2022届高考人教版英语一轮复习课件：语法专题8定语从句

这是一份2022届高考人教版英语一轮复习课件：语法专题8定语从句，共43页。PPT课件主要包含了-2-，高考感悟，考点归纳，-3-，-4-，-5-，-6-，-7-，-8-，-9-等内容，欢迎下载使用。

1.(2020·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)In ancient China lived an artist _________ paintings were almst lifelike. whse　此处为限制性定语从句修饰先行词artist,且定语从句中缺少定语,故用whse引导。2.(2019·全国Ⅱ,语篇填空)Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9 am t 5 pm daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield,　　　　　　 she pened with her late husband Les. which　先行词是the pet shp,关系词在非限制性定语从句中做动词pened的宾语,所以填which。3.(2019·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空)They were well trained by their masters 　　　　　　had great experience with caring fr these animals. wh　先行词是指人的名词masters,关系词在限制性定语从句中做主语,所以填wh。
4.(2016·全国Ⅲ,语篇填空) Sme peple think that the great Chinese schlar Cnfucius,　　　　　　　　  lived frm rughly 551 479 B.C.,influenced the develpment f chpsticks. wh　根据对逗号前后内容的分析可以看出空格处所在句子为非限制性定语从句,其先行词Cnfucius 指人,故用wh引导该定语从句并做从句的主语。
关系代词有wh,whm,which,that和whse,另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when,where和why,在定语从句中充当状语。1.wh指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。Happiness and success ften cme t thse wh are gd at recgnizing their wn strengths.幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。2.whm指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。D yu knw the by(whm) we met at the gate?你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?
3.which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。The exact year(which/that) Angela and her family spent tgether in China was 2008.安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。4.that 指人时,相当于wh 或whm;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。She is the writer(that) I want t see very much.她就是那位我非常想见的作家。Amng the many dangers(which/that) sailrs have t face,prbably the greatest f all is fg.在海员们必须要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。
5.whse可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whse+名词”可改为“the+名词+f which/whm”或“f which/whm the+名词”。The bks n the desk,whse cvers are shiny,are prizes fr us.桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。The huse whse windws are very large is my uncle’s.=The huse f which the windws are very large is my uncle’s.那些窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。
6.as既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,the same,s,such修饰,且在从句中做主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。It was s difficult a prblem as nbdy in my class culd wrk ut.(as做wrk ut的宾语)这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。注意结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。It was s difficult a prblem that nbdy in my class culd wrk it ut.(wrk ut 已经有宾语,that只起连接作用)
(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,knw,reprt等,常译为“正如,正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。The number f smkers,as is reprted,has drpped by 17 percent in just ne year.正如所报道的,吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。
7.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,mnth等,常用n which,in which,at which,during which等代替。As the smallest child f his family,Alex is always lnging fr the time when he shuld be able t be independent.作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。I am lking frward t the day when/n which my daughter can read this bk and knw my feelings fr her.我一直期盼那一天,我的女儿能够读懂这本书并且知道我对她的情感。
8.where 指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。The huse where/in which he lives is near the river.他住的房子在河边。注意高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有:stage,case,psitin,situatin,pint,ccasin,activity等。Students shuld invlve themselves in cmmunity activities where/in which they can gain experience fr grwth.学生应该参加社区活动,在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。
9.why 指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,可用fr which来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tell me the reasn why/fr which yu came late.告诉我你来晚了的原因。注意用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 
1.当先行词是everything,anything,nthing,smething,all,nne,few,little,sme等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,sme,n,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。We shuld d all that is useful t the peple.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。2.先行词被the nly,the very,the same,the last等修饰时。This is the last place that I want t visit.这是我最不想参观的地方。
3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。This is the best nvel that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。This is the third dictinary that I have used.这是我用过的第三本字典。5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。We talked abut the things and persns that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。6.以wh或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。Wh is the man that is standing under the tree?站在树下的那个人是谁?
1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whm。This is the train by which we went t Beijing.这就是我们去北京乘的那列火车。2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。I brrwed the bk Sherlck Hlmes frm the library last week,which my classmates recmmended t me.上周我从图书馆里借了《夏洛克·福尔摩斯》这本书,书是我的同学向我推荐的。
3.指人时,当先行词为everybdy,anybdy,everyne,anyne等时,关系代词要用wh,不用that。Is there anyne wh can answer this questin?有谁能回答这个问题?4.先行词本身是指示代词that或thse时,关系代词应用which。What’s that which she is lking at?她正在看什么?
