专题13 议论文体类阅读理解 -2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考专用）

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专题13 议论文体类阅读理解（原卷版）
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。


一、解题策略
1. 议论文特点分析
议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。

2. 能力培养
　　1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
　　2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
　　高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
　　3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
　　(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
　　①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；
　　②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；
　　③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；
　　④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；
　　⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。
　　以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
　　(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。
　
　4. 常见问题：
　　(1)读不懂怎么？
　　问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。
　　unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；
　　conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；
　　conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；
　　unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。
　　从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
　　(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
　　(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
　　(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
　　能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。
在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。

3. 得分要点
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
4. 解题方法
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。


二、高考真题

一、2021年高考真题
1.【2021新高考1卷 D篇】
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives （视角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A.It can be measured by an IQ test.
B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills.
D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A.Its appeal to the public.
B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application.
D.Scientists with new perspectives.

2.【2021.6 浙江卷 B篇】
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
1.What is the problem with the author's children?
A.They often annoy the neighbours.
B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with.
D.They stay in front of sereens for too long.

2.How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A.By making a documentary film.
B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media.
D.By creating a network of friends.

3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word "charts" in paragraph 2?
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms

4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children

3.【2021.3天津卷B篇】
About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard（蜥蜴）was growing dusty. It worried me. I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces. As I swept up the mess, I wondered why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago. It was my husband's birthday. He had just lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear on us, so I wanted to do something special.
"Let's make a cake for Dad!" I cried.
My kids screamed with joy. We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day. Candles on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. It fell and crashed beside the cake. Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere. She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away. My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out. After several frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary（纪录片）series The Last Dance.
The poignancy（酸楚）of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise. As I watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had. Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them. But they had to live with who they were after everything was different. Just like us. I realized that we have to learn to leave the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin（蜕皮）as easily as other animals. The beginning of change is upsetting. The process is tiring. Damage changes us before we are ready. I see our lizard, raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope. With our tender, hopeful skin, that is where we begin.
1.What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A.Its tank grew dirty.
B.Its old skin came off.
C.It got a skin disease.
D.It went missing.

2.Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A.The birthday cake was ruined.
B.The author made good puddings.
C.Pudding was his favorite dessert.
D.They couldn't afford a birthday cake.

3.Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A.To prove a theory.
B.To define a concept.
C.To develop the theme.
D.To provide the background.

4.The underlined part "leaving behind the layer" in Paragraph 8 can be understood as           .
A.letting go of the past
B.looking for a new job
C.getting rid of a bad habit
D.giving up an opportunity

5.What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A.Love of family helps us survive great hardships.
B.It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C.We should move on no matter what happens.
D.Past experiences should be treasured.

4.【2021.3天津卷D篇】
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
1.To become a specialist, one may have to           .
A.narrow his range of knowledge
B.avoid responsibilities at work
C.know more about the society
D.broaden his perspective on life

2.The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to           .
A.treasure their freedom
B.travel around the world
C.spend most time working
D.enjoy meeting funny people

3.According to the author, a superior doctor is one who           .
A.is fully aware of his talent and ability
B.is a pure specialist in medicine
C.should love poetry and philosophy
D.brings knowledge of other fields to work

4.What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A.Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B.In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C.Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D.Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.

5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D.Ways to Become a Generalist

二、2020年高考真题
1.（2020·新课标I卷B篇）
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually .The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24．Why does the author like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B．It’s a window to a whole new world.
C．It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
25．What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A．It’s a brief account of a trip.
B．It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C．It’s a record of a historic event.
D．It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26．What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Debt
B．Reward.
C．Allowance.
D．Face value.
27．What can we infer about the author from the text?
A．He loves poetry.
B．He’s an editor.
C．He’s very ambitious.
D．He teaches reading.

2.（2020·新课标II卷D篇）
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
32．Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?
A．Cooperative. B．Uneasy. C．Inseparable. D．Casual.
33．What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Pleasure from working in the library.
B．Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C．Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D．A closer bond developed with the readers.
34．What does the author call on other writers to do?
A．Sponsor book fairs. B．Write for social media.
C．Support libraries. D．Purchase her novels.
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
3.（2020·新课标III卷C篇）
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol - one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get married.
28．Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?
A．Nick. B．Rita. C．Kathryn D．The daughters.
29．What is Nick’s attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in -law?
A．Positive. B．Carefree. C．Tolerant. D．Unwilling.
30．What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on?
A．Family traditions. B．Financial reports. C．Published statistics. D．Public opinions.
31．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK.

