高考英语模拟题汇编专题01 阅读理解之说明文（二）（2份打包，解析版+原卷版）

这是一份高考英语模拟题汇编专题01 阅读理解之说明文（二）（2份打包，解析版+原卷版），文件包含高考英语模拟题汇编专题01阅读理解之说明文二解析版doc、高考英语模拟题汇编专题01阅读理解之说明文二原卷版doc等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共50页， 欢迎下载使用。

专题01 阅读理解之说明文（一）
1.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.
The most obvious characteristic of the majority of Americans is that they smile a lot. It does not matter whether they have a strong reason to smile; they do it, sometimes simply because they have to. A smile is not just a powerful marketing tool but also a way to show that someone is friendly, and that life in general is fine. Europeans, on the contrary, prefer to keep a more neutral (不露声色的) facial expression. They smile mostly when they are in a good mood, or feel amused; if not, a European’s face will remain neutral, or even dull. In Russia, for example, there is a proverb saying that laughing for no reason is a sign of a fool. It does not mean that Europeans are serious, or that they do not have a sense of humor.
The same refers to communication in general. Americans are extremely communicative; small talk and chats are common. Europeans talk mostly when there is something to say, and rarely enter communication just for the purpose of talking to other people. American people prefer to express what they think carefully, considering how it might affect surrounding people. Europeans are more straightforward, even with unfamiliar people. A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remind you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.
It can be said that Americans are people of contrasts. They are open-minded, flexible, and ready to accept everything new enthusiastically; but at the same time, American society manages to bring up unbelievable conservatives. Americans are extremely politically correct, which, in most cases, is indeed a secure and beneficial practice, but it can also mess up daily or even private communication, sometimes preventing having close relationships. Europeans, on the contrary, are more straightforward, preferring to tell the truth in direct ways. Each way of communication is different — neither is correct or incorrect.
4．What does the author say about smiling?
A．It is culture-related within western countries.
B．It is a powerful marketing tool across cultures.
C．It is thought of as a sign of a fool in America.
D．It is regarded as being socially necessary in Europe.
5．What is typical of Europeans’ communication?
A．Beating around the bush. B．Having small talk and chats.
C．Hiding their feelings carefully. D．Expressing themselves openly.
6．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Being straightforward. B．Being politically correct.
C．Accepting everything new. D．Raising unbelievable conservatives.
7．How is the text mainly developed?
A．By analyzing cause and effect. B．By making comparisons.
C．By classifying body language. D．By discussing research findings.
【答案】
4．A
5．D
6．B
7．B
【解析】本文是说明文。西方国家之间对于同一事物的理解也存在着文化差异，文章主要通过对比美国人和欧洲人在微笑上的不同来分析西方人的文化差异。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“People often talk about cultural differences between western and eastern countries, but how about the western world itself? Surprisingly, a closer look at it can reveal a good many curious details.”可知，人们经常谈论西方和东方国家的文化差异，但是西方世界本身呢？令人惊讶的是，仔细观察它可以揭示出许多有趣的细节。下文通过对比美国人和欧洲人在对待微笑的理解上的不同来分析西方人的文化差异。由此可知，作者认为微笑与西方国家的自身文化有关。故选A。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“A European friend will almost always voice their opinion on different occasions, and will not hesitate to remind you that you need to lose some weight or take a shower.”可知，一个欧洲朋友几乎总是会在不同场合发表自己的意见，并且会毫不犹豫地提醒您，您需要减肥或洗个澡。由此可知，欧洲人交流的典型特征是公开表达自己的想法。故选D。
6．词义猜测题。由but表示转折可知，it指代的是本句话中前面出现的内容，即it指的是“Americans are extremely politically correct”一事，意为“美国人是明哲保身的”，which引导的非限制性定语从句是对这一行为的肯定，这与but之后的内容在逻辑上是转折关系。故选B。
7．推理判断题。文章通过对比美国人和欧洲人在微笑上的不同来分析文化对于西方人的影响，因此这是通过做比较的方法来组织文章的思路的。故选B。
2.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） Scientists have created the world’s first living, self-healing (自愈) robots using stem cells from frogs. Named after the African clawed frog from which they take their stem cells, xenobots are less than a millimeter wide (0. 04 inches) — small enough to travel inside human bodies. They can walk and swim, survive for weeks without food, and work together in groups. These are “entirely new life-forms,” said project co-leader Michael Levin, director of the Allen Discovery Center.
The researchers removed living stem cells, which have the ability to develop into different cell types, from frog embryos (胚胎), and left them to incubate (孵化). Then, the cells were cut and reshaped into specific “body forms” designed by a supercomputer.” They’re neither a traditional robot nor a known species of animal,” said robotics expert Joshua Bongard. The cells then began to work on their own and even have the regenerative power; when the scientists cut the living robot almost in half, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.
Xenobots don’t look like traditional robots-they have no shiny clothing or robotic arms. Instead ,they look more like a tiny drop of moving pink flesh. The researchers say this is deliberate-this biological machine can achieve things typical robots of steel and plastic cannot do.” Traditional robots degrade (降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects,” researchers said in the study. As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.
Research is being done into using the robots to clean up radioactive waste or even microplastics from the oceans. Scientists are also trying to include a greater variety of cells; a new nervous system for example. However, some people argue that the addition of nerve cells would cause moral problems. The general public have also expressed concern that humans would be taken control of by robots. However, Michael Levin thinks there’s no need to worry. “Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine,” said Levin.
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．The advantage of AI technology. B．The introduction of a latest robot.
C．The medical value of African frogs. D．The application of robots in medicine.
9．Which of the following best explains “regenerative” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A．Healing by itself. B．Replacing old cells.
C．Living much longer. D．Defending against attacks.
10．What do we know about xenobots?
A．They can break up steel and plastic while degrading.
B．They can do everything that traditional robots can do.
C．They do less harm to the environment and human health.
D．They often change their color deliberately while moving.
11．What is Michael Levin’s attitude toward the development of xenobots?
A．Ambiguous. B．Positive.
C．Skeptical. D．Cautious.
【答案】
8．B
9．A
10．C
11．B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了科学家们利用青蛙的干细胞创造了世界上第一个活着的，能够自愈的机器人，它不需要食物就可以生存数周。作为生物机器，对人类的健康有好处，更安全。目前使用它清除海洋中的放射性废物甚至微塑料的研究正在进行中。
8．主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，文章讲述的是：科学家们利用青蛙的干细胞创造了世界上第一个活着的，能够自愈的机器人，下文对其进行了详细的介绍。故选B。
9．词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“when the scientists cut the living robot almost in half, its cells automatically zippered its body back up.”可知，当科学家将活着的机器人几乎切成两半时，它的细胞会自动向后伸展。结合第一段中提到的“self-healing(自愈)”，由此可知，划线词意为“自愈”。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“As biological machines, xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health, the study said.”可知，这项研究说，xenobots机器人作为生物机器，对人类健康更环保，更安全。即xenobots对环境和人类健康的危害较小。故选C。
11．推理判断题。最后一段中的“Xenobots have no ability to reproduce or evolve. The supercomputer which is used to produce them does use artificial intelligence. But for now, all is fine.”可知，xenobots机器人没有能力繁殖或进化。用于生产它们的超级计算机确实使用人工智能。但是目前，一切都很好。即Michael Levin对xenobots机器人的发展持肯定态度。故选B。
3.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检） A new study recently found that elephants in central African forests can encourage the growth of slow-growing trees and increase the ability of the forest to store carbon.