1.位置不同。which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。It is a truly delightful place,which lks the same as it must have been 100 years ag with its winding streets and pretty cttages.它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村舍。Mike,as yu knw,is an hnest man./Mike is an hnest man,as yu knw./As yu knw,Mike is an hnest man.如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。
2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。As we all knw,he is very prud.(先行词为一个句子)众所周知,他很骄傲。He was prud,which his brther never was.(先行词是一个词)他是自大的,而他弟弟从不自大。
3.意义不同。as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般译为“这一点,这件事”。Jhn,as yu knw,is my best friend.正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。He has been t Paris mre than ten times,which I dn’t believe.他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。Tm was late fr schl,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。
注意as多用于下列习惯用语中:①as anybdy can see正如大家所看到的那样②as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样③as ften happens正如经常发生的那样④as has been said befre如之前所述⑤as is mentined abve正如上面所提到的
1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whm,不可用wh或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whse。The persn t whm yu’ll write is Mr.Ball.你将给他写信的那个人是鲍尔先生。I wish t thank Prfessr Smith,withut whse help I wuld never have gt this far.我想要感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助我不会取得今天的成就。
2.“介词+关系代词”前可有sme,any,nne,bth,all,neither,mst, each,few等代词及名词、数词。Her sns,bth f whm wrk abrad,ring her up every week.她的两个儿子都在国外工作,每周都给她打电话。I live in a huse,the windw f which faces suth.我住在一个房子里,这个房子的窗户朝南。
3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句意。In the street there wasn’t any persn t whm she culd turn fr help.The bss in whse cmpany my father wrked is a very kind persn.4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。He lives in a big huse,in frnt f which stands a tall apple tree.注意在一些固定搭配的短语动词中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。This is the bk(which/that) I’m lking fr.不可以说:This is the bk fr which I’m lking.
5.frm where 虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。He std n tp f the hill,frm where he culd see the whle village.(where指代n tp f the hill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”)
1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thught。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,hw,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。The news that ur team wn made us excited.(ur team wn是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:The news was that ur team wn.)The news that he tld me was exciting.(he tld me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:The news was that he tld me.)
2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。Our class has sixty students,mst f whm study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whm,为定语从句)Our class has sixty students,and mst f them study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)Our class has sixty students.Mst f them study hard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词)
3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是做整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。D yu knw the time when he will cme back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time)I will g shpping when he cmes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词)Put the bk where it belngs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用t which)Put the bk in the place where it belngs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place)
4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当it is/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将it is/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句)It was n Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语n Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整)
1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中做主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;做状语时,要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。The way(that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult t understand.(做状语)The way (that/which) he explained t me was nt difficult t understand.(做宾语)2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/during which;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。There was a time when we had n TV sets.This is the secnd time(that) the president has visited ur cuntry.
