr anymre," says Huber.
1. What d Huber's wrds in the first paragraph imply?
A. Dgs are a lt cleverer than we thught.
B. Dgs can be trained t act like children.
C. Dgs can understand everything humans mean.
D. Dgs wn't believe peple any lnger.
2. What's the purpse f the third paragraph?
A. T draw a cnclusin. B. T sum up the reasn.
C. T make a cmparisn. D. T lead in a new experiment.
3. Wh wuld the dgs trust after the fd was mved?
A. The ne wh mved the fd.
B. The ne wh didn't see the fd switch.
C. The ne wh saw the fd switch and tld the truth.
D. The ne wh saw the fd switch and recmmended the wrng bwl.
4. What can we cnclude frm the passage?
A. We shuld treat dgs hnestly.
B. Dgs are cleverer than children under age 5.
C. We can train dgs t find fd in different ways.
D. Dgs judge the cmmunicatr mainly by what they see.
答案以及解析
1.答案：1-4 CBAD
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句中的"in particular the creatin f nitric xide(氧化亚氮) and hydrxide(氢氧化物) that can wash ut varius greenhuse gases frm the sky"可知, 闪电中生成的氧化亚氮和氢氧化物可以清除天空中的各种温室气体。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段"These 2012 readings were taken frm a NASA plane flying ver Clrad and Oklahma, measuring the tp part f strm cluds. The recent analysis, plus data gathered n the grund at the same time, shwed that the lightning was indeed prducing these high levels f xidants(氧化剂)."可知, 这些2012年的数据是美国航空航天局的一架飞机在科罗拉多州和俄克拉荷马州测量风暴云的顶部时获得的。最近的分析加上同时在地面上收集的数据表明, 闪电确实产生了这些高级的氧化剂。由此可推知, 研究人员是通过对比分析数据得出的结论。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"There's a lt f uncertainty in the data, the researchers admit—mstly because their data is frm a small part f the wrld ver a limited time frame"可知, 研究人员承认, 数据中有很多不确定性, 主要是因为他们的数据只是(在)有限的时间内的数据, 且他们只在世界上的一小部分地区进行了测试。由此可推知, 该研究不是很全面。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 文章主要介绍闪电是自然界中天然的空气净化器。因此, D项"闪电有助于大气层的自我清洁"概括了本文大意, 是本文的最佳标题。故选D。
2.答案：1-4 CDAA
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句"In 1966, while studying chimps(猩猩) in a Tanzanian natinal park, zlgist Jane Gdall bserved a chimp named McGregr wh had caught a highly infectius virus. His fellw chimps attacked him and threw him ut f the grup."可知, McGregr感染了一种传染性很强的病毒, 它的黑猩猩同伴攻击了它, 把它赶出了群体。由此可推知, 猩猩们攻击McGregr是因为它可能会导致整个群体生病。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第三段" 'Fr a full tw minutes, ld McGregr sat mtinless, staring after them,' Gdall ntes in her 1971 bk In the Shadw f Man. 'It's really nt that different t hw sme scieties react tday t such a tragedy.' "可知, Gdall在她1971年出版的In the shadw f Man一书中写道: "老McGregr一动不动地坐了整整两分钟, 盯着它们的背影, 这和如今一些社会群体对这样的悲剧的反应没有什么不同"。由此可推知, 当看到McGregr的结局时, Gdall对此感到同情。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句"Nrmally scial animals, lbsters begin keeping away frm the diseased as early as fur weeks after infectin—nce the lbsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals."可知, 龙虾通常是群居动物, 一旦它们闻到生病的龙虾释放出的特定化学物质, 会在生病的龙虾感染四周后尽可能早地开始远离它, 即健康的加勒比龙虾会和生病的龙虾在一起待约一个月的时间。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文尤其是第一段第一句"Scial distancing is nt a new cncept in the natural wrld, where infectius diseases are cmmnplace."可知, 文章主要介绍了自然界中动物保持社交距离的现象。A项是最适合本文的标题, 故选A。
3.答案：1-4 DBBD
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第二段第二至四句中的"sea fr their ability t survive dehydratin. S these animals can dry ut we wanted t use the that t preserving bld thse creatures are."可知, 这些动物能完全脱水变干很长一段时间后再水化, 然后重启正常的机能。所以研究人员想利用这些动物产生的海藻糖, 将其应用于在干燥的状态下保存血细胞。由此可推知, 第二段提及海猿是为了表明海猿脱水生存的能力可能让研究人员获得了保存血液的灵感。故选D。
2.段落大意题。根据第三段中的"first"、"then"、"At that pint"、"And then"等描述过程的衔接词和"bld cells"、"rehydrate"以及第四句中的"the bld culd be dried and made int a pwder"可知, 本段主要介绍了制造脱水血液的过程。故选B。
3.观点态度题。根据最后一段第二句"Kpechek says the technique culd be ready fr clinical trials in three t five years."可知, Kpechek表示这种技术能为三到五年内的临床试验做准备。由此可推知, Kpechek对此项技术持支持态度。故选B。
4.文章出处题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了一项关于血液保存的科学研究。由此可推知, 本文可能来自一本科学杂志。故选D。