“As a tree, there’s a trade-off you can’t have it all,” explained Fabio Berzaghi, who led the study. “You either invest in growing fast, or in building a lot of structure with carbon to be more resistant.” Elephants prefer to eat fast-growing trees in more open spaces. As they feed and walk, they cause damage to these species, knocking over trees or breaking off branches, which results in an ecosystem that favors large, slow-growing hardwood trees. “As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon, ” said Stephen Blake, one of the paper’s authors.
Scientists collected field measurements in the Congo Basin and used a computer model to predict how elephants would affect forest structure, and carbon storage potential in the long term. The data confirmed that when elephants are present, the forest contains larger trees and higher abundances of species with high wood density. Conversely (相反地)，should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物总量). As a result, central African forests could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.
The sad reality is that humans are doing their best to rid the planet of elephants. “This study comes at a time when forest elephants are threatened as never before,” said Iain Douglas Hamilton, founder of Save the Elephants. “It is shocking that just as we are beginning to understand how elephants might have a key role in Africa in storing carbon, they are under real threat of extinction.” One limitation of the study, Mr. Berzaghi said, is that we do not know how much carbon has already been lost because of the elephants’ decline. But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.
12．What can we infer about slow-growing trees in Paragraph 2?
A．They are elephants’ favorite food. B．They are easily hurt by elephants.
C．They can help forests store carbon. D．They may reduce elephant populations.
13．What would happen without elephants living in central African forests?
A．Climate change would possibly be sped up.
B．The forest structure would remain unchanged.
C．The forests would lose more fast-growing trees.
D．Larger trees would defeat fast-growing species.
14．What did Mr. Berzaghi suggest people do?
A．Lead a low-carbon life. B．Evaluate the carbon loss.
C．Stop destroying forests. D．Protect forest elephants.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Humans and Nature Live in Harmony
B．Elephants Disappear in Parts of Africa
C．Climate Change Affects Forest Structure
D．Elephants Defend Against Climate Change
【答案】
12．C
13．A
14．D
15．D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了最近的一项新研究发现，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促进生长缓慢的树木生长，并增加森林的碳储存能力以延缓气候变化的速度。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“As the elephants thin the forest, they increase the number of slow-growing trees and the forest is capable of storing more carbon”可知，随着大象使森林不再那么茂盛，它们增加了生长缓慢的树木的数量，并且使森林能够储存更多的碳。因此可以推断出树木可以帮助森林储存碳。故选C。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Conversely, should forest elephants go extinct, leaving those slow-growing trees struggling to compete with fast-growing species, it would result in a 7 percent loss of above-ground biomass (生物总量). As a result, central African forests could lose up to three billion tons of carbon, potentially accelerating climate change.”可知，相反地，如果森林象灭绝，那些生长缓慢的树木就难以与快速生长的物种竞争，这将导致地表上损失7％的生物总量。非洲中部森林可能会释放出多达30亿吨的碳，这有可能加剧气候变化。即如果没有大象生活在非洲中部森林中，气候变化可能会加快。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But it does seem certain, he added, that putting a stop to illegal hunting and restoring forest elephant populations would bring climate benefits.”可知，但他补充说，停止非法捕猎和恢复森林象的数量似乎确实会给气候带来好处。即Mr. Berzaghi建议人们保护森林象。故选D。
15．主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，最近的一项新研究发现，最近的一项新研究发现，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促进生长缓慢的树木生长，并增加森林的碳储存能力以延缓气候变化的速度，因此文章的最佳标题是“大象阻止气候变化”。故选D。
4.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测）
The Most Tech Friendly School in the World
Forget a pen and paper! This new-fashioned school relies on iPad’s, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys. The Philadelphia School of the Future’s main goal is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields. While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.
Hamburger University
No, this school isn’t about perfecting the hamburger. Actually, it sort of is! The McDonald’s training facility is where restaurant managers go to learn the craft (手艺). From making a hamburger to dealing with complaining customers, it takes a lot to handle the running of Micky D’s. Also, imagine having Hamburger University on your resume (简历), now that would make you stand out from the crowd!
Real Life Clown (小丑) College
While movies and televisions shows love to make fun of kids and adults alike running off to join clown college or the circus but turns out, it wasn’t made up. The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around. It’s a tough job alright? Imaging wearing a bright red nose while kids scream at you for a balloon animal.
Charles Howard Santa Claus School
Set up in the 1930’s this famous institution aims to produce the very best Santa’s. Potential Mr Claus’ will learn how to interact with children and of course, how to laugh like the real deal. While you wouldn’t take the course unless you planned on being a professional Santa, it sure would be fun to play dress up for a day!
1．What do we know about The Philadelphia School of the Future?
A．It has been run smoothly since 2006.
B．It employs digital device in fruitful ways.
C．Its popularity has declined in recent years.
D．It aims to spread knowledge in many fields.
2．Which school may help you become a comedian?
A．The Philadelphia School of the Future. B．Hamburger University.
C．Real Life Clown College. D．Charles Howard Santa Claus School.
3．Which of the following best describes the four school?
A．Entertaining. B．Ancient.
C．Wild. D．Unusual.
【答案】
1．B
2．C
3．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章简略地介绍了四所值得一去的学校。
1．细节理解题。由题干关键词The Philadelphia School of the Future可将答案定位于第一段。由第一段中的This new-fashioned school relies on iPad’s, touch screens, projectors and even electronic locker keys.(这所新式学校依靠iPad、触摸屏、投影仪甚至电子锁钥匙)和While it struggled back when it opened in 2006, it is now one of the most in-demand schools.(虽然在2006年开学时，它曾一度举步维艰，但现在它是最受欢迎的学校之一)可知，这所新式学校以卓有成效的方式使用数字设备。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。由第三段中的The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around.(Ringling兄弟在美国各地开设了许多课程和学校，教有志的学生如何在周围表演小丑)可知，小丑是喜剧演员之一。由此可知，Real Life Clown College可帮你成为喜剧演员。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。由第一段中的The Philadelphia School of the Future’s main goal is to equip students with the most knowledge in technology fields.(费城未来学校的主要目标是让学生掌握技术领域的大部分知识)可知The Most Tech Friendly School in the World的主要目标是让学生掌握技术领域的大部分知识；由第二段中的No, this school isn’t about perfecting the hamburger. Actually, it sort of is! The McDonald’s training facility is where restaurant managers go to learn the craft.(不，这所学校不是为了完善汉堡包。实际上，有点！麦当劳的培训设施是餐厅经理们学习手艺的地方)可知，Hamburger University是教学生做汉堡的学校；由第三段中的The Ringling Brothers set up a number of courses and schools around the United States to teach willing students the art of clowning around.(Ringling兄弟在美国各地开设了许多课程和学校，教有志的学生如何在周围表演小丑)可知，Real Life Clown College是教学生成为小丑喜剧演员的地方；由第四段中的Set up in the 1930’s this famous institution aims to produce the very best Santa’s.(这个著名的机构成立于1930年，旨在培养出最优秀的圣诞老人)可知，Charles Howard Santa Claus School是教学生成为圣诞老人的学校；四所学校教授课程与普通学校教授的课程不一样、不同寻常。故选D项。
5.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测） Brain disease research could be sped up using a smartphone-controlled “plug-and-play” neural implant (神经植入管) invented by scientists from the USA and South Korea.
