专题14 构词法 -冲刺2022年高考英语重点语法通关练

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备战2022高考英语语法专题之构词法
（教师版）
目录
内容
Section A
小题练手
Section B
知识梳理
Section C
课堂练习
Section D
课后作业
Section E
巩固提升
Section A：小题练手



1：语法填空
1.(2020· 全国Ⅰ卷)Landing on the moon’s far side is 　　　　　(extreme) challenging. 
2.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)Chinese New Year is a 　　　　　(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. 
3.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The 　　　　　(beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds (蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 
4.(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)　　　　　 (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must. 
5.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)Filled with 　　　　　(curious), the artist packed his bags and left. 
6.(2020·全国Ⅲ卷)As the small boat moved 　　　　　(gentle) along the river,he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. 
7.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Historical 　　　　　(accurate) is important but so is entertainment. 
8.(2020·北京卷)Oliver says if you’re 　　　　　(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking,ask them if you can join in when it’s possible. 
9.(2018·全国Ⅰ卷) Running is cheap,easy and it’s always 　　　　　(energy). 
10.The best education should not be available only to 　　　　　(wealth) people. 
参考答案：
1.extremely　2.celebration　3.beautiful　4.Certainly　5.curiosity　6.gently　7.accuracy　8.lucky　9.energetic　10.wealthy
Section B：知识梳理





1：考点梳理
1. 三种构词方法(合成、转化和派生);
2. 常用词缀及其意义。
考点1　构词法的种类
构词法
合成法
合成名词
weekend,cowboy,sunlight
合成形容词
part-time,first-class,good-looking
合成副词
someday,anywhere,however
其他合成词
somebody,safeguard,without
转化法
名词↔形容词
light光线/轻的　right右边/对的
名词↔动词
taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣
动词↔形容词
open打开/开着的　clean打扫/干净的
形容词↔副词
late晚的/迟到　hard艰苦的/努力地
派生法
前缀
disable,impossible,nonstop,disability,disadvantage,disagreement
后缀
changeable,childhood,friendship
缩略法
混成法
breakfast+lunch→brunch
截短法
laboratory→lab
首字母缩略法
Gross Domestic Product→GDP
考点2 合成法
1. 复合名词的主要构成方式
构成
例词
名词/代词＋名词
classroom教室，she-wolf母狼
形容词＋名词
greenhouse温室
动词＋名词
pickpocket扒手，typewriter打字机
副词＋名词
overcoat大衣
v.-ing＋名词/名词＋v.-ing
reading-room阅览室，handwriting笔迹
动词＋副词/副词＋动词
breakthrough突破，outbreak爆发
名词＋介词＋名词
son-in-law女婿
2. 复合形容词的主要构成方式
构成
例词
名词＋形容词
nationwide全国性的
名词＋v.-ing
life-saving救生的
名词＋过去分词
handmade手工制作的
形容词＋形容词
bitter-sweet苦乐参半的
形容词＋v.-ing
easy-going随和的
形容词＋过去分词
newborn新生的
形容词＋名词
high-class高级的
形容词＋名词＋-ed
good-tempered 脾气好的
副词＋形容词
evergreen常绿的
副词＋v.-ing
hardworking努力的
副词＋过去分词
well-informed见多识广的
数词＋名词
one-way单程的
数词＋名词＋形容词
five-year-old五周岁的
数词＋名词＋ed
one-sided片面的
名词＋to＋名词
face-to-face面对面的
3. 复合动词的主要构成方式
构成
例词
名词＋动词
sleepwalk梦游
副词＋动词
overcome克服，undergo经历
形容词＋动词
blacklist列入黑名单
4. 复合副词的主要构成方式
构成
例词
形容词＋副词
everywhere到处
副词＋副词
however然而
介词＋副词
forever永远
形容词＋名词
anyway无论如何
介词＋名词
beforehand事先
考点3 转化法
转化方法
例词
n.↔adj.
final决赛/最后的　light光线/轻的　right右边/对的
n.↔v.
doubt疑问/怀疑　taste味道/尝　dress连衣裙/穿衣　hand手/递　watch手表/观看 smell气味/闻　book书/预订
v.↔adj.
close关上/近的　open打开/开着的　slow变慢/慢的　clean打扫/干净的　wrong不公正(或不诚实)对待/错误的　narrow使变窄/狭窄的
adj.↔adv.