4. 【2020·江苏卷，D】
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
65. How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?
A. Out of place. B. Full of joy. C. Sleepy. D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A. He learned more about the local language.
B. They had a nice conversation with each other.
C. They understood each other while playing.
D. He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
67. Why was the author surprised at Juan’s question about the moon?
A. The question was too straightforward.
B. Juan knew so little about the world.
C. The author didn’t know how to answer.
D. The author didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A. To sort out what we have known.
B. To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C. To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D. To learn more about local cultures.
69. How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A. They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B. They followed other scientists closely.
C. They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D. They conducted in-depth and close studies.
70. What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Possible and the Impossible .
B. The Known and the Unknown .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignorant and the Intelligent.

5. 【2020·天津卷，D】
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A. propose a definition
B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion
D. present an argument
52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority.
D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A. Observe the unknown around you.
B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure.
D. Follow the fashion.
54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55. What could be the best tile or the passage?
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement
D. Never Too Late to Learn



三、模拟演练

一、
Volunteering means working for free to help someone else. Mrs. Obama says volunteering is very important. "It should be part of everyone's life,"she says.
Many teens agree. They say that helping others feels great and makes a difference. These days, more teensvolunteer than work for pay. Teens clean up parks, walk dogs at animal shelters, visit the elderly, and more.
Some cities— including Seattle, Chicago, and Washington, D．C．— require high school students to volunteer. Students must volunteer in order to graduate. The student volunteers learn new skills and help their communities( 社区).
Many parents subscribe to the idea they say volunteering helps teens build job skills. But most teens don't want to be forced to volunteer. They say they are busy. And they say volunteering is only fun if it's a choice.
Read both sides of the debate and decide.
Yes
Volunteering can help teens get into college or get a job.
Many cities and towns need help. Volunteers can help keep important programs going.
Not all teens will volunteer if it isn't required. Schools should require students to do all they can to get ready for adult life.
No
Most teens are already very busy with classes, homework, jobs, and sports. Forcing them to do more isn't fair.
It should be up to each person. Helping doesn't feel good if you must do it.
Finding a volunteer job isn't always easy. Students shouldn't be kept from graduating because of something they can't control.
12．It is known from the text that in Washington.D．C．___________.
A．everyone would like to volunteer
B．finding a volunteer job is not difficult
C．volunteering is a must for college students
D．high school students won't graduate if they don't volunteer
13．What does the underlined phrase "subscribe to" in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Correct. B．Like. C．Stress. D．Review.
14．How does the "No" side feel about volunteer jobs?
A．Volunteer jobs waste students' precious(宝贵的) time.
B．Volunteer jobs won't help teens prepare for their adult life.
C．Volunteer jobs are not as important as students' homework.
D．Students shouldn't be stopped from graduation because of not volunteering.
15．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Who are best to do volunteer jobs.
B．Whether volunteering is good for students.
C．What kind of volunteer jobs students should do.
D．Whether students should be required to volunteer.

二、
Despite being used by 1.34 billion people each year, traveling on the Tube in London can actually be quite lonely. An unwritten rule encouraging silence, mixed with classic British reserve, means that even though you’re packed into enclosed space wit hundreds of other people, the morning trip can leave you feeling somewhat lonely.
One London resident, however, is trying to change this. “You get on the Tube here and it’s completely silent and it’s strange,” says Jonathan Dunne, an American living in London, who has started a campaign of giving out badges (徽章) with the slogan “Tube Chat?” last month, encouraging travelers in London to get talking to one another.
Although Dunne says he’s received mostly positive responses, there are always exceptions.
Londoner Brian Wilson responded with a campaign of his own, handing out 500 badges with the words “Don’t even think about it” on them. “ I can’t stand the idea of having to talk to strangers on the Tube on my way to work,” he said.
Michael Robinson, a student from London, agrees. “Being on the Tube is the only peace and quiet some people get on their journeys to and from work. It doesn’t need to be spoiled by people coming up and chatting to you,” he says.
“People assume that I just walk up and talk to strangers, which I don’t, but it’s been a great way to meet people you would never have normally spoken to,” Dunne says.So if you ever end up using public transport in London, why not say hello to the person next to you? Just make sure to check for a badge first.
12．Which partly leads to the silence on the Tube in London?
A．The government’s rule. B．People’s desire for quiet.
C．British people’s personality. D．Awareness of personal privacy.
13．What can the badge with “Tube Chat?” be seen as?
A．A request for keeping silent. B．A special way of greeting someone.
C．A signal of avoiding being disturbed. D．An encouragement to start a conversation.
14．Why does the author mention Brian and Micheal?
A．To stress the importance of communication.
B．To show not everyone agrees with Dunne’s idea.
C．To prove Londoners are speechless on the Tube.
D．To state the disadvantages of chatting with strangers.
15．What’s the best tile for the passage?
A．Silence on the Tube!
B．Tube Chat or Not
C．Lonely Travel in the London Tube
D．Tube Passengers Wearing Badges