The researchers, who come primarily from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the University of Washington, designed the soft device to deliver drugs or coloured lights directly to targeted neurons (神经元), with the goal of accelerating discovery about addiction, depression and pain. The LEDs involved are smaller than a grain of salt, and the drugs are delivered by tiny channels with the thickness of a human hair.
For researchers, the main advantage of the new wireless implant is ease of use. The inventors describe its replaceable drug tube as “lego-like” and “plug-and-lay”, while set-up happens over an “elegant, simple” smartphone interface (界面).
For the subjects, in current testing — the small, soft device won’t impede movement and is safer to use over time.
Current devices used in this field are rigid, so they cause damages in soft brain tissue over time. With the new devices, scientists can now monitor one area of the brain over much longer periods, and with the test subjects moving freely.
“It allows us to better analyze the neural basis of behavior in various ways,” said Michael Bruchas, a professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine who heads the Bruchas Lab. “We are also eager to use the device to help us develop new treatments for pain, addiction and emotional disorders.”
The researchers, who published their findings in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering, created the implant for laboratory use with animals but would like to develop the technology for clinical applications in the future, meaning one day a similar device could be tested on humans.
Their invention comes after three years of cooperation between the Jeong group at KAIST in Daejeon and the Bruchas Lab in Seattle. The former specializes in soft electronics for wearable and implantable devices, while the latter is a research laboratory focusing on stress, depression, addiction, pain and other diseases.
12．How does the device work?
A．It locates a certain position in neurons. B．It directly cures the damaged neurons.
C．It delivers drugs through a human hair. D．It directly controls coloured lights.
13．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “impede” in Paragragh 4?
A．Destroy. B．Increase.
C．Improve. D．Prevent.
14．What can we learn about the device?
A．It helps to observe the whole brain work.
B．It has been tested on humans to deal with diseases.
C．It helps to find new ways to cure some diseases.
D．It has been invented by the Bruchas Lab.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．Brain Neural Implant by Smartphone
B．A New Smartphone That Controls Brain
C．The Development in Exploring Brains
D．A New Cure for the Brain Diseases
【答案】
12．A
13．D
14．C
15．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了利用由美国和韩国科学家发明的智能手机控制的神经植入管，脑疾病的研究可以被加快，神经植入管是一种软性装置，小巧、柔软且更安全。
12．细节理解题。由第二段第一句“The researchers, who come primarily from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and the University of Washington, designed the soft device to deliver drugs or coloured lights directly to targeted neurons (神经元), with the goal of accelerating discovery about addiction, depression and pain.(这些研究人员主要来自韩国高级科学技术研究所(KAIST)和华盛顿大学，他们设计了一种软性装置，将药物或彩灯直接传送到靶向神经元，目的是加速发现上瘾、抑郁和疼痛)可知，这种装置是在神经元中的某个位置上工作。故选A项。
13．词义猜测题。由第四段句子For the subjects, in current testing — the small, soft device won’t impede movement and is safer to use over time.(对受试者来说，在目前的测试中，这种小巧、柔软的设备不会impede运动，而且随着时间的推移使用起来更安全)可推知，这种小巧、柔软的设备不会妨碍运动。由此可知，划线词impede意为“妨碍、阻止”。故选D项。
14．细节理解题。由倒数第三段最后一句We are also eager to use the device to help us develop new treatments for pain, addiction and emotional disorders.(我们也渴望利用这一设备帮助我们开发出治疗疼痛、上瘾和情绪障碍的新疗法)可知，此设备有助于找到治疗某些疾病的新方法。故选C项。
15．主旨大意题。由第一段句子Brain disease research could be sped up using a smartphone-controlled “plug-and-play” neural implant invented by scientists from the USA and South Korea.(脑疾病的研究可以被加快，通过使用由美国和韩国科学家发明的智能手机控制的神经植入管)可知，文章第一段点明了本文主要讲智能手机控制的神经植入管，后面段落是对此设备的介绍。故选A项。
6.（2020届福建省厦门市高三一次质检）
For much of the 20th century, milk was a simple part of daily life in the U.S., as farmers raised cows, milkmen delivered bottles and children drank it at school. But those days are fading. On January 5 Borden Dairy, the milk processor with a cheery Elsie the cow on its label, announced to be filing for bankruptcy (破产) protection. Borden Dairy, which said it was affected by “market challenges facing the milk industry,” follows Dean Foods, America’s largest milk producer, which filed for bankruptcy protection in November.
America has fallen out of love with drinking milk, as there are more lower-calorie options and people are preferring water bottles to milk cartons (盒子). Americans each drank about 146 lb. of fluid milk-a category that includes products from skim to creamin 2018, according to the USDA’s Economic Research Service. That may sound like a lot, but it’s down 26% just since 2000.
The downturn has been tough on milk processors like Borden and Dean, which buy fresh milk from farms and use techniques to create a consumer-safe drink with a longer shelf life. For the past five years, thanks to technology that increased milk production, fresh-milk prices were relatively low, which meant processors could break even although there was shifting demand. But prices went up again last year, squeezing the processors’ already tight profits. “Declining sales in a business with small profit is not a good recipe for success” says Mark Stephenson, director of dairy policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin.
Milk processors are also facing competition from big retailers (零售商), which have set up their own processing plants. In 2018, Walmart opened a milk-processing plant in Indiana to serve hundreds of stores in the Midwest, taking away approximately 95 million gal. of milk-processing business from Dean Foods.
8．What can we learn about American milk industry?
A．Consumers favor bottled milk.
B．Milk producers have cows on their labels.
C．Processed milk is losing its popularity.
D．Borden Dairy is the largest milk producer.
9．What does the underlined part “break even”，in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Have no loss. B．Upgrade technology.
C．Go bankrupt. D．Produce large quantities of goods.
10．What’s Mark Stephenson’s attitude towards the milk industry?
A．Positive. B．Concerned.
C．Ambiguous. D．Prejudiced.
11．Why have some big retailers brought a challenge to milk processors?
A．They open stores abroad. B．They lower the price of milk.
C．They process milk by themselves. D．They won’t offer fresh milk to processors.
