高考英语书面表达读后续写写作技巧和思路 教案

这是一份高考英语书面表达读后续写写作技巧和思路 教案，共37页。

专题解读读后续写写作思路和技巧


学习目标： 1.了解读后续写的思路和技巧；
2. 把握情节发展方向，提高措辞水平，让文章具有可读性；

学习过程：
1. 提升读后续写的写作思路和水平的技巧


故事要围绕主要人物展开。
详细刻画人物角色及其情感。

高分标准上 有效使用连接成分,结构紧凑。
运用丰富的词汇、语法结构和修辞使描写生动。
第一段和第二段的内客衔接自然,逻辑合理通顺。
续写内容与所给短文融洽度高,语言风格保持一致,思想积极上

环境描写
肖像描写

增加加节 动作描写
语言描写
心理描写

高分手段 营造冲突 人物和人物之间的冲突
人物与环境的冲突

读后续写


非谓语动词/with 复合结构/双形容词
升格语言 无灵主语
虛拟语气
倒装句/强调句/定从
What和 It句型
常用修辞（比喻，拟人，排比，夸张等）


Step1浏览所给信息,确定大意主题一落点
Step2梳理已知段落,确定主要情节一重点
写作步骤 Step3借助段落开头,确定续写内容一
Step4刻画细节冲突,优美连表达一亮点
Step5做到首尾呼应,结构完整合理一基本点


情节设计要符合生活实际和文章逻辑,避免太过离奇。
突破点
两个雷区 叙述力求精炼、生动、连贯、对话不要太多、书面化的长句不宜太多。



2. 具体应试技巧
1）理清人物事件及脉络要点
要抓住一篇记叙文的脉络要点，通常可从记叙文六要素着手，即：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果，也就是when，where，who，what，why，how。这样可以了解故事的梗概，对文本的脉络走向有个基本定位。通常情况下，前面4个要素已经浮出水面，事情正处于发展中，悬念已经浮现。学生需要找出阅读文本中的悬念，并根据悬念发挥合理想象，顺应原文的情节发展进行预测，解开悬念，创作一个意料之外又情理之中的结局。
2）保持与原文在语言风格上的一致性
分析原文语言表达方面的显著特征，观察有无直接引语、各类从句、特殊句型、非谓语动词等。通过模仿和创造，尽量提高与原文的协同，力求在各个语言层次（关键词、短语和句型等）的表达风格上和原文保持一致。在续写时要注意词汇的不同时态搭配、用词的新颖和变换及语气的强弱，避免过于口语化的词汇。
3）增强语法结构和词汇的丰富性
英语语法在读后续写中有着非常重要的作用。丰富准确的结构、句式对于读后续写起着重要的保障。学生可以整理提炼读后续写常用的语法结构，如分词做壮语，独立主格，倒装句，强调句型，which引导的非限制性定语从句，虚拟语气等，在平时写作中要有意识地加以应用，使得句式更丰富。
由于读后续写中大量涉及动作，尤其是肢体动作、情感及环境风景等的描写，平时要注意积累这方面的词汇和表达。例如哭这个动作，tears well up in one’s eyes，burst into tears都比cry形象生动得多。此外，阅读一些名著的简写本或当代小说，摘录其中的相关句子加以背诵或者背诵一些美文佳句，运用在续写中，可以起到画龙点睛的作用（之后会分不同专题详细讲解）。
4） 注意剧情正能量结局，剧情曲折性。
5） 动笔之前头脑风暴出核心词（以名词、动词、形容词、副词等内容词为主）即可，无需完整句子。续写第一段的内容设计既要考虑与上文的融洽衔接，同时也要考虑本段和最后一段开头语的呼应和衔接，而后者是容易忽视的部分。简言之，第一段的内容设计要成功搭建本段与前文、后文的桥梁。
6） 要先写初稿再修改和调整措辞。
3. 结合真题总结“三冲突、四途径”
读后续写的续写内容从命题角度来看都会围绕“Conflict & Solution”展开。结合历年高考真题考查的题材来看，题材主要关于：迷路系列、脱险系列、争吵系列。
解决方案基本是以下途径：
1.encouragement(某人的鼓励的话）
2.comfort（某人的安慰）
3.inspiration(突然灵机一动）
4.effort(自己的努力训练）
5.calm（冷静思考）
6.kindness(某人的善良）
7.courage（勇敢做起来）
8.love（爱心，不过这个需要和move，patience结合，爱只是底子，还需要感化和耐心等待）
9.help（准确说是及时帮助）

解决方案（solution）可能是以上多种组合，譬如先平静下来（calm），然后有了勇气（courage），最后有了动力（inspiration）。
比如某一年的熊口脱险：先calm下来，然后灵机一动想出办法，最后救援人员及时赶到；山东卷的思路：先互相鼓励，然后冷静思考，灵机一动，最后努力行动，最终用爱心感动对方。
至于这个灵感（inspiration）到底指什么？以下是详细说明。
小说中的冲突远远不止以上这些，然后高考选材又限制为积极正能量，还要基于现有中学生的表达水平，话题不能过于专业化等，因此看似话题很广，但其实细细分类，还是有迹可循的。这就为我们平时备考提供了线索。各个冲突并非孤立的，而是相互交织，解决方法也是如此：
Conflict and Emotion：三冲突
Danger系列
和危险的动物
害怕、紧张：
scared,   nervous
和危险的环境
和危险的人
Quarrel系列
误解
失望、伤心、后悔、生气、困惑、害羞和尴尬：
disappointed, sad, shy,embarrassed, regret, angry, confused
背叛
观念、性格、兴趣不一
伤害（自尊、信任等）
Frustration系列
第一类：贫困、残疾、孤独（poor, disabled, loneliness）等
同情和伤心：
sympathetic,  sad
第二类：失败、骄傲或自卑（failure, not confident / too proud）等
Solution and Emotion：四途径
他人
譬如：善心和爱（love, kindness）及时援助，安慰和鼓励，陪伴等
情节中：
1.镇定（calm）
2.鼓舞（encouraged）
3.不悦（dissatisfied）
结尾：
1.   欣慰、欢喜
（relieved, happy）
2.   感动、感恩（moved, grateful）
3.   希望、信心（hopeful, confident）
他物
譬如：河流，太阳等
自己
譬如：effort, inspiration
自然
突出和谐，时间与成长

这样划分后，我们就比较方便去针对性进行训练。下面且以高考真题为例进行说明：
卷别
            Conflict
Solution
2020.7
拍摄北极熊遇险（浙江）
借助他物和他人：用辣椒喷雾器（文章有提示）暂退熊，然后救援队及时援助
情绪变化：害怕熊到暂时镇定，到脱险后的欢喜
卖爆米花方法救助穷人（山东）
借助他物和他人：一家决定和被救助孩子卖爆米花，路人纷纷购买
情绪变化：开始的同情到最后的开心与感恩
2020.1
大学生和宠物狗的离别
借助他物：父母买来小狗，孩子回家后，看到两只狗彼此陪伴和陪伴父母，明白道理
情绪变化：难过到欣慰
2018.6
父子骑马迷路
借助他人他物：先父亲安慰我，然后我们看到小河后寻路回家
情绪变化：害怕到镇定，最后到开心
2017.11
家庭旅游为野营争执
借助他物：用自己带的帐篷来野营露宿
情绪变化：不解困惑到最后开心
2017.6
骑车游玩遇狼脱险
借助他人他物：用辣椒喷雾器（文章有提示）暂退狼，然后路人甲及时援助
情绪变化：害怕到喜出望外，到害怕，最后开心
2016.10
夫妇森林旅游争执，女主人迷路
借助他人他物：想起丈夫曾经的爱后悔，找到一个地方先睡下，第二天跟着河水来到空地，救援队及时赶到
情绪变化：害怕  —后悔—开心