三、
The playing field is never even or equal. Your skills and attitude play a major role in the outcome. Knowing what you can do to have an advantage can make the difference between success and failure.
My kids tell me it's unfair to play with the big children. I tell them that's right. Unfairness is a good thing. There is more to be gained by the effort when things seem unfair. It is true that many things in the world are unfair. But unfair things usually can be a boon to you. For example, the early bird catches the worm. It is unfair that the bird that sleeps in misses out on breakfast but it is nice to know that if it gets up early it is sure to get the worm.
I always try to explain to my kids that complaining about how unfair something is will get them nowhere. Instead, make the most out of it and get on the other side of it. Once you do that you are in the advantage. Above all, you have to focus on gaining that unfair advantage and in order to do that, build your inner strength, When you empower （武装） yourself, you are gaining skills or abilities， confidence and self-esteem （自尊）.
You should look at your place in the world. Where do you want to be financially, spiritually, emotionally, and physically ? You are creating your own story when you empower yourself.
You can build all the advantages that you need to live the life that you want. If you haven't yet, you need to make a list of all the things you want to experience in your new life. This will help you focus on building advantages so that you never have to say that it's Not Fair. When you do this then you will be able to realize that unfairness is a good thing and you will want to teach those around you to see unfairness in this way too.
12．What docs the underlined word "boon" in Paragraph 2 probably mean ?
A．Something that is very terrible. B．Something that is very helpful
C．Something that is very kind D．Something that is very scared
13．What can we infer from the example of the playing field used by the author?
A．The author wants to introduce his topic
B．The author wants to support his opinion
C．He wants tell us that having an advantage is needed
D．He wants to show skills and attitudes are important in playing games
14．What is the best way to deal with unfairness according to the author?
A．Just accept it. B．Thy to change it.
C．Simply ignore it. D．Make good use of it.
15．You are told to look at your place in the world in order to ________.
A．make yourself better B．be proud of yourself
C．have more confidence D．know others' advantages

四、
Nowadays medical technology seems to be advanced enough for doctors to perform brain transplants (移植). Though this procedure has only been successfully performed on animals so far, doctors are still hoping to perform this procedure on humans. However, in my opinion, brain transplants should not be performed at all, especially not on humans because of the large number of problems and side effects that could come along with. Hopefully these dangerous side effects will convince doctors not to perform this procedure on humans.
Despite many benefits technology brings, I do not think this medical technology of brain transplants will help. We were all born with one brain and through childhood to adolescence our mind developed into who we are, so if with a different brain we would no longer be unique. A person with a different brain would seem to be a total stranger and in many ways they would be. No one should steal our identity from us, even if we are seriously injured, and change it to a completely new one. Also for the people who have died with healthy brains, that was their identity and it should not be given to anyone else.
Another problem with brain transplants is how doctors can choose what are “healthy” or “normal” brains. An elderly person who has died would have an aged brain that would not be as efficient as a younger person’s brain. Then would doctors have to find healthy brains of the same age as the person who needs it? This could also bring up other factors such as intelligence, gender, or physical problems that a person might have had before death. Also another problem might be how long a brain can be kept “alive” after death and how it can be kept “alive” without damage.
Overall, my feelings about this surgery are that it should not be done on humans until doctors have overcome all the problems and obstacles (障碍) that stand in their way of making human brain transplants successful.
12．Why does the author think brain transplants should not be performed at all?
A．The cost of the surgery is extremely high.
B．Doctors are not able to perform brain transplants.
C．A good many problems and side effects may arise.
D．This procedure has only been successful on animals.
13．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．People shouldn’t give their healthy brains to others.
B．Having a brain transplant means losing one’s identity.
C．Transplanting brains is changing old brains into new ones.
D．Having brain transplants indicates stealing identity from others.
14．What do we know about “healthy” brains?
A．Aged brains aren’t healthy brains. B．Young brains are always healthy.
C．Healthy brains cannot be kept “alive”. D．It’s very difficult to tell healthy brains.
15．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A．To encourage brain donation.
B．To stress the importance of brain operation.
C．To argue against brain transplants on humans.
D．To introduce the technology of brain transplants.