【答案】
8．C
9．A
10．B
11．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国牛奶加工业的现状以及面临的挑战。
8．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“America has fallen out of love with drinking milk, as there are more lower-calorie options and people are preferring water bottles to milk cartons”可知，美国人已经不再喜欢喝牛奶了，因为现在有更多低热量的选择，而且人们更喜欢瓶装水而不是盒装牛奶，这说明加工的牛奶越来越不受欢迎了，故C项正确。
9．词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“thanks to technology that increased milk production, fresh-milk prices were relatively low,”可知，由于技术提高了牛奶产量，而且从农场购买鲜奶的价格又相对较低，所以尽管需求在变化（人们不买那么多牛奶了），但（由于投入少了，产量大了）牛奶加工商仍能实现盈亏平衡，由此可知画线词的意思是“没有损失”，故A项正确。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段中的““Declining sales in a business with small profit is not a good recipe for success” says Mark Stephenson, director of dairy policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin.”可知，威斯康星大学乳品政策分析主任马克•斯蒂芬森表示，在一家利润微薄的企业中，销售额下降并不是成功的良方，由此可知，马克•斯蒂芬森对对牛奶工业的现状表示担忧，故B项正确。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Milk processors are also facing competition from big retailers (零售商), which have set up their own processing plants.”可知，牛奶加工商还面临着来自大型零售商的竞争，因为这些零售商已经建立了自己的牛奶加工厂，故C项正确。
7.（2020届福建省厦门市高三一次质检）
Wandering the British Museum, you can see some of the finest objects ever created by human hands. But some of our most precious objects are things that were once thrown away. Today, they have become invaluable tools for learning about the past.
On display in Room 3, Disposable? exhibits a group of objects: finds from Staple Howe, a settlement sometime between 700 BC and 450 BC．These pot pieces, animal bones, and tools were cast aside when they were no longer useful. Thousands of years later they allow us to study the people who made, used, and threw them away. From Staple Howe’s rubbish we know that its inhabitants were very resourceful: a broken pot was recycled to make a spindle whorl, and a razor has been heavily sharpened to lengthen its life.
The second half of the Disposable? displays the human impact of modem waste in the Pacific Island nations. Single-use products made from plastic are often thrown away poorly. This has led to almost eight million metric tons of plastic entering our oceans every year.
A simple yet technically beautiful yellow fishing basket made by Guam artist Guerrero highlights the plastic waste problem in the Pacific. For centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made of coconut leaves but here Guerrero used plastic wrapping found on his local beach. While the basket is made using traditional techniques, the plastic wrapping is more durable than plant fibers. Guerrero has found a creative and practical way to give this single-use material a second life.
Communities across the Pacific are working together to fight the problem through re-purposing thrown — away items and banning some single-use plastic items. However, these local responses can by no means reduce the scale of the problem. The plastic crisis cannot be left to individuals or communities and will take a concerted international effort by governments across the globe.
If the rubbish from Staple Howe can help us build stories and details of people living in ancient Britain, what can today’s plastic rubbish tell us about ourselves?
12．Why are the deserted objects in Staple Howe valuable?
A．They were created by hand. B．They were beautifully decorated.
C．They consist of precious materials. D．They bear information of life in the past.
13．In which way did Guerrero change the traditional fishing basket?
A．Material. B．Technique.
C．Color. D．Wrapping.
14．The exhibition, Disposable? ________.
A．is displayed in two rooms
B．is held by Pacific communities
C．displays both ancient and modem items
D．shows Staple Howe’s influence on Pacific communities
15．What does the writer suggest about the plastic crisis?
A．Leaving it to individuals.
B．Holding international concerts.
C．Local responses from Staple Howe.
D．A united effort by global governments.
【答案】
12．D
13．A
14．C
15．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大英博物馆3号房间的一次性？展览所展示的展品及其意义和反映的问题。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“From Staple Howe’s rubbish we know that its inhabitants were very resourceful: a broken pot was recycled to make a spindle whorl, and a razor has been heavily sharpened to lengthen its life.”可知，从斯特普尔豪斯的废弃物中我们了解到它的居民是充满智慧的：一个破碎的罐子被回收用来制作一个纺锤轮，一把剃刀被磨快来延长它的使用寿命，由此可知，斯特普尔豪斯被遗弃的物品有价值是因为它们承载了过去生活的信息（从它们我们能够了解过去人们生活的一些情况），故D项正确。
13．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“For centuries, fishing baskets in Guam were made of coconut leaves but here Guerrero used plastic wrapping found on his local beach.”可知，几个世纪以来，关岛的捕鱼篮都是用椰叶做的，但格雷罗在这里使用的是当地海滩上发现的塑料包装，也就是说格雷罗通过改变制作材料改变了传统的捕鱼篮，故A项正确。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“On display in Room 3, Disposable? exhibits a group of objects: finds from Staple Howe, a settlement sometime between 700 BC and 450 BC.”可知，一次性？展览展出了在斯特普尔豪斯发现的、公元前700年到公元前450年之间的人类定居点的一组废弃物品；再根据第三段中的“The second half of the Disposable? displays the human impact of modem waste in the Pacific Island nations.”可知，一次性？展览的后半部分展示现代垃圾对太平洋岛国居民的影响，由此可知，一次性？展览展示了古代和现代物品，故C项正确。
15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The plastic crisis cannot be left to individuals or communities and will take a concerted international effort by governments across the globe.”可知，作者认为解决塑料危机不能只靠个人和社区，需要全球各国政府共同努力，故D项正确。
8.（2020届广东省高考模拟 ）
Africa Water Week -nearly one billion people around the world have no access to drinking water, that lack of clean water association with un-proper hygiene and shortage of toilets kills 3. 3 million a year. And this is a common problem in many parts of the developing world, but its effect is not widely known, according to experts at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
As part of the World Water Day tradition, the center is screening films about international water issues at the Environmental Film Festival in Washington, D．C．The films describe a variety of conflicts over water.
“The challenge in presenting these films,” says Peter Sawyer, project coordinator at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, “is to share with a wider audience the urgent issues surrounding water. Our goal for this screening is to just get these issues out there,” he says. “We don't feel that they attract public attention and we think that they should because they are really important.”
In Dhaka's Challenge, filmmaker Stephen Sapienza explores one of the fastest growing cities in Asia. He says one-third of the 15 million people in the Bangladeshi capital live in places where safe water is limited. Each year 400, 000 newcomers join Dhaka's urban poor. City water from Dhaka's Water and Sewer Authority (WASA) comes at a price, available only to land owners. The film records how a non-profit group helped change the law to give the same equal water rights to the urban poor.
Diabalok Sing Ha, who is the group's founder, said, “A win-win situation actually occurred because Dhaka WASA wanted their incomes and on the other hand, poor people wanted the service and they immediately see the economic advantage of getting Dhaka WASA water supply because that is cheap, so they immediately buy in.”
“My story was just trying to point out that these problems are solvable on some level even if you have to start small and it's possible in the long run to save many lives,” says Sapienza.
8．Which of the following is the main purpose of the films?
A．To show the number of people lacking clean water.
B．To let more people know the serious water problems.
C．To attract people to pay attention to the world conflicts.
D．To get people to have a good knowledge of water.
9．What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A．Ways to get cheap water. B．The film Dhaka's Challenge.
C．Filmmaker Stephen Sapienza. D．A non-profit group.
10．Which of the following does Diabalok Sing Ha agree with?
A．Most people can't afford the water supply.
B．Rich people in Dhaka will buy in at once.
C．Poor people in Dhaka need the service of water.
D．Dhaka WAS A will see soon the economic advantage.
11．What does Sapienza intend to tell us by making the film Dhaka's Challenge?
A．The problem of water can possibly be solved.
B．All the people cannot get city water from WASA．
C．A win-win situation is expected by every filmmaker.
D．Dhaka WASA is very popular with the local people.