4. 结合真题进行方法指导
读后续写快速理清思路的三步法：5R解读故事；4句定框架和3大原则（即：五四三法）
读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两端，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Mike licked the last of the mint chocolate chip ice cream. It was almost time to leave. He jumped into the car with his parents and headed off to the Olympic-sized pool for the big swim meet.
When his race came up, Mike was confident. He was strong and swift. Mike climbed out the pool, smiling. He had just won first place, making him the fastest boy in his age group.
"Congratulations, son," his father said. His mom gave him a hug, even though he was soaking wet.
A week later, it was time for another swim meet. Like before, Mike decided to enjoy his favorite ice cream flavor. Mike remembered that the last time he had won a race, he also ate mint chocolate chip ice cream first. Maybe he'd win again.
He’s taken first place again in his race. Mike was feeling pretty good. As it turned out, Mike decided to have some mint chocolate chip Ice cream before every one of the next few swim meets. He began to think of it as his lucky charm. After several months of placing in the top positions of every race he swam, Mike was feeling unbeatable. And he wouldn’t admit it, but all that ice cream was adding a few pounds to his athletic swimmer's build.
It didn’t take long after that for Mike to start coming in second place-and then third-and then last place in his races. The lucky mint chocolate chip ice cream had lost its magic.
On the day of his next swim meet, his mother sat down at the table with him. “Mike, we all love ice cream, but it's not healthy for your body to eat so much of it. Maybe it's time to quit the sweet treats for a while, especially before you go swimming.
Mike unwillingly agreed. He went to the swim meet, and didn’t perform well. His father offered to go running with him a few days a week to help him feel better and strengthen his muscles. The extra weight soon disappeared, and Mike found himself breathing easier at swim practices.
It was the last meet of the season, and Mike wasn’t sure what to expect. He felt healthy again, but he didn’t  know if he still had any speed in the pool.
注意:
1. 所续写短文的字数应为150左右；
2. 至少使用五个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语
Paragraph  1 :
As he drove into the water, he kicked his legs and stretched his arms as far as he could.
Paragraph 2 :
His jaw dropped as he realized he had beaten his own best time ,and everyone else too.
速写方法
第一步：Analyze the story：5Rs
1. Read for characters:
2. Read for conflict / problems：
3. Read for plot:
4. Read for emotional changes:
5. Read for theme
第二步：四句定框架
Step 1: 先把最后一句写好，即：主题句
Step 2: 再把衔接句写好，即第一段的最后一句：
Step 3: 紧接着每段的提示语句写角色的情感：
第三步：补充完整每段的中间部分
记住三大原则：
1.Action—Response原则：角色A的所言、所行、所感、所想会引起其它角色的一系列反应的。每段对话1-2句，不一定两个人都要说话，无声的动作也是一种response。
2.Conflict—Solution原则：一般而言第二段会有问题的solution，但本文和高考的读后续写文章出题不一样，因为solution在所给文章中就已经有了。同时思考：能否在第一段出现一个问题，然后把它解决了或者没有解决。一方面是增加看点，另一方面也是给第二段铺垫。
3.Negative—Positive原则：写作中一定要体现情感的变化，无论前面是这样的变化，最终都是积极的。 
最终成文：
 As he dove into the water, he kicked his legs and stretched his arms as far as he could. 1. It struck endless energy and motivation into his body. （心情）
2.“This is where I belong. I can win the race,” thought he, his teeth clenched and his eyes fixed on the finish line forward. （内心独白）
3.Suddenly, two figures whizzed past, which startled him. （心情变化））
4. Fearing to fall behind, he felt his heart pounded frantically and his mind went blank. （解释心情变化和问题）
5. Just then, he thought of his sweat and his father’s encouraging smile. （问题的解决方法）
6. Gradually, his worry gave way to his confidence and the last 5 minutes saw him dash to the finish line, followed by the end of the race. （衔接句） 
Mike’s jaw dropped as he realized he had beaten his own best time, and everyone else’s too. 
7. The flowers in his heart were already in bloom. （心情变化）
8. However, he knew he deserved the honor of championship. （拓展）
9. His parents came up and gave him a high five, grinning from ear to ear. （次要角色的回应）
10. “Hey, why not try your favorite ice cream and celebrate!” said his father, patting his on the shoulder. （对话1）
11. “Thanks, Dad, but I have given up the ice cream. It’s not such a lucky charm at all.” His eyes shone with wisdom.（对话2）
12. It was that day that Mike realized that one’s lucky charm was nothing but his diligence.（照应开头的主旨句）
5. 措辞提升方法
1）无灵主语
主语是情感状态的抽象名词
谓语选择如：creep（蔓延，爬行）, strike, seize, dawn（出现）, catch, worm into, grip, enter, overcome, take possession of, surround, give way to, desert, pass, tear 等动词。
例句：
1.我气的说不出话。Anger choked my words.  
2.我惊讶得说不出话来。  Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech.
3.他突然感到不寒而栗。 A chill of horror suddenly swept over him.

2) 修辞手法 
修辞1：比喻
比喻是最常见的修辞手法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，从而更生动、更深刻地说明道理，增强语言的表现力。比喻分为明喻和和暗喻。
1) 明喻
直接表明本体和喻体的相似之处，常用的明喻标志词有 like, as, seem, as...as, as if, as though, similar to等。
基本格式是：本体+比喻词+喻体。例如：The USA is like a big melting pot where immigrants of different cultures or races form an integrated society. The USA是本体，喻体是melting pot, 比喻词是like, 喻体和本体的相似之处都是拥有“包容”的特点。
v 句型赏析
①　 Love is like the wind, you can't see it but you can feel it.（情感描写）
爱如风，你看不见，但你能感受到它。
②　 The house looks something like a castle. （景物描写）
那房子看上去有点像一座城堡。(something like...有点像…)
③　 Kyle looked at the test with a stare as blank as his notebook.（情景描写）
Kyle茫然地看着试卷，头脑如同笔记本一样的空白。
④　 As in depths of many seas, my heart was drowned in memories.（情绪描写）
如同在大海深处，我的心里沉溺于回忆之中。
⑤　 He moved like lightening before the police came. （动作描写）
还没等警察到来，他像闪电一样地跑了。
⑥　 The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.（情景描写）
这个国家，覆盖着樱花，看起来好像被粉红色的雪覆盖着。
⑦　 I couldn't move my legs. It was as if they were stuck to the floor. （动作描写）
我的腿动不了，就好像给固定在地板上似的。
v 练一练
1． 这本书陪伴了我很久就像一位我的老朋友似的。
2． 我伸手去摸她的脸，发现她的脸像冰一样冰冷。
3． 他感觉彷佛整个世界都崩塌了。
4． 这辆公交车走的像蜗牛一样慢。
5． 我感觉自己像漂浮在悲伤的海洋中.
2) 暗喻
也叫隐喻，本体喻体都出现，中间常用喻词“是”等连接，有时不用喻词。暗喻的典型形式为：甲是乙，而不用like, as等喻词。例如Money sometimes is a poison. 钱有时候是一种毒药。
句型赏析
①　  Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders. （肖像描写）
她的头发像是一条流淌在她肩上的金色河流。
②　 Life is an unexplored river. full of twists and turns.(哲理)
生活就像一条未被涉足的河流，有各种曲折。
③　 I felt a lump in my throat, tearing welling up in my eyes.（情感描写）
我如鲠在喉，泪水湿润了眼眶。
④　 A heavy silence blanketed the room.（环境描写）
整个房子沉浸在一片寂寞中。
⑤　 The old man's face is a map of time.(哲理)
老人的脸是岁月的写照。
v 练一练
找出下面句子里面的修辞
1. My very thought was like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves.
2. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
3. Wind and rain now whipped（鞭打） the house.
4. My mother is like a coat in winter, offering warmth to me.
5. The wind sounded like a roar of a train passing by.
6. Household and medical suplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car.
修辞2：夸张
运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
Ø 使用数词或量词
1. My heart broke in about a million pieces.（情感描写） 我的心成了碎片。
2. She was half dead with fear.（情感描写） 她吓得半死。
3. The backpack weighs a ton.（情景描写） 背包很重。
Ø 使用动词
1. The young girl brought the house down with her performance.（情景描写）
这位年轻姑娘的表演博得了满堂喝彩。
2. It made me jump out of my skin. （情感描写） 吓得我魂不附体。
3.I almost laughed my head off.（情感描写） 我都快笑死了。
4. My blood froze.（情感描写） 我的血液都凝固了。
5. She cried her eyes out. （情感描写） 她痛哭涕流。
6. It brought her heart into her mouth.（情感描写） 让她的心悬到了嗓子眼。
7. My heart sank when he left.（情感描写）当他离开时我心都碎了。
Ø 使用形容词和副词
在日常对话中，人们常用形容词或者副词去修饰微不足道的事情，目的就是为了渲染一种气氛，强调某种意义的事情。
如副词：extremely；awfully；terribly；perfectly；horribly等等
形容词：miserable; horrible; splendid等等
例如： It's beautiful, heavenly beautiful.(景物描写) 那儿很漂亮，就像天堂那般漂亮。
Ø 使用介词短语
1. She went home in a flood of tears.（情感描写） 她泪如泉涌地回家去了。
2. When they told the news, I was over the moon/ on the top of the world.（情感描写）
当他们告诉我这个消息时，我乐不可支。
3. He was bent out of shape（情感描写） 他非常生气（气到变形）
修辞3：拟人
把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化，使语言生动，形象，更有感染力。
Ø Part 1：把自然现象当作人来描写
1. The wind stood up and gave a shout . (景物描写) 大风凛冽，发出怒吼。
2. The breeze gently kissed her cheeks. (景物描写) 微风轻柔地亲吻着她的脸庞。
3. The feathery snowflakes danced in the night air, making a beautiful picture.(景物描写)
鹅毛般的雪花在空中飞舞，像一幅美丽的图画。
4.The mist swallowed him up. (景物描写) 薄雾把他包围起来。
5.The icy wind started howling, stinging my face.(景物描写) 寒风开始咆哮，刺痛了我的脸。
6. Stars winked at me in a darkening sky.(景物描写) 夜空中星星向我眨眼睛。
7. Immediately, an absolute darkness ruled the forest.(景物描写) 顷刻间，黑暗统治了森林。
Ø Part 2：把含蓄抽象的概念当作人来描写
1. Fear seized/swallowed him.（情感描写） 恐惧把他吞噬了。
2. Anger choked my words.（情感描写） 我气得说不出话来。
3. A good idea suddenly struck me. （情景描写） 我突然想到一个好主意。
4. Smile took hold of him.（情感描写） 他笑容满面。
5. Anxiety torn him into pieces.（情感描写） 她焦虑不安，十分崩溃。
6. Courage/Confidence deserted him.（情感描写） 他没信心了。
7. Excitement deprived me of all power of speech.（情感描写） 我兴奋的啥也说不出来了。

