高考英语复习备考:英语省略的常见易错点讲义
展开高考英语复习备考:英语省略的常见易错点 在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,突出重点或者使文章上下文紧密相连,往往可以省略句子中的某个词、短语甚至整个句子而保持句子的原意不变,这种语言现象我们称之为省略。英语中省略的使用主要是为了避免重复,省略的原则是不损害句子结构或者不引起句子歧义。省略虽然不像英语的复合句、非谓语动词、虚拟语气等语法项目难度那么大,那样受到教师和学生的重视,但是在近几年全国各地高考英语试题的各个题型中均能见到省略的身影。如果学生掌握了省略的相关语法知识,对于语篇句子的理解可能就相对容易些,而且如果学生能在英语书面表达中正确灵活使用省略,则可以使他们的习作脱颖而出,从而获得较高的分数。本文试图以高考英语真题为依托,结合省略相关的语法知识和自己的教学实际,对学生英语省略用法的常见易错点进行分析探究,希望对广大学子正确掌握并灵活运用该语法项目有所帮助。 一、动词不定式省略(只保留不定式符号to)的常见易错点【经典例题】——You have thanked Mary before you left.——I meant ____, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so【答案与解析】B。句意:在你离开之前你要感谢Mary。我本打算感谢她,但是在我离开时在哪儿都找不到她。本题考查动词不定式的省略的用法,完整的句子是“I meant to thank her before I left...”,为了避免重复,省略了不定式中的动词部分,只保留不定式符号。【错因分析】如果学生不知道动词不定式在mean后作宾语时可以省略不定式的内容,只保留不定式符号to的用法,就容易误选其他选项。【方法点拨】在上下文中,为了避免重复,可以省略动词不定式中出现的与前面句子相同的动词(短语),只保留不定式符号to,否定形式的省略用not to。一般来说,省略动词不定式,保留不定式符号to有以下几种情况:(1)当动词不定式作hope,want,wish,expect,love,prefer,mean,afford,agree,persuade,manage等动词的宾语时。如:①What’s the matter with Mary? Well, her parents wouldn’t allow her to go to the party but she still hopes to (go to the party). Mary怎么啦?她的父母不允许她去参加聚会,但是她仍然希望去参加聚会。②The driver wanted to park his car by the roadside but was asked by the police not to(park his car by the road side). 那位司机想把车停在路边,但是警察不让他把车停在路边。(2)当动词不定式作advise,allow,permit,forbid,order,warn,persuade,force,expect,tell等动词的宾语补足语时。如:The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to (play football in the street). 这个男孩想在大街上踢足球,但是他母亲告诉他不要在大街上踢足球。(3)当动词不定式在glad,happy,ready,anxious,willing,eager等形容词后作状语时,to后面的内容常常承前省略。如:Would you like to go to the movie with me? I am willing to (go to the movie with you). 你愿意和我一起去看电影吗?我非常原意。(4)当be able to,be going to,ought to,used to等动词不定式结构在句子中作复合谓语时。如:He doesn’t like eating fish but he used to (like eating fish). 他现在不喜欢吃鱼但是他过去喜欢吃鱼。(5)动词不定式中含有be,have,have been时,通常保留be,have,have been。如:①Lily didn’t clean the classroom, but she ought to have (cleaned the classroom). Lily没有打扫教室,不过她本应该打扫教室。②Mike is no longer what he used to be. Mike今非昔比了。 二、动词不定式符号to省略的常见易错点【高考链接】[2021年新高考Ⅰ卷,“七选五”,改编,语法填空] So the first thing we did was_____(rent) a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.【答案与解析】(to)rent。句意:因此我们要做的第一件事就是租了一间非常昂贵的有碗橱那么大的第六层的公寓。本题考查用来诠释do的含义的动词不定式在作表语时可以省略to的用法,此处to后面的句子用来诠释前面did的内容。故填(to) rent。【错因分析】如果学生不知道用来诠释do含义的不定式作表语的用法,容易误填renting。【方法点拨】英语句子中动词不定式符号to的省略通常有以下几种情况:(1)当用来诠释do的含义的动词不定式作表语时,可以省略to。如:①All that I can do is (to) wait. 我能做的只有等候。②The only thing is (to) run away. 唯一可做的就是逃跑。(2)当动词不定式在make,let,have等使役动词和see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe,listen to,look at等感官动词后面的复合宾语中时,动词不定式符号to可以省略。