(新高考)高考英语二轮复习语法知识梳理学案 第5章动词不定式（一）
展开第五章 动词不定式（一）
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质，它可以有自己的宾语和状语，从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化，即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时，动词不定式也具有非动词的性质，相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
一、动词不定式的特征和种类
动词不定式是由不定式符号 to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下 to 也可省略。
- 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
He appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生）
To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（to catch the train 发生在 hurry to the station 之后）
- 不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。
It happened to be raining when I got there.我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。I'm glad to be traveling with you.我很高兴和你一起旅游。
- 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。
I'm sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。
I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well.我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我感觉身体不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.对我来说，被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。
- 不定式的完成进行式
不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉，我一直打扰你。比较：
不定式的时态意义。
He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）
He is said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）
- 不定式的被动形式
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。
- 一般式 to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
- 完成式 to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。
- 不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由 not 或 never 加不定式构成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible.从不犯错是不可能的。注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义
I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答应叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。
一、动词不定式的用法
动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。
- 动词不定式作主语
不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。
- 不定式短语在句首作主语
To know oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明。
To say is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事，做又是另一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人能
获得的最大幸福。
- 用 it 作形式主语
在很多情况下，人们通常用 it 作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后， 使句子结构显得平稳一些。
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪费了这么多时间，真是遗憾。注意：
当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。
To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom.做奴隶就等于放弃自由。
- 动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大学录取。To live is to do something worthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。 注意：
有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame.她应该受到责备。The house is to let.此房出租。
The result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。
- 动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当 but 和 except 等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
- 作动词的宾语
①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。
I never thought to meet you here.我没想到在这里遇见你。必背：
可接不定式作宾语的动词有：
afford 负担得起agree 同意
aim 以……为目标
ask 要求attempt 尝试begin 开始care 喜爱choose 决定continue 继续decide 决定desire 要求determine 决心expect 期待fail 不能forget 忘记hate 不愿hope 希望ntend 打算manage 设法mean 打算offer 表示愿意plan 计划prefer 宁愿
pretend 假装promise 答应refuse 拒绝remember 记起try 努力
want 想要
wish 希望
②在 feel, find, make, think, consider 等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时， 人们常常用 it 作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。
She made it a rule to get up at five.她养成了五点起床的习惯。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
③在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如 hope, expect, intend, mean, want 等）的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想来拜访你的，但没来成。
I expected to have met him here last night.我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。（但没做到）
We meant to have stayed there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。
I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.我原想写一封信给她，但忘记了。
提示：
表示“原打算、原以为”还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。
I had intended to call on you.我原想来拜访你的。
I had expected to meet him here last night.我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。We had meant to stay there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。
- 作介词的宾语
不定式可以作介词 but 和 except 的宾语。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。
- 作形容词的宾语
不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语， 另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有 able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing 等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。
John was happy to be given the job.约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有 easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful 等。
This problem is easy to solve.这个问题很容易解决。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。
注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳很危险。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。
- 动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。
- 在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带 to。这类动词有： see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to 等。
I heard them sing yesterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。Did you see him go out 你看见他出去了吗？
I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到我腿上了。
注意：转为被动语态时，原不带 to 的不定式要变成带 to 的不定式。notice 和
watch 没有被动语态。We saw the car stop.
The car was seen to stop.我们看见这辆车停了下来。
- 在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带 to。
这类动词有：make, let, have 等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带 to 的不定式（have 没有被动语态）。
有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了 to，这些动词有： 一感二听三让四观看。
一感： feel 二听： hear,listen to 三让： let,have,make 四观看：
observe,see,watch.,look at
What would you have me do 你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹，但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。
- 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove 等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，think, consider, find 后的 to be 常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。
He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
- 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect 等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。I don't want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。
- 动 词 advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause 等后面，多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。
We don't allow such things to happen again. 我们不容许这种事情再发生。
Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她请我在她不在的时候接电话。Please remind me to leave her this note.请提醒我留给她这张纸条。
She requested him to go with her.她邀请他一同去。
注意：hope, demand, suggest 等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。
【误】I hope you to give me a hand.
【正】I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。
【正】I wish you to give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。
【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting.
【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会
议。
【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。
【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone.
【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建议她不要独自去那里。
- 动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。I'm waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。
The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。
必背：
这些带介词的短语动词有：
call on 号召arrange for 安排ong for 盼望
wait for 等待depend on 依靠rely on 指望
- 动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。
- 主谓关系
The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分美好的。
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。
- 动宾关系
On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天，他总是有许多信要写The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。He can find no one to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。
注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。
I've got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。
- 同位关系
He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
I have no wish to quarrel with you.我不想和你吵架。
- 修饰关系
Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。I need somewhere to take a nap.我需要一个地方打个盹。
Is that the way to open the can 那就是打开罐头的方法吗？
- 动词不定式作状语
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
- 表示目的
I'm saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。
To save the child, he laid down his life.为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。
注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用 in order (not) to do,和 so as (not) to do 结构（so as to do 不可以置于句首）。
He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了吸引注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码记
下来，以防忘记。
- 表示结果
He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。
What have I said to make you so angry 我说了什么话使你气成这样？
After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again.散会后，他们分手了， 从此再也没有见面。
必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。
1）so ... as to do
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 2）such ... as to do
We are not such fools as to believe him.我们还没蠢到竟会相信他。3）enough to do
He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快,没赶上火车。
4）only to do
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。5）too ... to do
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.她的视力太差了，不能看这么小的字。
注意：too...to...结构中的形容词如果是 eager, pleased, happy, ready 等，动词不定式不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。
The boy was too eager to get a geography book.那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。
He is too anxious to know the examination results.他很急切地想知道考试结果。
- 表示原因
I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我当时不听你的话，真是傻瓜。
She wept to find him in such a difficult situation.看到他处于这么困难的情形，她哭了。
- 表示条件
A man would be blind not to see that.一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。How can you catch the train to start so late 这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？