五、
Thirteen-year-old Kaylee has a lot of friends—532, actually, if you count up her online friends. And she spends a lot of time with them.
But is it possible that Kaylee’s online friendships could be making her lonely? That’s what some experts believe. Connecting online is a great way to stay in touch, they say. However, some experts worry that many kids are so busy connecting online that they might be missing out on true friendships.
Could this be true? During your parents’ childhoods, connecting with friends usually meant spending time with them in the flesh. Kids played Scrabble around a table, not Words With Friends on their phones. When friends missed each other, they picked up the telephone. Friends might even write letters to each other.
Today, most communication takes place online. A typical teen sends 2,000 texts a month and spends more than 44 hours per week in front of a screen. Much of this time is spent on social media platforms(平台).
In fact, in many ways, online communication can make friendships stronger, “There’s definitely a positive influence. Kids can stay in constant contact, which means they can share more of their feelings with each other,” says Katie Davis, co-author of The App Generation.
Other experts, however, warn that too much online communication can get in the way of forming deep friendships. “If we are constantly checking in with our virtual words, we will have little time for our real-world friendships.” says Larry Rosen, a professor at California State University. Rosen also worries that today’s kids might mistake the “friends” on the social media for true friends in life. However, in tough times, you don’t need someone to like your picture or share your blogs. You need someone who will keep your secrets and hold your hand. You would like to talk face to face.
12．What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
A．To summarize the text.
B．To tell about true friends.
C．To bring up a discussion.
D．To encourage online friendship.
13．What does the underlined part “in the flesh” mean in Paragraph 3?
A．In any case. B．In person.
C．In full measure. D．In advance.
14．What is Katie’s attitude towards online communication?
A．Worried. B．Unconcerned. C．Confused. D．Positive.
15．What view does Rosen hold?
A．It’s wise to turn to friends online.
B．It’s easier to develop friendships in reality.
C．Teenagers need focus on real-world friendships.
D．Social media help people stay closely connected.

六、
Psychological stress is likely to surface during a human mission to Mars. Prof Jeff Johnson thinks an on-board “comedian” could keep spirits up during the long journey. He is drawing on his research on the differing teambuilding approaches of competing polar explorers Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott to prove his point. Amundsen’s team made it to the South Pole and back while Scott’s died on the return journey.
Well, Roald Amundsen actually put people through tests before they set off to make sure that they would take orders and, in particular, whether they would challenge any of them. Amundsen would set up situations where there would be an ambiguous context to see what their responses would be, and if somebody questioned him, they were out. However, if you read Amundsen’s diary, he writes that Lindstrøm, the cook, was basically the most important person on the expedition.
Lindstrøm was the comedian. He didn’t actually go to the South Pole, but you’ve got to remember that the walking expedition was a small component of the overall time that they were on the ice. They were there for well over a year, waiting to walk to the Pole. They had to wait during the winter and it’s a very tense time when people are idle (懒散的). Lindstrøm played an essential role in keeping the peace in the group when there were tense moments, and he would do something funny to get everybody to laugh, which would break the tension.
There are individuals who have these certain natural abilities that you want to be able to recognize and include when you’re putting together groups that are going to be isolated, such as those going into space. There are a number of different roles that we’ve discovered are important, but one of them is somebody who has humour. That’s clearly important. So, you’d want to have somebody like Lindstrøm, somebody who is not only good at what they have to do (he was a very good cook) but who also has another skillset beyond what’s in the job description.
We can put people together thinking that they’re going to work together in a certain way, but over the course of time a crisis is bound to happen. There are the kinds of things that make groups more adaptable and help them function better. You can think about it in terms of atoms: when you put different elements together, they produce different kinds of things. It’s the same with people. They may have their own characteristics, but when you put them together, they’re going to create a different kind of situation and we want to have a better idea of what that might be.
4．By comparing Amundsen with Scott, the author intends to __________.
A．contradict his previous statements B．introduce the topic of the passage
C．illustrate the importance of a comedian D．emphasize the necessity of team spirits
5．What was the very quality Amundsen was valuing in his interview?
A．Willingness to take orders. B．Optimism about success.
C．Eagerness to make progress. D．Curiosity about mysteries.
6．For what reason was Lindstrøm regarded as a key figure on the expedition?
A．He went against the command of the Amundsen in every circumstance.
B．He could make up many jokes about other team members to ease tension.
C．Besides cooking tasty dishes, he was capable of easing tension when it arose.
D．When a vacancy appeared, he was always ready to fill it in and made it work.
7．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A．Comedians, keys to landing on Mars B．Atoms, roles of members in a team
C．Teamwork, secret to overall success D．Amundsen, example for group leaders