Ⅰ.单句填空,　　　　　　 secretary resigned tw weeks ag,has had t d all his wn typing.(2020·天津,单项填空) whse　句意:Dr.Rwan不得不自己打字,他的秘书两周前辞职了。分析句子结构可知,whse在此引导定语从句,修饰Dr.Rwan,whse在从句中做定语,修饰secretary。2.Their child is at the stage 　　　　　　she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.(2019·天津,单项填空) where　句意:他们的孩子处在一个只会说个别词语不能说完整句子的阶段。先行词是stage,关系词在定语从句中做地点状语,所以填where。
3.We have entered int an age 　　　　　　dreams have the best chance f cming true.(2019·江苏,单项填空) when　句意:我们已经进入一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。分析句子结构可知,定语从句结构完整,只缺少状语,根据先行词age可知,此处用when引导定语从句。4.I think it’s helpful t put up sme bards alng the turist attractins 　　　　　turists can leave messages.(2018·河北石家庄检测一) where　分析句子结构可知,该句为定语从句,先行词为bards,关系词在从句中做地点状语,故填where。
5.Tw f the mst interesting peple I met were tw elderly sisters, Jan and Bernice,　　　　　 way f talking abut peple inspired me.(2018·安徽师大附中高三阶段性测试) whse　先行词是Jan and Bernice,关系词在从句中做定语,故填whse。6.Recently,I thught abut the benefits 　　　　　　reading culd bring us.(2017·河南郑州高中毕业年级第三次质量预测) that/which　that/which引导定语从句,在从句中做宾语,该从句修饰the benefits。7.　　　　　　 smene nce said,“Art is life.” As　As引导非限制性定语从句,句意为“正如某人说过的”。故填As。
8.He is a famus architect 　　　　　　designs wn an internatinal award last year. whse　分析句子结构可知,这是一个含有定语从句的复合句,定语从句的引导词在从句中做定语,修饰designs,意为“……的”,故填whse。9.This is Mary,　　　　　　is taking ver my jb when I leave. wh　先行词是Mary,指人,从句中缺少主语。故填wh。10.Summer is the time 　　　　　　peple enjy warm weather. when　分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为the time,关系词在定语从句中做时间状语,故用关系副词when。
11.I’m lking at the phtgraph 　　　　　　yu sent me with yur letter. that/which　先行词是物phtgraph,且在从句中做宾语,故填that或which。12.He paid the by $10 fr washing ten windws,mst 　　　hadn’t been cleaned fr at least a year. f which　which的先行词是windws,windws在从句中当介词f的宾语,介词后面不能用关系代词that,故填f which。
Ⅱ.单句改错1.There wuld be many activities during the English Week,ne f them is the English Calligraphy Shw.(2019·湖北四地七校联考)them→which或在ne前加and　关系词在非限制性定语从句中做介词f的宾语,所以把them改为which。也可在ne前加and构成并列句。2.We agreed that it wuld be decided by my dad,whm didn’t return hme frm wrk.(2019·河南中原名校质量考评)whm→wh　句中的先行词为my dad,关系词在非限制性定语从句中做主语,故用关系词wh。
3.My father,a scientist,wrks t save rare birds,sme f that are really clever and can even say sme wrds.(2019·辽宁葫芦岛协作校联考)that→which　此处为“代词+f+关系代词”引导的定语从句,that不能引导非限制性定语从句。4.I actually kept the light n in my bedrm the whle night,that finally put me at ease.(2019·河南信阳模拟)that→which　关系词在非限制性定语从句中做主语,所以用which。5.Being afraid f expressing myself was ne f the reasns when I rarely did well in schl.(2019·广东 “六校联盟”联考)when→why　先行词是reasns,关系词做原因状语,所以用why。
6.My first step is t set small targets what can be reached realistically. (2017·广东广州普通高中毕业班综合测试)what→which/that　该句为含有定语从句的复合句,句中small targets为先行词,关系词在从句中做主语,故用which或that。7.The shelter,where is designed fr thusands f traders and shppers,has becme an attractin itself.(2018·河南河北七所名校联考)where→which　先行词是shelter,空处引导非限制性定语从句,且在从句中做主语,故把where改为which。
8.He wrte many children’s bks,nearly half f them were published in the 1990s.them→which　句意:他写了很多本儿童读物,其中将近一半是于20世纪90年代出版的。此处是“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为bks,指物,故把them改为which。9.The results f the experiment prved t be very gd,that was mre than we expected.that→which　句意:实验的结果证明很好,这远远超出我们的预期。题干中的逗号前是主句,逗号后是非限制性定语从句,that不能引导非限制性定语从句,因此要把that改为which。which表示主句造成的结果,代表主句的内容。
10.It is knwn t all,the Internet is playing an imprtant part in ur daily life.(2018·湖南师大附中第三次月考)It→As　逗号前为定语从句,所以要用关系词引导;It是指示代词,不能起到连接的作用;又因这个定语从句在先行词前,结合语境可知只能用As,在句首要大写。
Ⅲ.短文改错Hi Eva,Srry that I haven’t been in the tuch fr a while.But I catch a cld last week,and I’ve been in bed fr fur day.I’m feeling better tday.Lucky my classes wn’t start till next week.I have gd news.I’m ging t a cnference in yu twn in May,frm 16th t 20th.Culd yu recmmend a htel where is in the centre f the twn?It needs t be smewhere nt t expensive because the tight budget.I’ll have a freely half day fr sightseeing.D yu think yu can shwed me arund?Lking frward t hear frm yu sn.Chris
1.删除the　be in tuch为固定搭配,意为“联系”,不用冠词。2.catch→caught　根据该句中的last week可知,该处叙述的是过去发生的事,故用一般过去时,应将catch改为caught。3.day→days　根据该句中的fur可知,后面的名词应用复数。4.Lucky→Luckily　分析该句结构可知,此处应用副词修饰整个句子做状语。5.yu→yur　根据该句中的名词twn可知,应用形容词性物主代词,故用yur。6.where→that/which　分析句子结构可知,该句为含有定语从句的复合句,先行词为htel,在从句中做主语,故用that或which引导定语从句。7.because后加f　根据名词短语“the tight budget”可以判断,此处应用固定短语because f,意为“因为,由于”。because后跟句子。