2022年高考英语语法--定语从句讲解和练习学案

2022年高考英语语法知识点梳理

定语从句详解

在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ，

如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.

2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，

如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.

3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语 ，

如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?

4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：

The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.

The river which is in front of my house is very clean.

This is the pen which you want.

注意 ：

(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person whom we must take good care of.

(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost

my bag, which I like very much.

(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。

5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：

The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.

注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。

(1)先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：

All that we have to do is to practise English.

(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如

The first letter that I got from him will be kept.

(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如

I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.

(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如

He is the only person that I want to talk with.

(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:

They talked about persons and things that they met.

(6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the

class?

6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:

I don't know the reason why he was late.

This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.

I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.

注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)

7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。

(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.

8．如何简化定语从句

（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:

My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.

→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。

This is a book that is worth reading.

→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。

（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。

The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.

→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.

站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。

I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.

当时我看到那房子在燃烧。

（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。

I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。

She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。

（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。

He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。

The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。

（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。

I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.

我记不得他说的话。

【典型例题解析】

例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought.

A. which B. what C. that D. as

解析 先行词 book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。

例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.

A. when B. in which C. that D. for which

解析 本题指时间，故选 A。

例 3 The book______ is sold out at the moment.

A. you need B. what you need

C. which you need it D. that you need it

解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触 ， 故选 A。

例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

解析 本题指地点，故选 C。

例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.

A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is

解析 本题中 who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。

【选讲例题】

例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.

A. whom B. that C. which D. who is

解析 非限制性定语从句中 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom.故选A。

例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English.

A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose

解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。

只能使用that的情况

关系代词that和which都可以引导定语从句，他们所代替的先行词都是事物的名词或代词。我们知道which引导的定语从句在句子中作主语、宾语和表语，that引导的定语从句在句子中也可以作主语、宾语或表语。但是关系代词that和which引导的定语从句还是有所区别的，小编总结出一下四种类型的定语从句只能用that引导。

第一、当先行词是不定代词时，如all，much，something，anything，everything，little，none等词时，定语从句引导词多为that

例1：Tell me everything that you know about it.把你知道的都告诉我。

第二、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或由下面词汇修饰时，应该用that

这些词分别是：first，the only，last，any，few，same，no，some

例2：To face fear is the only method that really works.去面对恐惧是唯一真正行之有效的方法。先行词method由the only修饰，所以应该用that；

例3：The present moment is the best gift that you can give yourself。当前的时光是你能给自己的最好礼物。先行词gift由最高级best修饰，此时应该用that；

第三、当关系代词在限定性从句中用作表语的时候，需要用that

例4：He is not the simple-minded man that he was five years ago.他不再是五年前那个头脑简单的人了。

第四、当并列的两个先行词分别指人或物的时候，需要用that

例5：He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.

他看着车上的孩子和包裹。

以上四种是我们经常遇到的只能用that引导的定语从句种类，当然，关系代词that有的时候可以省略，有的时候必须保留。首先，如果that的先行词是all，nobody，no one，someone，somebody等不定代词时，that往往可以省略；其次，当先行词是最高级形式时，that也可以省略；最后，关系代词that在定语从句中作宾语时，that也可以省略。但是，that在定语从句中作主语的时候，则不可以省略。

实例练习

1、Once they had fame，fortune，secure futures；____ is utter poverty.

A. now that all is left B. now all that is left

C. now all which is left D.now all what is left

2、I have never taken anything ____ didn't belong to me.

A. what B. who

C.that D. it

答案

1、先行词为all，所有只能用that，排除C,D，that引导一个从句修饰限定all,要放在all的后面,所以A错，选B

2、先行词为不定代词anything，所以应该用关系代词that引导，选C

做题技巧解析

请看下面这道定语从句考题：

In fact the man didn’t understand the three questions __________ were asked in French.

A. where B. who C. in which D. which

此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。

考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：

1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。

2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。

3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。

4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。

5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。

6. 在“介词＋which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。

习题检测

1.The building__________we built last year is very tall.

A.where B.when C.which D.why

2.There are no children______love their parents.

A.that do not B.who does not C.that D.who

3.Who is the man_________talked with you just now?

A.who B.that C.whom D.whose

4.That was the year_____I went to America.

A.when B.where C.that D.which

5.Look at the boy and his dog______are coming this way.

A.who B.which C.that D.whom

6.This is all________she said about it.

A.who B.whom C.what D.that

7.Tom is the first boy_______left the room.

A.who B.that C.whom D.whose

8.Look at that lady________name is Pochi.

A.who B.whose C.whom D.that

9. That was all the money__________I had.

A.which B.that C.whose D.whom

10. The thing_______she wasn’t sure was that she failed in this exam.

A.that B.which C.about which D.in which

11.This is just the coat_________she wants to buy.

A.that B.what C.which D.the one.

Key: CAAAC  DBBBC  A