Ø Part 3：把动物当作人来描写
1. In the dead of night, the crickets（蟋蟀）played on the terrace of the house.(景物描写)
寂静的夜，蟋蟀旁若无人地在房子的阳台上玩。
2. Birds on the tree are singing a beautiful song.(景物描写)
树上的小鸟在树上唱着美妙的歌曲。
3. The frogs are giving a concert---mixed chorus.(景物描写)
青蛙在举办音乐会---混声大合唱。
4.Fireflies patrol the grass with small lanterns (景物描写)
萤火虫提着小灯笼在草丛中巡逻。
1. 夏天的微风轻轻地抚摸着我的脸。
2. 细雨轻轻地亲吻着我的脸颊。
3. 我能听到到处都是鸟儿在歌唱。
4. 这个教堂目睹了这个城市20年的变化。
修辞4：排比
也称平行, 是把结构相同或相似、意思密切相关、语气一致的词语或句子成串地排列的一种修辞方法，利用意义相关或相近，结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组(主、谓、动、宾)或句子并排(三句或三句以上),段落并排(两段即可), 达到一种加强语势的效果。
v 句型赏析
①　 Mother was very busy gathering the laundry, dusting the furniture and washing the dishes.（动作描写） 母亲正忙着收拾要洗的衣服, 掸去家具上的灰尘, 洗碗。
②　 Whether in class, at work, or at home, James was always busy.（情景描写）
无论是在课堂上, 在工作中, 还是在家里, 詹姆斯总是很忙。
③　 Don’t make promise when you are in joy. Don’t reply when you are sad. Don’t take decision when you are angry. Think twice and act wise.（哲理）
别在喜悦的时候许下承诺;别悲伤的时候做出回答;别在愤怒的时候作出决定。三思而行，做出睿智的行为。
④　 Pain makes you stronger, tears make you braver, heartbreak makes you wiser, so thank the past for a better future.（哲理）
痛苦, 会让你更强大; 眼泪, 会让你更勇敢; 心碎, 会让你更睿智，所以为了更好的未来感谢过去吧。
This is not only just what I wanted, but also just what I needed. 这不仅是我想要的，也是我需要的。
v 练一练
找出下面句子里面的修辞
1. The wind whispers in the tree.
2. The noise was loud enough to wake the dead.
3. His speech brought the house down.
4. The old Venice fell asleep again.
5. The sun broke through the clouds and jumped out of the sea.
6. The birds danced happily on the branch.
7. She eats like a bird.
8. The loud music almost drove me up a wall.
9. The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
10. The volcano spit out lava from its mouth.
11. . He is dying for this opportunity.
3） 提分的语法句型
with/without的复合结构
1． with + n.
u 李华，男，18岁，有高学历和丰富的志愿者经验。
简单句：Li Hua is a eighteen-year-old boy. He has a very high academic qualification. He has rich experience as a volunteer.
修炼精句：_________________________________________________________
u Tom帮助了我们，我们就提前完成了任务。
简单句：Tom helped us. So we completed the task ahead of time.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
2． with + n. + adj.
老师出去了，门开着。
简单句：Teachers went out. The door was open.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
3． with + n. + 介词短语
由于生产（产品）上升了60% ，这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。
简单句：Because its production increased by 60 % , the company has had another excellent year.
修炼精句：____________________________________________________________
4． with + n. + to do
有两科要考试，好担心，这周末我要疯狂学习了。
简单句：I’m worried about two exams.I have to work really hard this weekend.
修炼精句：___________________________________________________________
5． with + n. + done
这个伟大作家去世了。可惜的是，他的作品还未完成。
简单句：This great writer passed away. It was a pity that his works were unfinished.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
6． with + n. + doing
冬天来了，该买暖和的衣服了。
简单句：Winter is coming. It is time to buy warm clothes.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________

非谓语
非谓语动词是高中的重要语法，运用它可以简化句子结构，使语言表达更加简洁和生动。
回顾非谓语的作用：主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。
例：In order to get some working experience,I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company. （to do作宾语）
So exciting was the news that we couldn't help jumping up. （doing作表语，前置用倒装）
I think the boy sitting at the table is very hard-working. （doing作定语）
My father encourages me to major in English in college. （to do作宾补）

并列句
①　 我几乎每天都在学校遇见爱米丽，但从未与她交谈。
I met Emily in school almost every day and yet I never talked to her.
②　 我从未有机会知道那个好心人的名字，但我永远会记得他出人意料的好意。
I never got an opportunity to know that kind man’s name,but I would always remember his unexpected kindness.
③　 医院工作人员太忙了，没时间照顾我，所以我打电话给朋友告诉他这次事故。
The hospital staff was too busy to attend to me, so I called a friend to tell him about the accident.
④　 早餐后，我去帮蒂娜姨妈喂鸡，而我的爸爸和保罗叔叔一起去放羊吃草。(2018年6月浙江卷)
After breakfast, I went to help Aunt Tina feed the chickens, while my dad went with Uncle Paul to take the sheep out to graze (吃草).
定语从句
①　 饥饿的熊闻着味道来到我们的营地，营地被高高的铁丝网包围着。(2020年7月浙江卷)
The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which was surrounded by a high wire fence.
②　 有一位男子生病在床，他的妻子照顾他，不能出去工作，还有他们的小孩子。(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
There was a man sick in bed, his wife,who took care of him and could not go out to work, and their little boy.
③　 他站起来，喊道：“我有一个好主意！我有一个我们都可以帮助完成的解决方案。”(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
He sprang to his feet and cried, “I have a great idea! I have a solution that we can all help accomplish (完成). ”
④　 他们开车把儿子送到离城里好几个小时车程的大学,他不久将要在那儿生活和学习。(2020年1月浙江卷)
They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying.