late晚的/迟到　enough足够的/足够地　hard艰苦的/努力地
考点4 派生法
1.前缀
派生形式
例词
auto-
autobiography自传　automobile汽车　automaker汽车制造商
dis-
disable使失去能力　disadvantage缺点　disagree不同意
en-
enable使能够　enact制定法律　enrich使丰富
fore-
forearm前臂　forecast预报　forebear祖先
im-
impossible不可能的　impolite不礼貌的　impatient不耐烦的
in-
inactive不活跃的　incorrect不正确的　incomplete不完全的
kilo-
kilogram千克　kilometer千米
mis-
mistake错误　mislead误导　mistreat虐待　misuse误用
multi-
multimedia多媒体　multinational跨国的,多民族的　multi-coloured多种颜色的
non-
nonsmoker非吸烟者　nonstop不停的　nonsense无意义的话
over-
overweight超重的　overcoat外套　overboard在船外　overdo做得过分
re-
return返回,返还　review复习　reuse重新使用　reunite使再结合
tele-
telegram电报　telephone电话　telescope望远镜　television电视
un-
unsafe不安全的　unsatisfied不满意的　unsocial非社会的　unfair不公平的
2.后缀
派生形式
例词
-ary
revolutionary革命的　imaginary想象中的
-ous
glorious辉煌的　joyous快乐的　famous著名的　religious 宗教的
-ive
attractive有吸引力的　talkative健谈的　sensitive敏感的
-ly
happily快乐地　strangely奇怪地　gently轻轻地　extremely极度地　truly真实地
-ward(s)
backward(s)向后　homeward(s)向家　eastward(s)往东
-wise
clockwise顺时针方向的
-al
cultural文化的　personal个人的　regional区域性的　musical音乐的
-or
actor演员　professor教授
-er
engineer工程师　driver司机　teacher老师
-ess
actress女演员　poetess女诗人　hostess女主人
-ment
movement移动　pavement人行道　astonishment 惊讶　puzzlement 迷惑　disappointment 失望　argument 辩论,论据
-ness
happiness快乐　selfishness自私　kindness友好
-ty
rapidity迅速　activity活动
-ese
Chinese中国人/汉语　Japanese日本人/日语
-an
American美国的/人　Australian澳大利亚的/人
-ist
pianist钢琴家　socialist社会主义者
-ian
musician音乐家　Asian亚洲的/人
-ify
beautify美化　simplify简化
-en
widen加宽　shorten缩短　lengthen加长
-ed
excited兴奋的　interested感兴趣的　tired疲倦的
-ing
feeling感情　exciting令人兴奋的　building建筑物
-dom
freedom自由　wisdom智慧　kingdom王国
-th
truth真相　warmth温暖　width宽度
-teen
fourteen十四　sixteen 十六
-cy
fluency 流利　privacy 隐私;私密　accuracy精确　efficiency 效率,功效
-y
rainy多雨的　wealthy 富裕的　sunny 晴朗的
-ure/-ture
failure 失败,没做到　pressure 压力　mixture 混合,混合物　departure离开,出发
-al
arrival到达　survival 幸存　approval 同意　burial 埋葬
-ance/
-ence
appearance 出现,外貌　guidance 指引,指导　performance 表演,节目　existence 存在,生存　preference 偏爱　reference 参考,查阅
-dom
freedom 自由,自主　wisdom 明智;智慧
-y
-ty
-ity
honesty 诚实　difficulty 困难　cruelty 残酷,残暴　safety 安全　disability 无能,伤残　responsibility 责任
考点5 常考形容词
高考常考名词：
①以-tion结尾的名词
addition加；增加，application申请，celebration庆祝，communication交际；交往，competition比赛，composition组成，congratulation庆贺，connection联系，construction建设；结构，conversation谈话，description描述，dictation听写，direction方向；指导，education教育，exhibition展览，explanation解释，generation一代，graduation毕业，imagination想象，information信息，instruction说明，introduction介绍，invention发明，invitation邀请，liberation解放，operation手术，organization组织，pollution污染，population人口，production生产，position位置，pronunciation发音，regulation规章，relation关系，revolution革命，satisfaction满意，situation形势，suggestion建议，translation翻译，preparation准备。
②以-sion结尾的名词
conclusion结论，discussion讨论，expression表达，表情。
③以-ment结尾的名词
achievement成就，department部门；系，development发展，experiment实验，government政府，judgement审判，movement运动。
④以-ing结尾的名词