七、
Cyberspace （网络空间）is constantly developing and presenting new opportunities, as the desire of businesses to quickly adopt new technologies, such as using the Internet to open new channels and adopting cloud services, provides vast opportunity. But, it also brings unexpected risks and unintended consequences that can have a potentially negative effect.
Hardly a day goes by without news of a new cyber threat. Unfortunately, businesses tend to misjudge how much risk they face from cyber-crimes and how quickly this risk can develop. For them, the commercial, reputational and financial risks that go with cyberspace presence are real and growing every day.
So all businesses need to do now is establish cyber security within their organization, right?
Establishing cyber security alone is not enough. Nowadays, it is not very difficult for attackers to break security and stop the overall business system. Preventive measures are not enough to stop them. With the advancement of technology, hackers （黑客）have been changing and developing. So business risk management should include risk resilience （复原力）so that businesses can respond to any damaging cyberspace activity. Cyber resilience helps businesses successfully recover to their pre-attack business processes and business operations.
Building cyber resilience is not easy. A key finding of an authentic cyber-resilience report is that no organisation can respond effectively on its own to the threats from cyberspace. Organisations must work together to share intelligence and resources. In this way, the quality, usability and authenticity of intelligence will be greatly improved.
12．What is the purpose of the first paragraph?
A．To describe the development of cyberspace.
B．To show the great contributions from business.
C．To explain the technologies adopted by businesses.
D．To draw attention to potential dangers from cyberspace.
13．What's the author's concern about the businesses?
A．Awareness of safety.
B．Financial conditions.
C．Commercial management.
D．Judgement of development.
14．Why is cyber resilience currently necessary?
A．It can prevent attacks.
B．Threats are always transforming.
C．Cyber security doesn't work now.
D．It keeps all the hackers off the internet.
15．What's the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．An organization alone can build effective resilience.
B．True resilience requires joined efforts from organizations.
C．There is a great amount of difficulty in building resilience.
D．The cyberspace threat is nothing when cooperation is used.

八、（湖北省石首市第一中学2021-2022学年高三月考）
Most people think that women are naturally kind, cry too much and think with their hearts, instead of using their heads like men. Meanwhile, men are thought to be born to be rational creatures who naturally know how to lead and do math. However, statistics on personality types report that 75. 5% of women are Feelers and 56. 5% of men are Thinkers. So, right now we see that a huge number of men about 43%- -have Feeling preferences.
According to these numbers, only 25% of women are Thinkers. A majority of women tested are Feelers, but are a majority of women born as Feelers? In many regards, women are still expected to uphold the feminine(女性的) goals of half a century ago- stay pretty, have babies, keep a tidy home, and cook a good nutritious meal every night. Now, in addition to those old standards, most women plan on working and having careers. But even in the workplace, showing a Thinking preference can be problematic. Women who take charge or offer criticism may be seen 88 bossy,
Of courser the question goes to the Thinking men. Boys learn at a young age that being emotional or sensitive can be seen to be less strong. They have been taught not to cry to show that they are brave enough to bear any sufferings. In that case, they are more likely to be less of Feelers.
Maybe Feeler women and Thinker men are not naturally 80.
There is nothing wrong with being a Feeler woman or a Thinker man. Being a Feeler does not mean that you're a rollercoaster of emotions who might knock over a table at any moment, nor does being a Thinker mean that you are an infallible robot designed to make heartless decisions. Regardless of gender. your personality and preferences are completely valid; neither Thinking nor Feeling is right or wrong, good or bad. And of course, people, who prefer a Thinking style still have feelings, and Feelers can be extremely intelligent.
8．What is the common belief about men according to paragraph 1?
A．They prefer to be math teachers. B．They tend to think with their heads.
C．They seem ruder and more merciless. D．They are emotional group leaders.
9．What mainly makes women become Feelers?
A．Their working experiences. B．The social expectations.
C．The born characteristics. D．Their family backgrounds,
10．What can be learned from the last paragraph?
A．Personality is not necessarily limited to a type.
B．Feelers and Thinkers can hardly live in harmony,
C．A Thinker is certain to make heartless decisions.
D．A Feeler is emotionally changeable all the time.
11．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Does Personality Change Over the Time?
B．Is Personality Only Determined by Gender?
C．Are Feeler Women and Thinker Men Born to Be So?
D．Can Feelers and Thinkers Get On Well With Each Other?