状语从句
①　 当他们靠近时，他们意识到那只狗是一头狼。(2017年6月浙江卷) (时间状语从句)
As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf.
②　 由于经济衰退，该镇有些人失业了。(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷) (原因状语从句)
As the economy was in decline, some people in the town had lost their jobs.
③　 高中毕业后，詹妮弗上了当地一所技术学院，靠打工来支付学费，因为没有多余的钱用于大学教育。(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷) (原因状语从句)
After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.
④　 我问保罗叔叔我能不能骑马, 他说可以, 只要我爸爸和我一起去。(2018年6月浙江卷) (条件状语从句)
I asked Uncle Paul if I could take a horse ride, and he said yes, as long as my dad went with me.
⑤　 “晚饭不要迟到, 顺着道儿走, 这样你们就不会迷路！” 保罗叔叔喊道。(2018年6月浙江卷) (目的状语从句)
“Don't be late for supper, and keep to the track so that you don't get lost!” Uncle Paul cried.
⑥　 当他们到达湖边时，简非常生气，她对汤姆说: “我要为我们找到一个更好的露营地”, 然后就走了。(2016年10月浙江卷) (时间状语从句+结果状语从句)
By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom, “I'm going to find a better spot for us to camp” and walked away.
⑦　 当夜幕降临时，简累得不得不停下来过夜。(2016年10月浙江卷) (时间状语从句+结果状语从句)
As night was beginning to fall, Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night.
⑧　 尽管这是我生活中褪色的记忆之一, 但有时我会清晰地记得他的脸, 尤其是他的眼睛。(让步状语从句)
Though it is one of the faded memories of my life, there are times when I remember his face clearly,especially his eyes.
⑨　 虽然这次旅行大部分时间都很有趣, 但是现在我在那里感到非常孤独沮丧。(让步状语从句)
While the trip had been fun for the most part, now that I was there I was feeling very isolated and depressed.

名词性从句
①　 我开始与她交谈，惊讶地发现我们有很多共同之处。(宾语从句)
I began to talk with her and was surprised to find that we had much in common.
②　 我想知道无论后果如何，父母是否应该始终说实话。(2020年全国Ⅰ卷) (宾语从句)
I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
③　 看起来天要下雪了。(表语从句)
It seems that/as if it is going to snow.
④　 然而, 在餐桌上迎接我的是一个微波炉包装。(主语从句)
However, what greeted me at the table was a microwave package.
⑤　 她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。(同位语从句)
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.


四、 倒装从句
①　 她一生中从未尝过比这更好的味道。(2016年10月浙江卷)
Never in her life had she tasted anything better.
②　 直到那时，我才意识到，尽管乔在做家务方面遇到了麻烦，但他还是懂得如何照顾我。
Only then did I realize Joe actually understood how to take care of me despite his trouble with the housework.
③　 曾经有一位出色的老人, 他热爱一切: 动物、蜘蛛、昆虫和各种各样的生物。
There was once a wonderful old man who loved everything: animals, spiders, insects and all sorts of living things.
④　 我几乎没有意识到那天会发生一些异常的事情。
Little did I realize something different would happen that day.

五、 强调句
①　 正是它眼睛上的黄色斑点让我意识到它的存在。
It was the yellow spots on its eyes that made me realize its presence.
②　 然后亚瑟意识到也许那一刻正是他可以解决他的问题。
Then Arthur realized maybe it was he that could solve his problem at that very moment.
③　 直到她到了医院才明白所发生的一切。
It was when she got in the hospital that she understood everything that had happened.
④　 正是这些障碍和困难使我们变得强大，并为生活中的更大挑战做好准备。
It is these obstacles and difficulties that make us strong and get prepared for the greater challenges in our life.
⑤　 帮助动物园管理员捉住小偷的不是勇气, 而是智慧。
It’s not the courage but the wisdom that helps the zoo keeper catch the thieves.

六、 虚拟语气
①　 营地管理者建议我用胡椒喷雾。(2020年7月浙江卷)
The camp manager suggested I use pepper spray.
②　 如果一个陌生的家庭出现在家门口, 妈妈会很高兴的。(2017年11月浙江卷)
If a strange family showed up on her front doorsteps, Mom would have been delighted.
③　 要是她没有把手机忘在汤姆的包里就好了。(2016年10月浙江卷)
If only she had not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom.
④　 “我希望我们能帮助他赚钱, ”克莱拉说。“他的家人遭受着巨大的痛苦。” (2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
“I wish we could help him to earn money,”said Clara. “His family is suffering so much. ”
⑤　 如果没有他的及时帮助，我肯定会误了飞机。
Without his timely help, I would have certainly missed my plane.
检测练习
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband , Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children as we would go there when he made everything settled.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He almost got lost in those unfamiliar blocks. When he came back in the late afternoon, he discovered that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport. For a while, he was overwhelmed with depression with no one to turn to.  
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. 
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath. 
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend. My husband was so excited about the return of the suitcase. Meanwhile, the kindness of this family made him feel that this place could be a new start, a new home for a brand new life.
注意：
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2. 应使用5个以上短文标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词。
Paragraph 1:
In order to thank this family,…
________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
A few weeks later, my children and I arrived in Sydney.
________________________________________________________________________

专题解读读后续写写作思路和技巧


学习目标： 1.了解读后续写的思路和技巧；
3. 把握情节发展方向，提高措辞水平，让文章具有可读性；

学习过程：
5. 提升读后续写的写作思路和水平的技巧


故事要围绕主要人物展开。
详细刻画人物角色及其情感。

高分标准上 有效使用连接成分,结构紧凑。
运用丰富的词汇、语法结构和修辞使描写生动。
第一段和第二段的内客衔接自然,逻辑合理通顺。
续写内容与所给短文融洽度高,语言风格保持一致,思想积极上

环境描写
肖像描写

增加加节 动作描写
语言描写
心理描写

高分手段 营造冲突 人物和人物之间的冲突
人物与环境的冲突

读后续写


非谓语动词/with 复合结构/双形容词
升格语言 无灵主语
虛拟语气
倒装句/强调句/定从
What和 It句型
常用修辞（比喻，拟人，排比，夸张等）


Step1浏览所给信息,确定大意主题一落点
Step2梳理已知段落,确定主要情节一重点
写作步骤 Step3借助段落开头,确定续写内容一
Step4刻画细节冲突,优美连表达一亮点
Step5做到首尾呼应,结构完整合理一基本点


情节设计要符合生活实际和文章逻辑,避免太过离奇。
突破点
两个雷区 叙述力求精炼、生动、连贯、对话不要太多、书面化的长句不宜太多。



6. 具体应试技巧
1）理清人物事件及脉络要点
要抓住一篇记叙文的脉络要点，通常可从记叙文六要素着手，即：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果，也就是when，where，who，what，why，how。这样可以了解故事的梗概，对文本的脉络走向有个基本定位。通常情况下，前面4个要素已经浮出水面，事情正处于发展中，悬念已经浮现。学生需要找出阅读文本中的悬念，并根据悬念发挥合理想象，顺应原文的情节发展进行预测，解开悬念，创作一个意料之外又情理之中的结局。
2）保持与原文在语言风格上的一致性
分析原文语言表达方面的显著特征，观察有无直接引语、各类从句、特殊句型、非谓语动词等。通过模仿和创造，尽量提高与原文的协同，力求在各个语言层次（关键词、短语和句型等）的表达风格上和原文保持一致。在续写时要注意词汇的不同时态搭配、用词的新颖和变换及语气的强弱，避免过于口语化的词汇。
3）增强语法结构和词汇的丰富性
英语语法在读后续写中有着非常重要的作用。丰富准确的结构、句式对于读后续写起着重要的保障。学生可以整理提炼读后续写常用的语法结构，如分词做壮语，独立主格，倒装句，强调句型，which引导的非限制性定语从句，虚拟语气等，在平时写作中要有意识地加以应用，使得句式更丰富。
由于读后续写中大量涉及动作，尤其是肢体动作、情感及环境风景等的描写，平时要注意积累这方面的词汇和表达。例如哭这个动作，tears well up in one’s eyes，burst into tears都比cry形象生动得多。此外，阅读一些名著的简写本或当代小说，摘录其中的相关句子加以背诵或者背诵一些美文佳句，运用在续写中，可以起到画龙点睛的作用（之后会分不同专题详细讲解）。
7） 注意剧情正能量结局，剧情曲折性。
8） 动笔之前头脑风暴出核心词（以名词、动词、形容词、副词等内容词为主）即可，无需完整句子。续写第一段的内容设计既要考虑与上文的融洽衔接，同时也要考虑本段和最后一段开头语的呼应和衔接，而后者是容易忽视的部分。简言之，第一段的内容设计要成功搭建本段与前文、后文的桥梁。
9） 要先写初稿再修改和调整措辞。
7. 结合真题总结“三冲突、四途径”
读后续写的续写内容从命题角度来看都会围绕“Conflict & Solution”展开。结合历年高考真题考查的题材来看，题材主要关于：迷路系列、脱险系列、争吵系列。
解决方案基本是以下途径：
1.encouragement(某人的鼓励的话）
2.comfort（某人的安慰）
3.inspiration(突然灵机一动）
4.effort(自己的努力训练）
5.calm（冷静思考）
6.kindness(某人的善良）
7.courage（勇敢做起来）
8.love（爱心，不过这个需要和move，patience结合，爱只是底子，还需要感化和耐心等待）
9.help（准确说是及时帮助）