ceiling天花板，stocking长筒袜，shortcoming缺点。
⑤以-ure结尾的名词
exposure暴露，failure失败，mixture混合物，pressure压力，pleasure快乐。
⑥以-age结尾的名词
marriage结婚，baggage行李，package包裹，passage章节；过道，shortage缺乏；短缺，usage(语言)用法。
(2)形容词后缀
后缀
例词
-able/-ible(能……的)
movable可移动的
-al(与……有关的)
national国家的
-ed(有……的)
learned有学识的
-en(由……制成的)
wooden木制的
-ful(充满……的)
beautiful美丽的
-ic(关于……的)
economic经济的
-ish(有……特征的)
childish幼稚的
-ive(有……倾向的；有……特性的)
creative有创造力的
-less(无……的)
useless无用的
-ly(有……性质的)
friendly友好的
-(i)ous(有……性质的)
dangerous危险的，glorious光荣的
-ward(向……)
downward向下的
-y(多……的)
rainy多雨的，
noisy吵闹的
　　高考常考的以-(i)ous结尾的形容词：
anxious忧虑的，curious好奇的，dangerous危险的，delicious美味的，famous著名的，humorous幽默的，nervous紧张不安的，obvious显然的，poisonous有毒的，precious宝贵的，religious宗教的，serious严重的；认真的，various各种各样的。
(3)动词后缀
后缀
例词
-en(使变得)
deepen加深
-fy(使……化)
simplify简化
-ize/-ise(使……)
industrialize使工业化
高考常考的以-ize/-ise结尾的动词：
apologize/apologise道歉，emphasize/emphasise强调，organize/organise组织，realize/realise认识到；实现，recognize /recognise认出。
(4)副词后缀
后缀
例词
-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)
carefully小心地，quickly迅速地
-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)
forward(s)向前，eastward向东
　　高考常考的以-ly结尾的副词：
attentively专心地，carefully仔细地，certainly当然，clearly清楚地，comfortably舒服地，deeply深深地，easily容易地，especially尤其，eventually最终地，exactly确切地，extremely非常地，fairly相当地，fluently流利地，foolishly愚蠢地，gradually逐渐地，happily幸福地，hardly几乎不，heavily重重地；大量地，immediately立即，lately最近，mentally精神上，merely只不过，naturally自然地，partly部分地，personally亲自地，possibly可能地；也许，probably很可能，properly适当地，quickly迅速地，really真正地，recently最近，simply简单地，slightly稍微，suddenly突然，totally完全地，unfortunately不幸地，usually通常，weekly每周地，widely广泛地，willingly乐意地。
Section C：课堂练习





一、单句改错
1. It would be doing him a kind to tell him the truth.
2. How many athletes will compete in the 100-meters race?
3. These problems, if not solved proper, will seriously affect the growth of teenagers and even the nation’s future.
4. The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
5. We are growing wonderfully tomatoes at no cost!
6. Most people nowadays are so busy with their lives that they do not have time to enjoy a healthy and balance diet.
7. I don’t think it a reason practice for them to behave that way in our society.
8. The meeting supposed to be success turned out to be a failure in the end.
9. The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.
10. No one in the carriage had previous spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.
参考答案：
1. kind改为kindness　2. 100-meters改为100-meter　3. proper改为properly　4. taste改为tasty　5. wonderfully改为wonderful　6. balance改为balanced　7. reason改为reasonable　8. success改为successful或在其前加a　9. helpfully改为helpful　10. previous改为previously
二、单句语法填空
1. Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of ____________ (achieve).
2. ____________ (similar), when Ron Webster borrowed a book from the library of the University of Liverpool, he forgot to return it, too.