【答案】
8．B
9．B
10．C
11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。世界各地近10亿人无法获得饮用水，普利策危机报道中心的专家表示，在许多发展中国家，这是一个普遍问题，但其影响并不广为人知。作为世界水日传统的一部分，该中心正在华盛顿特区的环境电影节上放映有关国际水资源问题的影片《Dhaka的挑战》。文章还说明了这一电影的目的、内容以及人们对影片的看法。
8．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The challenge in presenting these films,” says Peter Sawyer, project coordinator at the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, “is to share with a wider audience the urgent issues surrounding water. Our goal for this screening is to just get these issues out there,” he says.可知“呈现这些影片的挑战，”普利策危机报道中心的项目协调员Peter Sawyer说，“是要与更广泛的观众分享与水有关的紧迫问题。我们的筛选目标就是让这些问题浮出水面，”他说。由此可知，电影的主要目的是让更多的人知道严重的水问题。故选B。
9．主旨大意题。根据第四段中In Dhaka's Challenge, filmmaker Stephen Sapienza explores one of the fastest growing cities in Asia.可知在《Dhaka的挑战》中，导演斯Stephen Sapienza探索了亚洲发展最快的城市之一。结合后文The film records how a non-profit group helped change the law to give the same equal water rights to the urban poor.可知影片记录了一个非营利组织如何帮助修改法律，给予城市贫民同等的用水权利。由此可知，第4段主要讲了电影《Dhaka的挑战》。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中A win-win situation actually occurred because Dhaka WASA wanted their incomes and on the other hand, poor people wanted the service and they immediately see the economic advantage of getting Dhaka WASA water supply because that is cheap, so they immediately buy in.可知双赢的局面出现了，因为Dhaka WASA需要他们的收入，而另一方面，穷人想要这项服务，他们立即看到了获得Dhaka WASA供水的经济优势，因为它很便宜，所以他们立即购买。由此可推知，Diabalok Sing Ha赞同Dhaka的穷人需要水。故选C。
11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“My story was just trying to point out that these problems are solvable on some level even if you have to start small and it's possible in the long run to save many lives,” says Sapienza.可知Sapienza 说：“我的故事只是试图指出，这些问题在某种程度上是可以解决的，即使你必须从小处着手，但从长远来看，拯救许多人的生命是可能的。”由此可知，通过制作电影《Dhaka的挑战》，Sapienza想告诉我们水的问题是有可能解决的。故选A。
8.（2020届广东省广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试）
After 400 years, William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is still widely celebrated as a great crafter of language and playwright (剧作家).But he was not the only great master of dramatic writing to die in 1616, and he is certainly not the only writer to have left a lasting impact on theatre. While less known worldwide, Tang Xianzu is rightly considered China’s greatest playwright and is highly admired in that country of ancient literary and dramatic traditions.
Tang was born in 1550 in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province, and worked as a government official until, in 1598 and aged 49, he retired to focus on writing. Unlike Shakespeare's large body of plays and poems, Tang wrote only four major plays: The Purple Hairpin, A Dream under a Southern Bough, Dream of Handan and The Peony Pavilion - widely considered to be his masterpiece. In the latter three, much of the story is told through dream sequences. Tang used these scenes to explore human emotions in ways that challenged the feudal system of his time. It is a similar dream structure that we find in Shakespeare^ A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Tang lived towards the end of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and, similarly to Shakespeare, his lasting success was partly due to the growth of theatre as an artistic practice during his lifetime. As in Shakespeare's England, it became hugely popular in China, with public theatres opening in different cities and traveling performance groups becoming common. Theatrical audiences started to populate open public spaces, and theatre as a popular form of entertainment found its place outside palaces. However, unlike in Shakespeare’s England, there was hardly any mixing of the rich with commoners at theatrical events.
During this time, the way in which play-texts were enjoyed, spread and performed also changed. Initially, Chinese dramas had an emphasis on poetic language and were distributed in book form, to be read like novels. They were seldom, if ever, performed. However, from the mid-16th century, kunqu opera, a form of musical drama, spread from southern China to become a symbol of Chinese culture.
While Tang and Shakespeare lived a world away from each other, they share in common the humanity of their drama, their heroic figures, their love for language, a lasting popularity — and the anniversary during which we still celebrate them.
12．Why does the writer refer to Shakespeare throughout this article about Tang?
A．To compare the writing styles of the writers.
B．To emphasize Tang’s importance in literature.
C．To assess the achievements of these two great writers.
D．To examine the different influences of Tang and Shakespeare.
13．What distinguishes The Purple Hairpin from Tang’s other plays?
A．It does not rely heavily on dream scenes.
B．It is widely considered to be his best work.
C．It was the only play to be publicly performed.
D．It challenged the feudal system of ancient China.
14．What characteristic was shared by both English and Chinese theatre during Tang’s lifetime?
A．Music and poetry were present in most performances.
B．The popularity of public theatrical performances grew rapidly.
C．Different social classes often attended the same performances.
D．Most plays were written to be read as novels rather than performed.
15．Which of the following would the author probably agree with?
A．Tang’s plays were superior to his poems.
B．Tang is more widely read than Shakespeare.
C．Tang is the best playwright in Chinese history.
D．Tang and Shakespeare knew of each other s works.
【答案】
12．B
13．A
14．B
15．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了汤显祖的作品特点和时代意义。
12．推理判断题。第一句提到：威廉·莎士比亚是世界语言大师和剧作家。第二句一转折，提到：他并不是唯一一个在1616年去世的戏剧大师，他也肯定不是唯一一个对戏剧产生深远影响的作家。接着文章就提出汤显祖。下文中，不断地将莎士比亚和汤显祖对照，以此凸显汤显祖的艺术成就和作用。故选B。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Tang wrote only four major plays: The Purple Hairpin, A Dream under a Southern Bough, Dream of Handan and The Peony Pavilion - widely considered to be his masterpiece. In the latter three, much of the story is told through dream sequences”可知，除去the Purple Hairpin，其余三部戏剧均是通过梦境来讲述的。只有the Purple Hairpin不是这样。故选A。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“As in Shakespeare's England, it became hugely popular in China, with public theatres opening in different cities and traveling performance groups becoming common. Theatrical audiences started to populate open public spaces, and theatre as a popular form of entertainment found its place outside palaces”可知，就像在莎士比亚的英国，它在中国非常受欢迎，在不同的城市开设了公共剧院，旅游表演团体也变得普遍起来。戏剧观众开始聚集在开放的公共场所，剧院作为一种流行的娱乐形式在宫殿之外找到了自己的位置。B选项（公众戏剧表演迅速普及）表达此意。故选B。
15．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Tang Xianzu is rightly considered China’s greatest playwright and is highly admired in that country of ancient literary and dramatic traditions”可知，汤显祖被认为是中国最伟大的剧作家，在中国有着悠久的文学和戏剧传统。故选C。
9.（2020届广东省深圳市高三第一次调研 ）
Jeremy from America cannot understand why a lady he met outside the Hyde Park in London said, “Ooh, isn’t it cold?”, and he thinks of this behaviour as a distinctively English concern about the weather. In fact, the female was just trying to strike up a conversation with Jeremy. Not necessarily a long conversation — just an exchange of greetings. It is not always quite that obvious, but all English weather conversations have a distinctive structure conducted according to unwritten but accepted rules.