解决方案（solution）可能是以上多种组合，譬如先平静下来（calm），然后有了勇气（courage），最后有了动力（inspiration）。
比如某一年的熊口脱险：先calm下来，然后灵机一动想出办法，最后救援人员及时赶到；山东卷的思路：先互相鼓励，然后冷静思考，灵机一动，最后努力行动，最终用爱心感动对方。
至于这个灵感（inspiration）到底指什么？以下是详细说明。
小说中的冲突远远不止以上这些，然后高考选材又限制为积极正能量，还要基于现有中学生的表达水平，话题不能过于专业化等，因此看似话题很广，但其实细细分类，还是有迹可循的。这就为我们平时备考提供了线索。各个冲突并非孤立的，而是相互交织，解决方法也是如此：
Conflict and Emotion：三冲突
Danger系列
和危险的动物
害怕、紧张：
scared,   nervous
和危险的环境
和危险的人
Quarrel系列
误解
失望、伤心、后悔、生气、困惑、害羞和尴尬：
disappointed, sad, shy,embarrassed, regret, angry, confused
背叛
观念、性格、兴趣不一
伤害（自尊、信任等）
Frustration系列
第一类：贫困、残疾、孤独（poor, disabled, loneliness）等
同情和伤心：
sympathetic,  sad
第二类：失败、骄傲或自卑（failure, not confident / too proud）等
Solution and Emotion：四途径
他人
譬如：善心和爱（love, kindness）及时援助，安慰和鼓励，陪伴等
情节中：
1.镇定（calm）
2.鼓舞（encouraged）
3.不悦（dissatisfied）
结尾：
1.   欣慰、欢喜
（relieved, happy）
2.   感动、感恩（moved, grateful）
3.   希望、信心（hopeful, confident）
他物
譬如：河流，太阳等
自己
譬如：effort, inspiration
自然
突出和谐，时间与成长

这样划分后，我们就比较方便去针对性进行训练。下面且以高考真题为例进行说明：
卷别
            Conflict
Solution
2020.7
拍摄北极熊遇险（浙江）
借助他物和他人：用辣椒喷雾器（文章有提示）暂退熊，然后救援队及时援助
情绪变化：害怕熊到暂时镇定，到脱险后的欢喜
卖爆米花方法救助穷人（山东）
借助他物和他人：一家决定和被救助孩子卖爆米花，路人纷纷购买
情绪变化：开始的同情到最后的开心与感恩
2020.1
大学生和宠物狗的离别
借助他物：父母买来小狗，孩子回家后，看到两只狗彼此陪伴和陪伴父母，明白道理
情绪变化：难过到欣慰
2018.6
父子骑马迷路
借助他人他物：先父亲安慰我，然后我们看到小河后寻路回家
情绪变化：害怕到镇定，最后到开心
2017.11
家庭旅游为野营争执
借助他物：用自己带的帐篷来野营露宿
情绪变化：不解困惑到最后开心
2017.6
骑车游玩遇狼脱险
借助他人他物：用辣椒喷雾器（文章有提示）暂退狼，然后路人甲及时援助
情绪变化：害怕到喜出望外，到害怕，最后开心
2016.10
夫妇森林旅游争执，女主人迷路
借助他人他物：想起丈夫曾经的爱后悔，找到一个地方先睡下，第二天跟着河水来到空地，救援队及时赶到
情绪变化：害怕  —后悔—开心

8. 结合真题进行方法指导
读后续写快速理清思路的三步法：5R解读故事；4句定框架和3大原则（即：五四三法）
读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两端，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Mike licked the last of the mint chocolate chip ice cream. It was almost time to leave. He jumped into the car with his parents and headed off to the Olympic-sized pool for the big swim meet.
When his race came up, Mike was confident. He was strong and swift. Mike climbed out the pool, smiling. He had just won first place, making him the fastest boy in his age group.
"Congratulations, son," his father said. His mom gave him a hug, even though he was soaking wet.
A week later, it was time for another swim meet. Like before, Mike decided to enjoy his favorite ice cream flavor. Mike remembered that the last time he had won a race, he also ate mint chocolate chip ice cream first. Maybe he'd win again.
He’s taken first place again in his race. Mike was feeling pretty good. As it turned out, Mike decided to have some mint chocolate chip Ice cream before every one of the next few swim meets. He began to think of it as his lucky charm. After several months of placing in the top positions of every race he swam, Mike was feeling unbeatable. And he wouldn’t admit it, but all that ice cream was adding a few pounds to his athletic swimmer's build.
It didn’t take long after that for Mike to start coming in second place-and then third-and then last place in his races. The lucky mint chocolate chip ice cream had lost its magic.
On the day of his next swim meet, his mother sat down at the table with him. “Mike, we all love ice cream, but it's not healthy for your body to eat so much of it. Maybe it's time to quit the sweet treats for a while, especially before you go swimming.
Mike unwillingly agreed. He went to the swim meet, and didn’t perform well. His father offered to go running with him a few days a week to help him feel better and strengthen his muscles. The extra weight soon disappeared, and Mike found himself breathing easier at swim practices.
It was the last meet of the season, and Mike wasn’t sure what to expect. He felt healthy again, but he didn’t  know if he still had any speed in the pool.
注意:
1. 所续写短文的字数应为150左右；
6. 至少使用五个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
7. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
8. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语
Paragraph  1 :
As he drove into the water, he kicked his legs and stretched his arms as far as he could.
Paragraph 2 :
His jaw dropped as he realized he had beaten his own best time ,and everyone else too.
速写方法
第一步：Analyze the story：5Rs
1. Read for characters:Mike, his parents, teammates, Ice cream
2. Read for conflict / problems：Ice cream and Mike’s performance: Whether is it a Lucky charm
3. Read for plot:
4. Read for emotional changes:
①　 When his race came up, Mike was confident.
②　 Mike was feeling pretty good.
③　 After several months of placing in the top positions of every race he swam, Mike was feeling unbeatable.
④　 Mike unwillingly agreed.
5. Read for theme
What contributes to Mike’s success in swimming?
第二步：四句定框架
Step 1: 先把最后一句写好，即：主题句
Mike realized that one’s lucky charm was nothing but his diligence.
Step 2: 再把衔接句写好，即第一段的最后一句：
He dashed to the finish line.
Step 3: 紧接着每段的提示语句写角色的情感：
As he dove into the water, he kicked his legs and stretched his arms as far as he could.
It struck endless energy and motivation into his body.
Mike’s jaw dropped as he realized he had beaten his own best time, and everyone else’s too.
The flowers in his heart were already in bloom.
第三步：补充完整每段的中间部分
记住三大原则：
1.Action—Response原则：角色A的所言、所行、所感、所想会引起其它角色的一系列反应的。每段对话1-2句，不一定两个人都要说话，无声的动作也是一种response。
2.Conflict—Solution原则：一般而言第二段会有问题的solution，但本文和高考的读后续写文章出题不一样，因为solution在所给文章中就已经有了。同时思考：能否在第一段出现一个问题，然后把它解决了或者没有解决。一方面是增加看点，另一方面也是给第二段铺垫。
3.Negative—Positive原则：写作中一定要体现情感的变化，无论前面是这样的变化，最终都是积极的。 
最终成文：
 As he dove into the water, he kicked his legs and stretched his arms as far as he could. 1. It struck endless energy and motivation into his body. （心情）
2.“This is where I belong. I can win the race,” thought he, his teeth clenched and his eyes fixed on the finish line forward. （内心独白）
3.Suddenly, two figures whizzed past, which startled him. （心情变化））
4. Fearing to fall behind, he felt his heart pounded frantically and his mind went blank. （解释心情变化和问题）
5. Just then, he thought of his sweat and his father’s encouraging smile. （问题的解决方法）
6. Gradually, his worry gave way to his confidence and the last 5 minutes saw him dash to the finish line, followed by the end of the race. （衔接句） 
Mike’s jaw dropped as he realized he had beaten his own best time, and everyone else’s too. 
8. The flowers in his heart were already in bloom. （心情变化）
8. However, he knew he deserved the honor of championship. （拓展）
9. His parents came up and gave him a high five, grinning from ear to ear. （次要角色的回应）
10. “Hey, why not try your favorite ice cream and celebrate!” said his father, patting his on the shoulder. （对话1）
11. “Thanks, Dad, but I have given up the ice cream. It’s not such a lucky charm at all.” His eyes shone with wisdom.（对话2）
12. It was that day that Mike realized that one’s lucky charm was nothing but his diligence.（照应开头的主旨句）
9. 措辞提升方法
1）无灵主语
主语是情感状态的抽象名词
谓语选择如：creep（蔓延，爬行）, strike, seize, dawn（出现）, catch, worm into, grip, enter, overcome, take possession of, surround, give way to, desert, pass, tear 等动词。
例句：
1.我气的说不出话。Anger choked my words.  
2.我惊讶得说不出话来。  Astonishment deprived me of my power of speech.
3.他突然感到不寒而栗。 A chill of horror suddenly swept over him.