3. The high-speed train that connects the two cities is both fast and ____________ (comfort).
4. As they couldn’t play outdoors, they were ____________ (happy), and some even got into fights from time to time.
5. My mother ____________ (courage) me and insisted that I continue my education.
6. While still at primary school, Rowan had already shown ____________ (admire) acting talent.
7. That young man is honest, cooperative and always there when you need his help. In short, he’s ____________ (rely).
8. The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a ____________ (slightly) chance of rain later tonight.
9. There are various ____________ (treat) available for this condition.
10. I can’t find my keys anywhere — they’ve completely ____________ (appear).
参考答案：
1. achievement　2. Similarly　3. comfortable　4. unhappy　5. encouraged　6. admirable　7. reliable　8. slight　9. treatment(s)　10. disappeared
Section D：课后作业





一、单句改错
1. That is too much for us, considering how closely the houses are.
2. If you want to live a simple life, you need to simple your mind.
3. If you deep your knowledge or understanding of a subject, you will learn more about it and become more interested in it.
4. My English was improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much confident.
5. She was really angered at his polite words.
6. They were suffering because of a serious short of doctors and nurses.
7. Some news will excite their readers instant while others won’t.
8. It is our belief to further expand markets and satisfy with existing achievements.
9. I feel embarrassing that I complain about not having enough child-free time to work.
10. He thought that crying was a sign of weak.
参考答案：
　1. closely改为close　2. 第二个simple改为simplify　3. deep改为deepen 4. confident改为confidence　5. polite改为impolite　6. short改为shortage　7. instant改为instantly　8. satisfy改为dissatisfy　9. embarrassing改为embarrassed　10. weak改为weakness
二：语法填空
1. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ____________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.
2. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC, influenced the ____________ (develop) of chopsticks.
3. I deeply respect her ____________ (determine) and ability to stand up for herself, and I am grateful to have such a positive role model.
4. A travel company in Hong Kong says it ____________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people in need.
5. While there are ____________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.
6. ____________ (formal) clothes are suitable for wearing at home or in ordinary situations.
7. Later that morning, Dario suggested that they write a letter to their neighbors and ____________ (apology) for their rudeness.
8. No matter how ____________ (attract) they look in the store, once I get them home they’re dry, hard and tasteless.
9. She’s doing a course to ____________ (sharp) her business skills.
10. Without ____________ (hesitate), I decided to follow them and we did have lots of fun that day.
参考答案：
1. gradually　2. development 3. determination　4. regularly　5. amazing　6. Informal 7. apologize　8. attractive　9. sharpen　10. hesitation　
Section E：巩固提升






1：单句填空
1.People with disabilities are now doing many things to 　　　　　(rich) their lives. 
2.It is your 　　　　　(free) to do what you want after class. 
3.After a long and heated discussion,the final 　　　　　(agree) was arrived at in the end. 
4.The Chinese people are very 　　　　　(friend) to foreigners. 
5.They were the kind that I did not have in my 　　　　　(collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag. 
6.I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time.　　　　　(fortunate),I was held up by the heavy traffic jam. 
7.Ron had a 　　　　　(success) career and worked for the company before retiring and leading a relaxed life. 
8.Excessive dosage(剂量) of this drug can result in 　　　　　(injure) to the liver. 
9.But Jane knew from past experience that her 　　　　　(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. 
10.　　　　　(obvious),the story is not true,but the festival is interesting. 
参考答案：
1.enrich　2.freedom　3.agreement　4.friendly　5.collection 6.Unfortunately　7.successful　8.injury　9.choice　10.Obviously
2：单句改错
1.Do you know the different between the two words? 　　　　　 
2.We hope you children grow happily and healthy. 　　　　　 
3.At the beginner of the class,Mr Tang told us a funny story. 　　　　　 
4.The old lady looked angry at me. 　　　　　 
5.Our government is doing something useful to solve the environment problems.
6.It’s really possible for a child of one to take care of himself. 　　　　　 
7.Jack is an excellent scientist.He comes from German. 　　　　　 
8.Fortunate,I have just got enough money to buy the new CDs. 　　　　　 
9.John looks at his watch from time to time.Why is he so unpatient?
10.Having a hot bath after work can make you feel relaxing.
参考答案：
1.different→difference2.healthy→healthily　3.beginner→beginning　4.angry→angrily　5.environment→environmental6.possible→impossible7.German→Germany8.Fortunate→Fortunately9.unpatient→impatient　10.relaxing→relaxed
3：篇章填空
（A）
Devote yourself to the work you do, not the prize you might get. Hao Jingfang, a Tsinghua Universit graduate, is pursuing her passion for writing and education.