The unpredictable nature of our weather ensures that there is always something new to comment on, or perhaps most importantly, agree about. We have already established that weather-speak greetings like “Cold, isn’t it?” require the response expressing agreement, as in “Yes, isn’t it?” .It would be very rude to respond with “No, actually it’s quite mild.” or “It’s pretty hot to me.” If you deliberately break the rule, you will find that the atmosphere becomes rather tense and awkward. There may be an uncomfortable silence. Most likely, they will either change the subject or continue talking about the weather among themselves politely, if coldly, ignoring your faux pas.
There is, however, one situation in which English weather-speakers are not required to observe the agreement rule at all and that is the male-bonding argument, particularly the pub-argument. In the special environment of the pub, constant disagreement not just on the weather, but on everything else as well is a means of expressing friendship.
While we may spend much of our time complaining about our weather, foreigners are not allowed to criticize it. Indeed, this brings us to the weather as family rule. In this respect, we treat the English weather like a member of our family: one can complain about the behavior of one’s own children or parents, but any blame from an outsider is unacceptable. The weather may be one of the few things about which the English are still unconsciously and unashamedly patriotic （爱国的）.
8．Why did the lady comment on the weather to Jeremy?
A．To build up friendship.
B．To begin a casual chat.
C．To send seasonal greetings.
D．To express dissatisfaction.
9．What does the underlined phrase “faux pas” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Improper response.
B．Careless attitude.
C．Rude interruption.
D．Frequent complaint.
10．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．Male bonding in pubs.
B．Argument about weather.
C．Exception to the agreement rule.
D．Making friends by disagreement.
11．What is the best title for this text?
A．Politeness Tips for Foreigners
B．Accepted Rules in Social Life
C．English Politeness in Weather Conversation
D．Hidden Rules of English Weather Conversation
【答案】
8．B
9．A
10．C
11．D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述英国人在谈论天气时是按照未成文但被人们普遍接受的规则进行的，谈论天气是英国人一种独有的情怀。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In fact, the female was just trying to strike up a conversation with Jeremy. Not necessarily a long conversation — just an exchange of greetings.”可知，实际上这名女性只是想与Jeremy搭一下话。不必是长时间的对话，只是互相问好。因此这位女士对Jeremy评论天气是为了开始一个随便的聊天。故选B。
9．短语猜测题。根据第二段中的“The unpredictable nature of our weather ensures that there is always something new to comment on, or perhaps most importantly, agree about.”可知，我们天气的不可预测性确保我们始终有新的东西可以评论，或者说最重要的是要达成对天气的共识。由此可知，人们在谈论天气时，双方往往会有一致的看法。由“If you deliberately break the rule, you will find that the atmosphere becomes rather tense and awkward. There may be an uncomfortable silence.”可知，如果你故意违反规则，你会发现气氛变得非常紧张和尴尬。可能会有不舒服的沉默。因此说话双方就要做出选择，即下文的“他们很可能会改变话题，或者继续礼貌地谈论天气”。如果对话氛围不好的话，他们自然会忽略你的回应。因此，这说明你的回应是不合适的，即违背了人们默认的规则。即划线短语意为“不当的回应”。 故选A。
10．段落大意题。根据第三段中的“There is, however, one situation in which English weather-speakers are not required to observe the agreement rule at all and that is the male-bonding argument, particularly the pub-argument. In the special environment of the pub, constant disagreement not just on the weather, but on everything else as well is a means of expressing friendship.”可知，有一种情况下，英国谈论天气的人不需要遵守规则，这是发生在男人小圈子里的，尤其是在酒吧。在酒吧的特殊环境中，天气上的不断的分歧和在其他所有方面的分歧都是表达友谊的一种手段。即第3段主要讲的是遵守天气对话规则的例外。故选C。
11．标题判断题。通读全文尤其是第一段的“all English weather conversations have a distinctive structure conducted according to unwritten but accepted rules.”可知，所有关于天气的对话都是按照未成文但被人们普遍接受的规则进行的。文章接下来具体地对该规则进行了解释，因此本文的最佳标题是“英国人天气对话的潜规则”。故选D。
10.（2020届广东省深圳市高三第一次调研 ）
Should we be thrilled that, for the first time in a century, Australia went more than a week without using any coal to make electricity? While some are welcoming this as a sign that the country is going green, the bigger picture is less encouraging. For one thing, renewables （可再生能源）supplied only 23 per cent of electricity during this coal-free period, while 45 per cent came from natural gas. In the past decade, the country has gone from getting a third of its electricity from coal to obtaining more than a third from renewables like onshore wind on average. Australia now gets 11 per cent of its electricity from “renewable” biomass （生物质能）, much of it using imported wood. But forest campaigners say swapping coal for wood isn’t truly renewable and is actually doing huge damage to the environment.
For another, Australia is off-track when it comes to meeting its long-term targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions (排放).Producing electricity without burning fossil fuels is relatively easy. But it is much harder to heat homes, to make cement and steel, to grow food and to power cars, ships and planes without producing any greenhouse gases. In view of this, we should handle the energy and climate crises at the same time by finding climate-friendly alternatives to coal.
Australia has now stopped the financial aid that drove its renewables revolution. So growth in renewable energy is expected to come to a stop in a decade. The global renewables revolution seems to be following the same trend. The International Energy Agency （IEA） recently announced that the world added 180 gigawatts （千兆瓦）of solar, wind, hydro power and bioenergy in 2018, the same as in 2017. But IEA said we must add 300 gigawatts a year to have a chance of limiting global warming to under 2°C by 2100. So we should cheer the end of coal, but continue to worry about how it will be replaced.
12．In the “coal-free week”, what did Australia use most to make electricity?
A．Natural gas. B．Onshore wind.
C．Biomass. D．Wood.
13．What can be inferred about the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Paragraph 2?
A．Positive results are tracked.
B．Long-term goals are ambitious.
C．Additional efforts are required.
D．Climate changes are unavoidable.
14．What can we learn about renewable energy in Paragraph 3?
A．It ought to be replaced.
B．It will see an adequate increase.
C．It starts a revolution in Australia.
D．It needs constant financial aid.
15．What is the author’s attitude towards the coal-free week?
A．Skeptical. B．Optimistic.
C．Thrilled. D．Ambiguous.