3) 修辞手法 
修辞1：比喻
比喻是最常见的修辞手法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，从而更生动、更深刻地说明道理，增强语言的表现力。比喻分为明喻和和暗喻。
3) 明喻
直接表明本体和喻体的相似之处，常用的明喻标志词有 like, as, seem, as...as, as if, as though, similar to等。
基本格式是：本体+比喻词+喻体。例如：The USA is like a big melting pot where immigrants of different cultures or races form an integrated society. The USA是本体，喻体是melting pot, 比喻词是like, 喻体和本体的相似之处都是拥有“包容”的特点。
v 句型赏析
⑧　 Love is like the wind, you can't see it but you can feel it.（情感描写）
爱如风，你看不见，但你能感受到它。
⑨　 The house looks something like a castle. （景物描写）
那房子看上去有点像一座城堡。(something like...有点像…)
⑩　 Kyle looked at the test with a stare as blank as his notebook.（情景描写）
Kyle茫然地看着试卷，头脑如同笔记本一样的空白。
⑪　 As in depths of many seas, my heart was drowned in memories.（情绪描写）
如同在大海深处，我的心里沉溺于回忆之中。
⑫　 He moved like lightening before the police came. （动作描写）
还没等警察到来，他像闪电一样地跑了。
⑬　 The country, covered with cherry tree flowers, looks as though it is covered with pink snow.（情景描写）
这个国家，覆盖着樱花，看起来好像被粉红色的雪覆盖着。
⑭　 I couldn't move my legs. It was as if they were stuck to the floor. （动作描写）
我的腿动不了，就好像给固定在地板上似的。
v 练一练
6． 这本书陪伴了我很久就像一位我的老朋友似的。
7． 我伸手去摸她的脸，发现她的脸像冰一样冰冷。
8． 他感觉彷佛整个世界都崩塌了。
9． 这辆公交车走的像蜗牛一样慢。
10． 我感觉自己像漂浮在悲伤的海洋中
参考答案：
1． The book has accompanied me for quite a long time like an old friend.
2． I reached out to touch her face, which was as cold as the ice.
3． He felt  as if the whole world had fallen apart on him.
4． The bus went as slowly as a snail.
5． I feel like I am floating in an ocean of sadness.
4) 暗喻
也叫隐喻，本体喻体都出现，中间常用喻词“是”等连接，有时不用喻词。暗喻的典型形式为：甲是乙，而不用like, as等喻词。例如Money sometimes is a poison. 钱有时候是一种毒药。
句型赏析
⑥　  Her hair was a flowing golden river streaming down her shoulders. （肖像描写）
她的头发像是一条流淌在她肩上的金色河流。
⑦　 Life is an unexplored river. full of twists and turns.(哲理)
生活就像一条未被涉足的河流，有各种曲折。
⑧　 I felt a lump in my throat, tearing welling up in my eyes.（情感描写）
我如鲠在喉，泪水湿润了眼眶。
⑨　 A heavy silence blanketed the room.（环境描写）
整个房子沉浸在一片寂寞中。
⑩　 The old man's face is a map of time.(哲理)
老人的脸是岁月的写照。
v 练一练
找出下面句子里面的修辞
7. My very thought was like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves.
8. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
9. Wind and rain now whipped（鞭打） the house.
10. My mother is like a coat in winter, offering warmth to me.
11. The wind sounded like a roar of a train passing by.
12. Household and medical suplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car.
参考答案：1. 明喻 2.明喻 3. 暗喻 4. 明喻 5. 明喻 6. 暗喻
修辞2：夸张
运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。
Ø 使用数词或量词
1. My heart broke in about a million pieces.（情感描写） 我的心成了碎片。
2. She was half dead with fear.（情感描写） 她吓得半死。
3. The backpack weighs a ton.（情景描写） 背包很重。
Ø 使用动词
1. The young girl brought the house down with her performance.（情景描写）
这位年轻姑娘的表演博得了满堂喝彩。
2. It made me jump out of my skin. （情感描写） 吓得我魂不附体。
3.I almost laughed my head off.（情感描写） 我都快笑死了。
4. My blood froze.（情感描写） 我的血液都凝固了。
5. She cried her eyes out. （情感描写） 她痛哭涕流。
6. It brought her heart into her mouth.（情感描写） 让她的心悬到了嗓子眼。
7. My heart sank when he left.（情感描写）当他离开时我心都碎了。
Ø 使用形容词和副词
在日常对话中，人们常用形容词或者副词去修饰微不足道的事情，目的就是为了渲染一种气氛，强调某种意义的事情。
如副词：extremely；awfully；terribly；perfectly；horribly等等
形容词：miserable; horrible; splendid等等
例如： It's beautiful, heavenly beautiful.(景物描写) 那儿很漂亮，就像天堂那般漂亮。
Ø 使用介词短语
1. She went home in a flood of tears.（情感描写） 她泪如泉涌地回家去了。
2. When they told the news, I was over the moon/ on the top of the world.（情感描写）
当他们告诉我这个消息时，我乐不可支。
3. He was bent out of shape（情感描写） 他非常生气（气到变形）
修辞3：拟人
把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化，使语言生动，形象，更有感染力。
Ø Part 1：把自然现象当作人来描写
1. The wind stood up and gave a shout . (景物描写) 大风凛冽，发出怒吼。
2. The breeze gently kissed her cheeks. (景物描写) 微风轻柔地亲吻着她的脸庞。
3. The feathery snowflakes danced in the night air, making a beautiful picture.(景物描写)
鹅毛般的雪花在空中飞舞，像一幅美丽的图画。
4.The mist swallowed him up. (景物描写) 薄雾把他包围起来。
5.The icy wind started howling, stinging my face.(景物描写) 寒风开始咆哮，刺痛了我的脸。
6. Stars winked at me in a darkening sky.(景物描写) 夜空中星星向我眨眼睛。
7. Immediately, an absolute darkness ruled the forest.(景物描写) 顷刻间，黑暗统治了森林。
Ø Part 2：把含蓄抽象的概念当作人来描写
1. Fear seized/swallowed him.（情感描写） 恐惧把他吞噬了。
2. Anger choked my words.（情感描写） 我气得说不出话来。
3. A good idea suddenly struck me. （情景描写） 我突然想到一个好主意。
4. Smile took hold of him.（情感描写） 他笑容满面。
5. Anxiety torn him into pieces.（情感描写） 她焦虑不安，十分崩溃。
6. Courage/Confidence deserted him.（情感描写） 他没信心了。
7. Excitement deprived me of all power of speech.（情感描写） 我兴奋的啥也说不出来了。