如:①[2021年6月浙江卷,读后续写] My dad’s words made me realize that my earnings might not be mine to do with as I wished. 我父亲的话使我意识到我的收入并不像我希望的那样属于我。②[2021年全国甲卷,“七选五”,选项F] Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots. 让每个人把衣服放在正确的地方。学生要注意:当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时,在主动语态中作宾语补足语的不定式就成了主语补足语,而作主语补足语的不定式必须加to。如:Though Tom often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管Tom经常弄哭他的小妹妹,但是今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。(3)在but,except等表示“除……”的介词之前如果有动词do的任何形式,其后面的不定式不用to。学生应记住下面这些表达法:do nothing but do/have nothing to do but do“只能做”,have no choice but to do“除了做……外别无选择”。如:They had no choice but to make peace. 除了讲和外,他们别无选择。(4)在had better do“最好做”,may/might as well do“不防,还是……的好”,can’t/couldn’t help but do“不得不干什么”等固定短语中不用to,如:[2021年1月浙江卷,阅读理解A篇] As he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn’t help but wonder about his hometown back in India. 正如他在他的新书《回家的漫漫长路》中所写的那样,Brierley 忍不住想起了他在印度的家乡。 三、宾语从句的省略的常见易错点【高考链接】[2021年1月浙江卷,语法填空,改编] In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index(体重指数)across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier and ______most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.【答案及解析】that。句意:科学家们对全球200个国家的体重指数(BMI)趋势进行了为期33年的研究,研究发现全世界的人都在变胖,这一增长主要是由于农村地区体重指数的增加。本题考查当一个动词后带有两个that引导的宾语从句时,第一个that可以省略,但是第二个that不能省略。故填that。【错因分析】如果学生不知道当及物动词后面带两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时,第二个及以后的that不能省略的用法,那么他们就不能正确解答本题。【方法点拨】(1)一般来说,及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中的连接词that在句子中没有词义、不作句子成分只起引导作用,通常可以省略。但是如果及物动词后面有由that引导的两个或者两个以上并列的宾语从句,第一个that可以省略而第二个that不能省略。此外,在由which,when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句中,与主句重复的主语和谓语可以全部或者部分省略,只保留连接词。如:①I want to learn English well, but I don’t know how (I can learn English well). 我想学好英语,但是我不知道我怎样能学好英语。②Mary hopes to move abroad, but her parents wonder why (she hopes to move abroad). Mary希望搬到国外,但是她的父母想知道为什么。(2)在宾语从句中,在用I’m afraid,I think,I guess,I believe,I hope等作答时,其后常用省略形式,具体为用so代替肯定的内容,用not代替否定的内容。如:①Do you think it will rain tomorrow? I believe not. 你认为明天会下雨吗?我认为不会。②Do you believe Tom will pass the mid-term exam? I hope so.你认为Tom能通过期中考试吗?我希望如此。(3)insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,recommend,require,request,demand,ask等动词后接宾语从句时,该句用虚拟语气,其形式为“should+动词原形”,可以将should省略。如:President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms. 法国总统建议中法文化年应该以各种各样的形式长期持续下去。 四、定语从句的省略的常见易错点【高考连接】[2021年新高考Ⅰ卷,完形填空,改编,语法填空] This was the sort of work _____ made you appreciate the dollars _____ you earned and respect those ____ did the work, he told me.【答案及解析】that/which;(that/which);who。句意:他(父亲)告诉我,这是一种工作,这种工作能使你珍惜自己挣来的钱并尊重干这种工作的人。