4.答案：1-4 BAAC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段"A new study has fund that braving the cld may be a gd way t help burn ff sme f that Christmas desserts."可知, 根据该研究, 低温有助于燃烧脂肪。故选B。
2.段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知, 本段介绍了这项研究的研究对象以及研究过程。由此可推知, 本段主要介绍了这项研究。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"The authrs als nte that the idea that cld temperatures help us burn mre fat during exercise will need further investigatin(调查)"可知, 低温有助于我们在运动中燃烧更多脂肪的想法还需要做进一步的研究(去证实)。故选A。
4.标题概括题。通读全文可知, 本文主要介绍了一项研究, 此研究发现在低温中锻炼的人们可以燃烧更多的脂肪。因此C项为本文的最佳标题。故选C。
5.答案：1-4 BDAD
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第二段内容尤其是第二句中的"But the questin is hw the queen receives her antigen supply"可知, Harwd博士对于抗原进入蜂后体内的方式感到困惑。故选B。
2.推理判断题。根据第三、四段内容尤其是第四段第一句"Dr. Harwd and Dr. Salmela marked the bacteria, t make them easy t track."可知, Harwd博士为了验证自己的猜想, 便和Salmela博士把150只保育蜂分成六组, 用糖水喂养这些保育蜂, 并在其中三个蜂巢的糖水中加入了幼虫芽孢杆菌, 然后研究人员在显微镜下追踪被标记了的幼虫芽孢杆菌的情况。由此可推知, Harwd博土是通过追踪特殊的细菌来开展他的实验的。故选D。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第一、二句"All tld, these findings suggest that nurse bees are indeed, via their ryal jelly, passing defensive matter n t the queen, then int eggs. They als mean, because the yung receive ryal jelly fr the first few days after they hatch, the nurses are giving the yung the secnd defensive matter."可知, 综上所述, 这些发现表明, 保育蜂确实通过蜂王浆将抗原传给蜂后, 以便将其接种到卵中。这也意味着, 因为幼虫在孵化后的最初几天也会接受蜂王浆, 所以保育蜂会给它们的幼虫注射第二次疫苗。由此可推知, 保育蜂对蜂群的疫苗接种至关重要。故选A。
4.文章出处题。通读全文内容可知, 本文主要介绍了蜜蜂是最先发明疫苗并接种疫苗的物种。因此, 本文最有可能摘自一本医学杂志。故选D。
6.答案：1-4 ACDD
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第二句But what surprised me mst as an educatr playing this cat-and-muse game fr decades is that cheating is nw scaled up.可知,作者是一名玩了几十年这种"猫捉老鼠游戏"的教育工作者,结合选项可知,作者可能是一名教师。故选A。
2.词义猜测题。第三段主要讲述了网络作弊背后的动机。根据该段最后一句中的as there are few technlgy slutins t capture riginal answers prvided by experts, and plagiarism-catching sftware can't detect riginal wrk bught and paid fr by these students可知,很少有技术解决方案能够捕捉专家提供的原创答案,而捕捉剽窃的软件也无法查到这些学生购买和支付的原创作品,因此可推断画线词所在句表明:一些作弊的学生能够逃避学术后果。avid意为"避开;避免",与画线词意思最为接近。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句Accrding t Frbes cntributing writer Derek Newtn, many f the biggest and best-knwn essay mills are ending peratins there.可知,据《福布斯》撰稿人德里克·牛顿所说,那里许多最大、最著名的论文工厂正在结束营业。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,全文围绕网络作弊这一现象展开,介绍了其产生原因、现状、危害及如何杜绝网络作弊。结合选项可知,D项最适合作本文标题。故选D。
7.答案：1-4 DDBC
解析：1.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句This gradual decrease in cre bdy temperature, as it turns ut, is a key part f the cmplicated neurbilgical behavir f falling asleep and staying asleep.可知,核心体温的逐渐下降是入睡和保持睡眠这一复杂的神经生物学行为的关键。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段中的The palms f yur hands and sles f yur feet are the bdy's mst efficient heat exchangers可知,手掌和脚掌是身体最有效的传热器。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据第五段中的wearing a pair f special "sleeping scks" nt nly speeded up the nset f sleep, but increased the verall sleep time by an average f 30 minutes and cut nighttime waking episdes in half可知,穿袜子睡觉不仅加快了入睡过程,而且使总睡眠时间平均增加了30分钟,还使夜间醒来的次数减少了一半。B项(感觉舒服)在文章中未提及。故选B。
4.推理判断题。本文主要介绍了穿袜子睡觉有助于睡眠的原因以及相关研究,故本文应出自一篇科学报告。故选C。
8.答案：1-4 ACBA
解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段内容尤其是第一句中的"but nw we guess that perhaps dgs can understand when smene is dishnest"可知,Huber猜测也许当某个人不诚实时,狗会知道。由此可推知,Huber的话表明狗比我们所认为的要聪明得多。故选A。
2.目的意图题。通读全文尤其是第三段内容可知,本段主要介绍了5岁以下儿童寻找食物的特定方式,此种方式与狗寻找食物的方式明显不同。由此可推知,作者写第三段的目的是将儿童与狗寻找食物的方式进行对比。故选C。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段第二、三句中的"Half f the dgs wuld fllw the cmmunicatr's misleading advice if the cmmunicatr hadn't witnessed the fd switch. But abut tw-thirds f dgs ignred a cmmunicatr wh had witnessed the fd switch"可知,如果交流者没有看到食物的转移,一半的狗会听从交流者的误导性的建议,但大约三分之二的狗会忽视看到了食物的转移的交流者(的建议)。由此可推知,当食物被移动后,狗会信任没有看到食物被移动的人。故选B。
4.推理判断题。通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知,文章介绍了一项实验,该实验表明狗比人类想象得要聪明得多,如果你给狗留下了不诚实的印象,那么它们就不会再相信你了。由此可推知,我们应该诚实地对待狗。故选A。
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