Ø Part 3：把动物当作人来描写
1. In the dead of night, the crickets（蟋蟀）played on the terrace of the house.(景物描写)
寂静的夜，蟋蟀旁若无人地在房子的阳台上玩。
2. Birds on the tree are singing a beautiful song.(景物描写)
树上的小鸟在树上唱着美妙的歌曲。
3. The frogs are giving a concert---mixed chorus.(景物描写)
青蛙在举办音乐会---混声大合唱。
4.Fireflies patrol the grass with small lanterns (景物描写)
萤火虫提着小灯笼在草丛中巡逻。
1. 夏天的微风轻轻地抚摸着我的脸。
2. 细雨轻轻地亲吻着我的脸颊。
3. 我能听到到处都是鸟儿在歌唱。
4. 这个教堂目睹了这个城市20年的变化。
参考答案：
1. The summer breeze touched my face gently.
2. The drizzle kissed me on my cheek gently.
3. I could hear birds singing everywhere.
4. The church has witnessed the city's changes in the past 20 years.
修辞4：排比
也称平行, 是把结构相同或相似、意思密切相关、语气一致的词语或句子成串地排列的一种修辞方法，利用意义相关或相近，结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组(主、谓、动、宾)或句子并排(三句或三句以上),段落并排(两段即可), 达到一种加强语势的效果。
v 句型赏析
⑤　 Mother was very busy gathering the laundry, dusting the furniture and washing the dishes.（动作描写） 母亲正忙着收拾要洗的衣服, 掸去家具上的灰尘, 洗碗。
⑥　 Whether in class, at work, or at home, James was always busy.（情景描写）
无论是在课堂上, 在工作中, 还是在家里, 詹姆斯总是很忙。
⑦　 Don’t make promise when you are in joy. Don’t reply when you are sad. Don’t take decision whenyou are angry. Think twice and act wise.（哲理）
别在喜悦的时候许下承诺;别悲伤的时候做出回答;别在愤怒的时候作出决定。三思而行，做出睿智的行为。
⑧　 Pain makes you stronger, tears make you braver, heartbreak makes you wiser, so thank the past for a better future.（哲理）
痛苦, 会让你更强大; 眼泪, 会让你更勇敢; 心碎, 会让你更睿智，所以为了更好的未来感谢过去吧。
This is not only just what I wanted, but also just what I needed. 这不仅是我想要的，也是我需要的。
v 练一练
找出下面句子里面的修辞
12. The wind whispers in the tree.
13. The noise was loud enough to wake the dead.
14. His speech brought the house down.
15. The old Venice fell asleep again.
16. The sun broke through the clouds and jumped out of the sea.
17. The birds danced happily on the branch.
18. She eats like a bird.
19. The loud music almost drove me up a wall.
20. The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
21. The volcano spit out lava from its mouth.
22. . He is dying for this opportunity.
参考答案：1.拟人 2. 夸张 3.夸张 4. 拟人 5. 拟人 6. 拟人 7. 明喻 8. 夸张 9 拟人 10. 拟人 11. 夸张
4） 提分的语法句型
with/without的复合结构
7． with + n.
u 李华，男，18岁，有高学历和丰富的志愿者经验。
简单句：Li Hua is a eighteen-year-old boy. He has a very high academic qualification. He has rich experience as a volunteer.
修炼精句：_________________________________________________________
答案：Li Hua is a eighteen-year-old boy with a very high academic qualification and rich experience as a volunteer.
u Tom帮助了我们，我们就提前完成了任务。
简单句：Tom helped us. So we completed the task ahead of time.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
答案：With Tom’s help, we completed the task ahead of time.
8． with + n. + adj.
老师出去了，门开着。
简单句：Teachers went out. The door was open.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
答案：Teachers went out with he door open.
9． with + n. + 介词短语
由于生产（产品）上升了60% ，这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。
简单句：Because its production increased by 60 % , the company has had another excellent year.
修炼精句：____________________________________________________________
答案：With production up by 60 % , the company has had another excellent year.
10． with + n. + to do
有两科要考试，好担心，这周末我要疯狂学习了。
简单句：I’m worried about two exams.I have to work really hard this weekend.
修炼精句：___________________________________________________________
答案：With two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend.
11． with + n. + done
这个伟大作家去世了。可惜的是，他的作品还未完成。
简单句：This great writer passed away. It was a pity that his works were unfinished.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
答案：This great writer passed away with his works unfinished.
12． with + n. + doing
冬天来了，该买暖和的衣服了。
简单句：Winter is coming. It is time to buy warm clothes.
修炼精句：_____________________________________________________________
答案：With winter coming, it is time to buy warm clothes.

非谓语
非谓语动词是高中的重要语法，运用它可以简化句子结构，使语言表达更加简洁和生动。
回顾非谓语的作用：主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。
例：In order to get some working experience,I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company. （to do作宾语）
So exciting was the news that we couldn't help jumping up. （doing作表语，前置用倒装）
I think the boy sitting at the table is very hard-working. （doing作定语）
My father encourages me to major in English in college. （to do作宾补）

并列句
⑤　 我几乎每天都在学校遇见爱米丽，但从未与她交谈。
I met Emily in school almost every day and yet I never talked to her.
⑥　 我从未有机会知道那个好心人的名字，但我永远会记得他出人意料的好意。
I never got an opportunity to know that kind man’s name,but I would always remember his unexpected kindness.
⑦　 医院工作人员太忙了，没时间照顾我，所以我打电话给朋友告诉他这次事故。
The hospital staff was too busy to attend to me, so I called a friend to tell him about the accident.
⑧　 早餐后，我去帮蒂娜姨妈喂鸡，而我的爸爸和保罗叔叔一起去放羊吃草。(2018年6月浙江卷)
After breakfast, I went to help Aunt Tina feed the chickens, while my dad went with Uncle Paul to take the sheep out to graze (吃草).
定语从句
⑤　 饥饿的熊闻着味道来到我们的营地，营地被高高的铁丝网包围着。(2020年7月浙江卷)
The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp, which was surrounded by a high wire fence.
⑥　 有一位男子生病在床，他的妻子照顾他，不能出去工作，还有他们的小孩子。(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
There was a man sick in bed, his wife,who took care of him and could not go out to work, and their little boy.
⑦　 他站起来，喊道：“我有一个好主意！我有一个我们都可以帮助完成的解决方案。”(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
He sprang to his feet and cried, “I have a great idea! I have a solution that we can all help accomplish (完成). ”
⑧　 他们开车把儿子送到离城里好几个小时车程的大学,他不久将要在那儿生活和学习。(2020年1月浙江卷)
They had driven their son several hours out of town to the university where he would soon be living and studying.

状语从句
⑩　 当他们靠近时，他们意识到那只狗是一头狼。(2017年6月浙江卷) (时间状语从句)
As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf.
⑪　 由于经济衰退，该镇有些人失业了。(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷) (原因状语从句)
As the economy was in decline, some people in the town had lost their jobs.
⑫　 高中毕业后，詹妮弗上了当地一所技术学院，靠打工来支付学费，因为没有多余的钱用于大学教育。(2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷) (原因状语从句)
After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition (学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.
⑬　 我问保罗叔叔我能不能骑马, 他说可以, 只要我爸爸和我一起去。(2018年6月浙江卷) (条件状语从句)
I asked Uncle Paul if I could take a horse ride, and he said yes, as long as my dad went with me.
⑭　 “晚饭不要迟到, 顺着道儿走, 这样你们就不会迷路！” 保罗叔叔喊道。(2018年6月浙江卷) (目的状语从句)
“Don't be late for supper, and keep to the track so that you don't get lost!” Uncle Paul cried.
⑮　 当他们到达湖边时，简非常生气，她对汤姆说: “我要为我们找到一个更好的露营地”, 然后就走了。(2016年10月浙江卷) (时间状语从句+结果状语从句)
By the time they reached the lake, Jane was so angry that she said to Tom, “I'm going to find a better spot for us to camp” and walked away.
⑯　 当夜幕降临时，简累得不得不停下来过夜。(2016年10月浙江卷) (时间状语从句+结果状语从句)
As night was beginning to fall, Jane was so tired that she had to stop for the night.
⑰　 尽管这是我生活中褪色的记忆之一, 但有时我会清晰地记得他的脸, 尤其是他的眼睛。(让步状语从句)
Though it is one of the faded memories of my life, there are times when I remember his face clearly,especially his eyes.
⑱　 虽然这次旅行大部分时间都很有趣, 但是现在我在那里感到非常孤独沮丧。(让步状语从句)
While the trip had been fun for the most part, now that I was there I was feeling very isolated and depressed.