本题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中能否省略的问题,题目中第一个空的关系代词that/which作主语不能省略;第二个空的关系代词that/which作宾语可以省略;第三个空的关系代词who作主语不能省略。【错因分析】有的学生可能不能正确分析关系代词在定语从句中作什么句子成分,究竟是主语还是宾语,从而因不能判断是否可以省略而出错。【方法点拨】(1)一般来说,在限定性定语从句中当关系代词that,which,who,whom作宾语时可以省略。如:[2021年全国乙卷,完形填空] She was grateful for everything (that) the medical and nursing team had done for her. 她非常感谢医护团队为她所做的一切。(2)在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词which,whom不能省略。如:Mike, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. 你昨天见到的Mike病倒了。(3)当先行词为表示方式的词the way时,从句不用how来引导,应该用that/in which/省略。如:I don’t like the way (that/in which/X) you speak to your parents. 我不喜欢你与父母说话的方式。(4)引导定语从句的关系副词why有时也可以省略。如[2021年新高考Ⅰ卷,“七选五”,选项E] That’s not the only reason (why) the French eat less than we do. 那不是法国人比我们吃得少的唯一原因。(5)the time/each time/the moment/the first time等后跟定语从句时省略关系副词when。如[2021年1月八省(市)联考,读后续写] Each time (when) these things happened, I was sick of the way most people hadn’t bothered to help. 每次当这些事情发生的时候,我都对大多数人不愿意帮忙感到厌烦。(6)This/It/That is/was the first/second/third time... that...句型中的that也可以省略。如:This is the first time (that) we have met a foreigner. 这是我们第一次遇到外国人。 五、状语从句的省略的常见易错点【方法点拨】[2021年全国乙卷,完形填空] I was considering this while _____ (work) as a nurse just a few weeks ago.【答案与解析】working。句意:几周前作为护士的我就考虑过这个问题。本题考查while引导的时间状语从句的省略情况。完整形式为while (I was ) working as a nurse。【错因分析】学生可能由于不知道while引导时间状语从句时,若从句的主语与主句的主语一致且从句有be动词,可以省略从句的主语和be动词,从而不能正确解答本题。【方法点拨】状语从句的省略通常有以下几种情况:(1)在when,while,as等引导的时间状语从句,though,although,even if,even though等引导的让步状语从句,if,unless引导的条件状语从句,as if,as though,as等引导的方式状语从句,than引导的比较状语从句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语一致并且从句的谓语部分有be动词时,通常可以省略从句的主语和be动词。如:①[2021年北京卷,阅读理解A篇]We do not respond to every candidate. If selected, you will be contacted by a manager. 我们不回复每一位候选人,如果你被选中,将有一位经理联系你。②[2021年全国甲卷,短文改错]In my opinion, when (由where改正) in trouble, we should seek help from those we trust mostly. 在我看来,当我们处于困境时,我们应该向我们最信任的人寻求帮助。He sat there as if reading something. 他坐在那里好像在读什么东西。(2)当状语从句的主语是it,谓语部分含有be时,可以省略it和be动词。如:[2021年全国乙卷,短文改错] I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy(由tidying改正)up my own bedroom whenever (由whatever改正) necessary. 在必要的时候,我也给院子的花浇水并整理我自己的卧室。(3)用so或not代替上文内容,构成“if so/not”的省略句。如:[2021年3月天津卷,阅读理解A篇] Would you like the opportunity to earn extra cash close to home? If so we have a vacancy in our team which would suit you. 你想有机会在家附近赚点外快吗?如果是这样的话,我们团队有个空缺的职位适合你。省略是一种英语特殊句式。虽然在高考试题中一般不出现专门考查省略的试题,但是省略这一语法现象出现在历年高考英语的听力、阅读理解、短文改错和语法填空等题型中。中学阶段所学的省略的语法现象主要包括状语从句的省略、动词不定式的省略等。此外,学生在写作时正确灵活地使用省略可以使习作耳目一新,提高一个档次。省略相较于其他语法来说稍微简单一些,只要学生牢记有关省略的各种句式、短语,平时再加以有关习题训练,就能牢固掌握这一语法现象并能在各类考试中正确灵活运用。