【答案】
12．A
13．C
14．D
15．A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了一个世纪以来，首次没有使用任何煤炭发电的澳大利亚引起人们的关注，虽然这是一个好的势头，但总体情况却不太乐观。促进可再生能源更新需要持续的财政援助和不断的努力。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“For one thing, renewables supplied only 23 per cent of electricity during this coal-free period, while 45 per cent came from natural gas.”可知，可再生能源在这个无煤时期仅提供了23％的电力，而45％的电力来自天然气。因此在“无煤周”中，澳大利亚用的最多的来发电的东西是天然气。故选A。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“For another, Australia is off-track when it comes to meeting its long-term targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Producing electricity without burning fossil fuels is relatively easy. But it is much harder to heat homes, to make cement and steel, to grow food and to power cars, ships and planes without producing any greenhouse gases. In view of this, we should handle the energy and climate crises at the same time by finding climate-friendly alternatives to coal.”可知，在实现减少温室气体排放的长期目标方面，澳大利亚偏离了轨道。在不燃烧化石燃料的情况下生产电力相对容易。但是，在不产生任何温室气体的情况下，为房屋供暖，制造水泥和钢铁，种植食物以及为汽车，轮船和飞机提供动力要困难得多。有鉴于此，我们应该通过寻找对气候有好处的煤炭替代品来同时应对能源和气候危机。由此可知，关于减少温室气体的排放，还需要作出额外的努力。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Australia has now stopped the financial aid that drove its renewables revolution. So growth in renewable energy is expected to come to a stop in a decade. The global renewables revolution seems to be following the same trend.”可知，澳大利亚现已停止了推动其可再生能源革新的财政援助。因此，可再生能源的增长预计将在十年内停止。全球可再生能源革新似乎正在遵循同样的趋势。即促进可再生能源更新需要持续的财政援助。故选D。
15．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Should we be thrilled that, for the first time in a century, Australia went more than a week without using any coal to make electricity? While some are welcoming this as a sign that the country is going green, the bigger picture is less encouraging.”和“So we should cheer the end of coal, but continue to worry about how it will be replaced.”可知，一个世纪以来首次没有使用任何煤炭发电的澳大利亚让有些人对此表示欢迎，这表明澳大利亚正在走向绿色环保，但总体情况却不那么令人鼓舞。我们应该为煤炭使用的终结欢呼，但还要继续担心它将如何被取代。因此可知，作者对“无煤周”持怀疑态度。故选A。
11.（2020届河南省安阳市高三第二次模拟） What’s the deal with new words? Where do they come from and how do they go from unknown to official? First, new words have to circulate in culture to make it into the dictionary. They have to be used and understood. Words have a much better chance of getting added to the dictionary if you see them in print or hear them in conversation. It’s actually a full-time job to search popular communication to figure out what new words are surfacing in our vernacular（方言）. Lexicographers get to decide which words make it into the dictionary, and they do so by reading widely across industries and disciplines. However, they also make decisions about which idioms make it in.
Dictionaries can sometimes get over 1,000 new words per year. In 2019 the Merriam-Webster added over 600 in April and another 500+ in September. After lexicographers decide which words will be included, they write a new definition. Some existing words also gain additional meanings, and there are usually thousands of revisions. The dictionary is a constantly changing work-in-progress, just like the language it describes and defines. For instance, the word “peak” recently went from being just a sharp, pointed end to also being something at the height of popularity. Occasionally fake words actually end up in the dictionary by mistake.
If you have a word that you think should be in the dictionary, you’re welcome to get in touch with the lexicographers and suggest it. However, the word needs to be fairly popular. It has to have “widespread, frequent, meaningful usage”. For instance, OMG was added to the dictionary in 2009 after lexicographers had observed it in general use for about 15 years.
New words spring from new technologies and disciplines, but they’re very often invented by authors and writers who love language and play with it to create new meanings. One of the greatest creators was William Shakespeare who created over 1,700 new words often by adapting usage and using new compounds. He’s responsible for words like eyeball, excitement, fashionable, and lonely. “Hard-boiled” was invented by Mark Twain.
8．What kind of new words can be included in dictionaries?
A．Words which have been widely used for long.
B．Words which were created by famous writers.
C．Words which have been spoken by some locals.
D．Words which frequently appear in a private conversation.
9．What does the underlined word “Lexicographers” in the first paragraph probably mean?
A．New word creators. B．Writers of a dictionary.
C．Specialists in languages. D．Historians on ancient cultures.
10．What does the author think of a dictionary?
A．Quite ambiguous. B．Error-free.
C．Extremely rigid. D．Gradually developing.
11．What is the best title for the text?
A．How the Dictionary Is Revised
B．How New Words Spread in Culture
C．How Words Get Added to the Dictionary
D．How New Words Are Invented by Famous Authors
【答案】
8．A
9．B
10．D
11．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述新词是如何被收录入词典成为官方语言的。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“First, new words have to circulate in culture to make it into the dictionary. They have to be used and understood. Words have a much better chance of getting added to the dictionary if you see them in print or hear them in conversation.( 首先，新词必须在文化中流传，才能被收入词典。它们必须被使用和理解。如果你在出版物中看到或在对话中听到这些词，它们被收入词典的机会要大得多。)”可知，新词必须得到了广泛使用才被收录到字典里。故选A项。
9．词义猜测题。根据划线单词之后的动作内容“decide which words make it into the dictionary, and they do so by reading widely across industries and disciplines.”可知，Lexicographers决定了那些词被收录入词典，因此他们应是词典编撰者。故选B项。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容“The dictionary is a constantly changing work-in-progress, just like the language it describes and defines.( 字典就像它所描述和定义的语言一样，是一个不断变化的半成品)”可知，在作者看来，词典时在不断变化的。故选D项。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章结构为总分结构，首段提出了本文的中心话题。作者用设问的方式提出了话题“What’s the deal with new words? Where do they come from and how do they go from unknown to official? First, new words have to circulate in culture to make it into the dictionary.( 新词是怎么回事?他们从何而来，又如何从默默无闻走向官方?首先，新词必须在文化中流传，才能被收入词典。)”可知，本文主要讲述新词是如何被收录入词典成为官方语言的。选项C. How Words Get Added to the Dictionary概括了文章主题，可作最佳标题。故选C项。
12.（2020届河南省郑州市高三第二次质量预测） Time magazine listed its top inventions of 2019, some of which will surely become a big part of our everyday lives over the next decade. Here are some we're most looking forward to.
●Virtual （虚拟的）surgery
According to Harvard Business Review, our current system of training surgeons can't keep up with the speed of technological development. “Even after 4 years of college, 4 years of medical school and 5 years of advanced training after working, 30% of graduates still can't operate on their own,” said Justin Barad, who is the CEO and co-founder of Osso VR.
This VR software is made to give doctors virtual operating-room experience so they can practice and prepare for surgeries. Apparently, it works. Gideon Blumstein of California University conducted a study on using Osso VR. His team found that participants' overall surgical performance improved by an astonishing 230% over traditional training methods.
● Vending veggies （出售素食）
"Eat happier. ” That's the Farmers Fridge advertising message. It is a good one, as this company wants to bring fresh, healthy food to people on the go.
It's trying to change more than just food, though. It also wants to change the delivery method. Farmers Fridge has created its very own automatic machines. They can be placed in high-traffic areas. These super-smart vending machines can know their contents at any moment, and can allow customers to reserve and pay in advance. They can even learn about what customers want. Shayna Harris is the company's Chief Growth Officer. “We have developed salads, sandwiches and breakfast items that taste as fresh as if you were to make them in your home kitchen,” she said in an interview with Insider Trends.
● Recycling pollution
When we write with black ink, we're writing with soot — a powder made by burning coal or oil. Cars are machines that produce soot. To collect the soot, Anirudh Sharma, creator of AIR-INK, made a device called Kaalink, which attaches to a vehicle’s exhaust pipe （排气管）.Once collected, it's made into ink color and mixed with vegetable oil to create inks, markers and paints with the brand AIR-INK.