In 2016, she won 1 Hugo Award with her short novel, Folding Beijing, which made her the first female writer in China to bring home this prize. Later on, the author 2 (turn) to education. She set up Tongxing Academy for public welfare education and WetPlanets 3 (develop) children’s creativity after school.
Since building her company, Hao has been carrying out voluntary teaching 4 (program) in rural areas. “We 5 (real) want these kids to have better education resources like kids from the cities,” she said. Besides, 6 (difference) from the typical Chinese parents so ambitious for their children, Hao suggests 7 (give) kids more space for trial and error. “Let the children handle the reality 8 decide for themselves. If they struggle with obstacles, you can offer them some guidance or encouragement,” Hao said. She also encourages all women to discover their passions. “We live 9 a big, big world with endless possibilities. Don’t be too afraid to try something new. When you find the one thing that you want to commit to, you 10 (become) fearless to follow your dream.”
参考答案：
1．考查冠词。“雨果奖”前面需要加定冠词，表特指｡故填the。
2．考查动词时态。该句前面有表示过去时间的状语later on，因此用过去时｡故填turned。
3．考查不定式。句意：她建立童行学院和童行星球，旨在课后开发学生的创造力｡此处做目的状语用不定式，故填to develop。
4．考查名词复数。句意：郝景芳在乡下实施了很多志愿教学项目。根据句意，用名词复数，表示不止一个教学项目。故填programs。
5．考查副词。句意：我们真正想要农村孩子有城里孩子一样的更好的教育资源｡修饰动词用副词｡故填really。
6．考查形容词。句意：郝景芳和典型的中国家长不一样｡说明主语用形容词作伴随状语。故填different。
7．考查动名词。句意：她建议给孩子更多试错的空间｡suggest doing sth.“建议做某事”，用动名词作宾语。故填giving。
8．考查连词。句意：让孩子处理现实问题并自己做决定｡此处与handle是并列关系，应用and。故填and。
9．考查介词。句意：我们生活在一个大世界，拥有无穷可能性｡in a big, big world“在一个大大的世界”，是固定短语。填in。
10．考查动词时态。句意：当发现自己想从事的事情时，就会无畏地追寻梦想｡根据句意可知, 句意描述将来发生的事情, when引导时间状语从句, 主句将来时从句现在时。故填will become。
（D）
My little cousin is greatly interesting in science. And he does some dangerous experiments sometimes. Although his parents want to encourage him to be great scientist, at times they worry about his safety. Last week, if my cousin was doing an experiment, he hurts his thumb. My aunt felt sadly and wanted him to stop from doing that experiment. However, my cousin didn’t want to give up. She said, “Many scientists got hurt when they were doing experiments, so they didn’t give up.” My aunt had to let him finish the experiments and he finally succeeded in finish it.
参考答案：
第一处：短语用法错误。短语be interested in对……感兴趣。句意：我的表弟对科学非常感兴趣。故将interesting改为interested。
第二处：冠词用法错误。名词scientist为可数名词，故前用不定冠词a。句意：虽然他的父母想鼓励他成为一名伟大的科学家。故在great前加a。
第三处：连词用法错误。这里为引导时间状语，故用连词when/while。句意：当我表弟在做实验时，他伤了拇指。故将if改为when/while。
第四处：时态用法错误。根据文章的时态可知用一般过去时。当我表弟在做实验时，他伤了拇指。故将hurts改为hurt。
第五处：词性用法错误。系动词felt后接形容词形式。句意：我姑姑很伤心，希望他停止做那个实验。故将sadly改为sad。
第六处：短语用法错误。stop doing sth停止做某事。句意：我姑姑很伤心，希望他停止做那个实验。故将from去掉。
第七处：代词用法错误。这里代指my cousin，故用he。句意：他说：“很多科学家在做实验时受伤了。”故将she改为he。
第八处：连词用法错误。根据前后句之间的逻辑关系可知，这里表示转折关系。句意：但他们没有放弃。故将so改为but。
第九处：名词数用法错误。这里特指前面所做的那个实验，故用单数形式。句意：我姑姑不得不让他完成这项实验。故将experiments改为experiment。
第十处：短语用法错误。短语succeed in doing sth.成功做某事。句意：他成功的完成了它。故将finish改为finishing。