九、（辽宁省沈阳市郊联体2021-2022学年高三月考）
I grew up in a home with a mother who believes that vaccines cause brain damage, and do not contribute to the health and safety of a society. The only shot I received was for tetanus when I was two months old. After that, nothing.
At the beginning of each school year, I was very nervous. Delayed term paper? Mischievous behavior? Late for school? None of them. I'd be pulled out of class and brought to the headmaster's office. The school doctor would tell me I haven' received any of the necessary shots to attend school. But the same thing occurred each time: my mom would exempt me from the shots and nothing would happen.
After doing a lot of research, I found although people who don't vaccinate their children make up only a relatively small group, they can cause major consequences. People who, for health or age reasons, cannot receive vaccines are at a higher risk of catching a preventable disease.
Eventually, I turned 18. In Ohio, where I live, I had to wait until I became a legal adult to make the decision to receive vaccine shots. A huge factor in taking the step to ensure my health was the message board website Reddit. Last November, I asked Reddit users for advice about what vaccines to ask for and how to go about getting them from a doctor. After my post reeve more than 1,000 comments, I made an appointment with my family physician. Despite how strongly my mother felt, I went through with it anyway.
I did something every person should do. It wasn't special in any way. Vaccines protect the health and safety of not only yourself but also other people. Vaccination is important because someone could die if you don' t get vaccinated. This was the biggest reason I got vaccinated despite the opposition.
8．What do we know about the author from Paragraph 1?
A．He was born disabled. B．He was hardly ever vaccinated.
C．He suffered a lot from tetanus. D．He grew up with his single mother.
9．What made the author nervous at the beginning of each school year?
A．He was late for school.
B．He didn't behave himself.
C．He couldn't hand in his term paper on time.
D．He would be called to the headmaster's office.
10．How might the author's mother have felt about his appointment with the family physician?
A．Annoyed B．Grateful C．Excited D．Guilty
11．What does the author mainly want to tell us through his story?
A．Listening to your mother pays off. B．Doing the right thing matters.
C．Keeping fit is the best policy. D．Asking for advice helps.

十、（辽宁省沈阳市郊联体2021-2022学年高三月考）
Have you ever noticed that some difficult situations tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if you married or dated the same kind of person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don't deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world.
You may try desperately to avoid these repeated difficult situations, which seem to have become your set patterns, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of them is to shift your perspective on them seriously and persistently. To face the challenge means you need to bravely accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue repeatedly in your life. This is no easy task, since it means you have to change, and to change is not always easy. Staying just as you certainly is comfortable in its familiarity, but does not help you advance spiritually.
Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn't working. However, the good news is that by identifying and releasing your patterns, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need willingness and patience.
When struggling to make a change, ask yourself, "How willing am I, really, to make this change?" If you truly want to change, you will make a commitment to the process of it. If you absolutely hate getting stuck in traffic, chances are that you need a little work in the area of patience. And, chances are, you will probably get stuck in more traffic jams than someone who has patience. It is not because the universe has a sense of humor. You just notice and care about the traffic more than someone who has patience. Remember, you just need willingness and a little patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less frightening.
12．How can you get rid of repeated difficult situations in your life?
A．By trying your best to avoid those disappointing situations.
B．By taking a different attitude towards previous life.
C．By gathering up the courage to change your identity.
D．By changing your viewpoint on them with great determination.
13．What's the author's attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are?
A．Disapproving. B．Skeptical C．Supportive. D．Casual
14．What does the underlined word "facilitate" in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Promote B．Postpone C．Influence D．Overlook
15．What is the effect of mastering willingness and patience according to the passage?
A．Guiding you to identify your old patterns.
B．Making your changes become easier.
C．Challenging you with difficult patterns.
D．Arousing your inner desire to challenge yourself.