名词性从句
⑥　 我开始与她交谈，惊讶地发现我们有很多共同之处。(宾语从句)
I began to talk with her and was surprised to find that we had much in common.
⑦　 我想知道无论后果如何，父母是否应该始终说实话。(2020年全国Ⅰ卷) (宾语从句)
I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
⑧　 看起来天要下雪了。(表语从句)
It seems that/as if it is going to snow.
⑨　 然而, 在餐桌上迎接我的是一个微波炉包装。(主语从句)
However, what greeted me at the table was a microwave package.
⑩　 她突然想起可能在她离开家时没把门关上。(同位语从句)
The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.


七、 倒装从句
⑤　 她一生中从未尝过比这更好的味道。(2016年10月浙江卷)
Never in her life had she tasted anything better.
⑥　 直到那时，我才意识到，尽管乔在做家务方面遇到了麻烦，但他还是懂得如何照顾我。
Only then did I realize Joe actually understood how to take care of me despite his trouble with the housework.
⑦　 曾经有一位出色的老人, 他热爱一切: 动物、蜘蛛、昆虫和各种各样的生物。
There was once a wonderful old man who loved everything: animals, spiders, insects and all sorts of living things.
⑧　 我几乎没有意识到那天会发生一些异常的事情。
Little did I realize something different would happen that day.

八、 强调句
⑥　 正是它眼睛上的黄色斑点让我意识到它的存在。
It was the yellow spots on its eyes that made me realize its presence.
⑦　 然后亚瑟意识到也许那一刻正是他可以解决他的问题。
Then Arthur realized maybe it was he that could solve his problem at that very moment.
⑧　 直到她到了医院才明白所发生的一切。
It was when she got in the hospital that she understood everything that had happened.
⑨　 正是这些障碍和困难使我们变得强大，并为生活中的更大挑战做好准备。
It is these obstacles and difficulties that make us strong and get prepared for the greater challengesin our life.
⑩　 帮助动物园管理员捉住小偷的不是勇气, 而是智慧。
It’s not the courage but the wisdom that helps the zoo keeper catch the thieves.

九、 虚拟语气
⑥　 营地管理者建议我用胡椒喷雾。(2020年7月浙江卷)
The camp manager suggested I use pepper spray.
⑦　 如果一个陌生的家庭出现在家门口, 妈妈会很高兴的。(2017年11月浙江卷)
If a strange family showed up on her front doorsteps, Mom would have been delighted.
⑧　 要是她没有把手机忘在汤姆的包里就好了。(2016年10月浙江卷)
If only she had not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom.
⑨　 “我希望我们能帮助他赚钱, ”克莱拉说。“他的家人遭受着巨大的痛苦。” (2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷)
“I wish we could help him to earn money,”said Clara. “His family is suffering so much. ”
⑩　 如果没有他的及时帮助，我肯定会误了飞机。
Without his timely help, I would have certainly missed my plane.
检测练习
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband , Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children as we would go there when he made everything settled.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He almost got lost in those unfamiliar blocks. When he came back in the late afternoon, he discovered that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport. For a while, he was overwhelmed with depression with no one to turn to.  
He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in a strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. 
Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath. 
My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend. My husband was so excited about the return of the suitcase. Meanwhile, the kindness of this family made him feel that this place could be a new start, a new home for a brand new life.
注意：
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2. 应使用5个以上短文标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词。
Paragraph 1:
In order to thank this family,…
________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
A few weeks later, my children and I arrived in Sydney.
________________________________________________________________________

思维路径

1 核心内容
 文本主要内容为：主人公Rashid来到陌生的城市悉尼，打算找房子开始他的新生活。然而他的手提箱却意外丢失，包括里面所有的重要文件，他向警方报案，在这座陌生城市他感到孤独和无助。幸运的是，最后手提箱被一个善良的家庭捡到，并顺利回到Rashid手中。
2 写作思路
（1）明确故事人物关系（characters）。故事中主要人物为Rashid，捡到旅行箱的热心家庭。
（2）理清故事主要事件(events)。Rashid来到陌生城市准备找房子安顿下来；结果意外丢失其重要的旅行箱；旅行箱被当地一户善良的人家捡到，失而复得。
（3）根据已知人物、事件及续写段落首句预测故事发展（development）。故事总体的发展应该是主人公Rashid为了表示对这户家庭的感谢晚上请他们一家在餐馆吃饭，同时也聊到了Rashid的经历以及在陌生城市的迷惘和无助。这户人家在知道了Rashid的事情之后，决定帮助Rashid找房子，同时帮助他熟悉街区，一来一往之后，Rashid和他们成为了挚友。几个星期之后，Rashid的妻子和孩子也来到了悉尼，他们的房子已经定下来，开启了他们人生的一段新旅程。
（4）结合下划线词罗列写作要点（points）。结合下划线词和文本内容，展开尽可能丰富的想象，罗列出尽可能多的故事发展情节。例如，第一段可以通过问以下问题来获取写作要点“According to the story, what would Rashid do to thank this family? How could he find his house?等”第二段可以问以下问题来获取写作要点：“What would happen when Rashid’s family came to Sydney? Would they have a new life in this unfamiliar city, why?等”。

参考范文

In order to thank this family, Rashid invited them to a dinner in a nearby restaurant. Rashid told them he was a newcomer in this city and wanted to find a house to settle down here waiting for his family to join him. “When I found out that my suitcase was missing, I was disappointed and hopeless. Thank you sincerely for your help. What a timely assistance for me! ” Rashid said. This family could have chosen to ignore this suitcase. However, they didn’t. They found out the owner out of their kindness and turned this trash into a treasure. “You are welcome, Rashid. I heard that there are some houses for sale in my neighborhood. I can show you around, if you’re interested.” Again, thanks to this kind family, Rashid found a sweet home.
  A few weeks later, my children and I arrived in Sydney. My husband had prepared a new home for us surrounded by kind neighbors. Though the beginning of the story was filled with terrible troubles, it worked out perfectly in the end. This family let us feel the warmth from this unfamiliar city. A small kindness can indeed make a difference.（除给定词外，160 words）

范文解析

范文围绕文章的内容进行了合情合理的拓展。根据故事发展的线索，范文第一段将续写Rashid为了回报这个家庭的善举请他们在餐馆里。于是Rashid向他们叙说了自己的处境，而捡到手提箱的家庭又一次帮助Rashid找到了住处。第二段，Rashid的家人来到悉尼，而此时，Rashid已经安顿好了一切，虽然这个城市对他们来说仍旧陌生，但是他们相信这是一个值得安家定居的地方因为当地人的善行。在故事的最后，再一次点名主题。

提炼归纳

01合理拓展情节
读后续写首先要读通给定文本，把握故事的人物和事件。在此基础上根据提示对故事的发展作出合情合理又合乎逻辑的预测。为了将预测过程显性化，可以通过设问的方式，将预测重点以问题的方式显示出来，以利后续写作时的信息整理和语言组织。在该练习中，我们通过4个问题来拓展并整理自己的写作思路，这4个问题以Rashid以及其家人为表达的主体，问题之间有一定的逻辑联系，符合故事发展的合理结局。
02有效运用连接手段
在具体的写作过程中我们要对罗列的要点进行筛选和整合，还要考虑写作要点之间连接手段（connectives）的有效运用，例如范文中我们用了However，though来说明事件的转折，again表示Rashid再一次对这户家庭的感谢。这些连接词的使用可以使文本更加紧凑连贯。





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