“I don't know if it's pollution, but the quality of the ink is really special,” said artist Kristopher Ho. “It's black, really thick and dries extremely quickly.”
The Guardian describes AIR-INK as "remarkably green”. Each 30-milliliter pen contains between 40—50 minutes of air pollution, while each 6-liter spray can hold 2,000 minutes of diesel exhaust （柴油废气）. In the past year, Sharma said, his team has cleaned nearly 1.7 trillion （万亿）liters of air in India and Hong Kong.
1．What can be known about Osso VR?
A．It is an assistant to help surgeons do operations.
B．It can perform operations on patients automatically.
C．It offers doctors a virtual environment to practice surgeries.
D．It is a piece of software to help medical students do research.
2．What makes Farmers Fridge different and special?
A．Why its advertisement works.
B．What its vending machines sell.
C．How its vending machines operate.
D．Where its vending machines serve.
3．What attitude does Kristopher Ho hold toward AIR-INK?
A．Doubtful. B．Casual.
C．Disapproving. D．Positive.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage?
A．To encourage scientists to make technological inventions.
B．To tell readers some of the latest inventions in technology.
C．To call on people to keep up with technological development.
D．To raise everyone's awareness of the environmental protection.
【答案】
1．C
2．C
3．D
4．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。《时代》杂志列出了2019年的顶级发明，有些肯定会在未来十年成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分。文章列举出几项我们最期待的发明：虚拟手术；出售素食；污染物回收。
1．细节理解题。根据Virtual surgery部分的第二段中的This VR software is made to give doctors virtual operating-room experience so they can practice and prepare for surgeries.(这个虚拟现实软件是为了给医生提供虚拟手术室的体验，让他们可以练习和准备手术。)可知Osso VR软件为医生提供了一个虚拟的手术环境。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据Vending veggies部分的第二段中的It’s trying to change more than just food, though. It also wants to change the delivery method.(不过，它试图改变的不仅仅是食物。它还想改变送货方式。)及These super-smart vending machines can know their contents at any moment, and can allow customers to reserve and pay in advance.(这些超级智能的自动售货机可以随时知道其货品，并允许客户提前预订和付款。) 可知Farmers Fridge(农民冰箱)的自动售卖机的运作方式是其与众不同之处。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据Recycling pollution部分的第二段中的“I don’t know if it’s pollution, but the quality of the ink is really special,” said artist Kristopher Ho. “It’s black, really thick and dries extremely quickly.”可知Kristopher Ho提到墨水的质量真的很特别。它是黑色的，非常厚，而且干得非常快。因此可以推断出Kristopher Ho对AIR-INK(空气墨水)持肯定态度。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段中的Time magazine listed its top inventions of 2019, some of which will surely become a big part of our everyday lives over the next decade . Here are some we’re most looking forward to.(《时代》杂志列出了2019年的顶级发明，有些肯定会在未来十年成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分。以下是我们最期待的。)及下文对一些发明物的介绍可推理知本文的意图在于向读者介绍一些最新的技术发明。故选B项。
13.（2020届河南省郑州市高三第二次质量预测） "When I was 16 years old, I was diving in Greece, but I was disappointed because I saw more plastic bags than fish.” These are the words of Boyan Slat, an engineer who designed the world's first ocean plastic cleanup system.

Every year, more than 8 million tons of plastics end up in our oceans, according to the UN Environment Programme. It is predicted that the weight of ocean plastics will match the weight of all the fish in our oceans by 2050. To prevent this from happening, in 2013 Slat created the Ocean Cleanup, an environmental non¬governmental organization, and put his plan for an ocean cleanup device into action.
After years of research and develop¬ment in the Netherlands, a device called System 001/B successfully started gathering plastics on October 2, 2019. The device uses a 600-meter-long C-shaped tube to gather all the floating rubbish. Unlike other cleanup methods, the system floats freely according to the direction of the waves, which allows waste to flow into and stay within the device. A sea anchor is attached to either end. This slows down the system as it floats through the water and allows the faster-moving rubbish, carried by the waves, to flow into its mouth. System 001/B can also collect waste below the surface using a 3-meter-deep skirt（挡板）attached to the end. After being gathered, the trash will be dragged back to shore by boat and recycled.
Right now, the system operates in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an area that is 3 times the size of France. Once operational, the Ocean Cleanup expects a full fleet to be able to clear 50% of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in 5 years.
"It remains to be seen whether this dream will become a reality, but it is undeniable that humanity must work together to reduce our plastic use and repair the damage our waste has caused," Slat said. "We are starting to see a young generation that gets it and is excited about a sustainable （可持续的）future, but the question still comes down to: Are we going fast enough, and how much damage will have been done before we get there?"
12．The underlined word “match” in Paragraph 2 probably means “_________”.
A．compare B．equal
C．measure D．cover
13．Why did Boyan Slat create the Ocean Cleanup?
A．To collect ocean plastic waste.
B．To help to invent System 001/B．
C．To protect the living environment of fish.
D．To do research on the ocean environment.
14．What can we know about System 001/B?
A．It can collect and recycle garbage at the same time.
B．It can only gather ocean waste which floats on the water.
C．It aims to clear up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in five years.
D．It is an ocean-cleaning device which has already been put to use.
15．What does Slat want to tell us according to the last paragraph?
A．Young generations care less about the environment.
B．The future ecology of the oceans is deeply worrying.
C．People should work hard to decrease plastic pollution.
D．It's quite difficult to repair the damage to the environment.
【答案】
12．B
13．A
14．D
15．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海洋塑料污染严重，工程师斯莱特设计了世界上第一个海洋塑料清理系统。一种名为System 001/B的装置于2019年10月2日成功地开始收集塑料。目前，该系统在太平洋垃圾场运行。人类必须共同努力，减少塑料的使用，并修复我们的废物造成的破坏。
12．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的Every year, more than 8 million tons of plastics end up in our oceans, according to the UN Environment Programme.(根据联合国环境规划署的数据，每年有超过800万吨的塑料最终进入我们的海洋。)及match前的the weight of ocean plastics(海洋塑料的重量)及其后的the weight of all the fish in our oceans(我们海洋中所有鱼类的重量)可知每年都有许多的塑料进入海洋，根据逻辑推理知海洋塑料的重量将会与鱼类的重量相等，可推测知match在此处意为“相等”，故选B项。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的It is predicted that the weight of ocean plastics will match the weight of all the fish in our oceans by 2050. To prevent this from happening, in 2013 Slat created the Ocean Cleanup(据预测，到 2050 年，海洋塑料的重量将与我们海洋中所有鱼类的重量相匹配。为防止这种情况，Slat创立了The Ocean Cleanup)可知Slat创立The Ocean Cleanup是为了收集海洋塑料垃圾，防止塑料重量与鱼类重量相等的状况发生。故选A项。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的a device called System 001/B successfully started gathering plastics on October 2, 2019.(一种名为System 001/B的设备于2019年10月2日成功开始收集塑料)可知System 001/B是一种已经投入使用的海洋清洁设备。故选D项。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的it is undeniable that humanity must work together to reduce our plastic use and repair the damage our waste has caused(不可否认的是，人类必须共同努力减少塑料的使用并修复我们的废物造成的破坏。)可知Slat想传达出人们应该努力减少塑料污染。故选C项。