8 冠词和数词-2020-2021学年高中英语语法记忆框架版（精编）

冠词和数词一．    定义 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用，只能附着在一个名词上帮助说明其意义，它没有数和格的变化。 二．    冠词的分类            a 不定冠词            an定冠词      the 零冠词    不使用冠词 三．不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time, make a living, come to an end7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 9用在某些物质名词前表示“一种、“一阵、一份、一场”等We had a heavy rain last night.a coffee; a tea;10不定冠词用于抽象名词前，表示抽象名词具体化The girl is a great help to her mother.a surprise, a success, a concern11用在地名、国名、专有名词前，表示某时的情况或某种样子You will see a stronger China in the near future.12序数词表示“再一，又一”的意思时，用不定冠词。She has called on the president a third time but hasn’t seen him once yet.13a/an + 形容词最高级，表“非常”That’s a most interesting film.14 a/an+形容词比较级连用,表泛指I couldn’t have a colder day this winter.I know they would have a better life here.15a用在首字母发辅音的单词或字母前， an 用在首字母发元音的单词或字母前。a useful tool; a European；a university; a “u”an a/e/f/l/m/n/o/r/s/x;  an hour; an honest man, an unusual place  四．定冠词的用法：1用在单数名词前表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the rich, the living, the wounded6用在姓氏的复数形式前表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词,形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派，某些组织机构，报纸，杂志等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French， the Pacific Ocean9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s11用于由普通名词构成的专有名词前the United Nations, the White House12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.The window faces to the south.13当only, main, same修饰名词时，前面也要用定冠词The same causes produce the same effects.14用在表示具体单位的名词前，若是抽象的单位名词，则不需要定冠词They are paid by the week/ the hour.He hired the car by time.固定搭配：in the day                           in the morning / afternoon/ evening         the day before tomorrow/ yesterday      the next morning / week/ month/ year         in the sky/ water/ field/ country          in the dark         in the rain                   in the distance         in the middle (of)                     in the end         on the whole                         by the way         go to the theatre (cinema)五. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名和nature (自然),space 等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air, the beauty of nature, in space2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one.  Whose purse is this?3表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.4在称呼语中Poor fellow!  Professor Li, a scientist from China….5学科，球类，棋类、牌类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 月份，星期，节假日前, 但其前有修饰词时可用a/anMarch, Sunday, National Day, spring,They met in a warm May/on a cold Saturday.        9在倒装的让步状语从句中，放在句首的名词前不用不定冠词Child as Jim is, he could not have done such a thing.10表示一日三餐的名词前一般不用定冠词。但若要确定指某一次早中晚餐则用定冠词，表示“一种”时 或名词前有形容词时，可用不定冠词。 Lunch is ready.The breakfast was well cooked.It’s a delicious supper.11表示颜色的名词前一般不用定冠词Red is my favorite.12表示语言的名词前一般不用定冠词Tom can speak Chinese.但the English language13用作同位语或主语补足语以说明身份、职位、头衔或表示某种抽象概念等的名词前一般不用定冠词He is son to my neighbour.Obama, president of America, will pay a visit to China.I’m Lihua, a student from China.14职位或头衔名称作表语时不用冠词，表示某一单位内独一无二的职务或正职，若用不定冠词，则含有“其中之一”的含义He is dean of the department.（正主任或唯一的一个主任）He is a dean of the department.（正副主任中的一个）15表示家人的名词前可以不用定冠词，但该名词的第一个字母要大些Where has Father gone?She went downtown together with Aunt.16一年四季前不用the；特指时必须加the，季节前有修饰词时可用a/anIt is very cold in winter in this part of China.We met for the first time in the winter of 1998.They met in a warm winter. 17society作“社会”解时，如果泛指一般的社会，前不用定冠词；如果表示特定的某个社会，要用定冠词A thief is a danger to society.The society of the Greeks was based on freedom.18turn (变成) 后面作表语的名词前不用不定冠词a/an；当名词前有形容词修饰时，需加不定冠词He was a medical student before he turned writer.He turned a famous writer.19在a kind of，this kind of，all kinds of 等后面的名词前往往不用冠词What kind of man is he？20在含有day 的节日、假日前，不用冠词。在含有festival 的节日前，须加冠词theChildren’s Day儿童节　Women’s Day妇女节National Day 国庆节 the Spring Festival春节，the Mid­ autumn Festival 中秋节21有些人兼多个身份，第一名词前加冠词，其他不再加，但如指不同则加冠词a worker and writer    工人兼作家a worker and a writer   一个工人和一个作家22泛指人类或男女 Man is not always stronger than woman. Man must make the earth support more people. 在某些词组中，用冠词与不用冠词，含义有所不同。如：go to school  上学　    go to the school  到学校去in hospital  因病住院　   in the hospital  在医院里in front of  在……的前面　 in the front of  在……的前部out of question 不成问题　   out of the question 根本不可能take place  发生，举行　  take the place of  代替in charge of  负责，管理　  in the charge of  在……的掌管之下 六. 冠词位置                     a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后不定冠词常位于          b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不名词或名词修饰语前。     定冠词应放在形容词之后。                        c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可                     d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.。So short a time  　　       Too long a distance rather a cold day/a rather cold dayBrave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes.Man as he is,All the students in the class went out. 数词一、基数词：表示数目的词为基数词范围特点实例 1~12 无规律one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,  eleven  13~19 以teen为结尾thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen20~90以ty结尾twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy 21~99十位与个位之间要加连字符“-”twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine, sixty-five, 101~999 百位与十位之间通常用and three hundred and twenty-five (美语中常将and省略）  千以上 /6275-six thousand two hundred and seventy-five; 1200-twelve hundred  二、序数词：表示顺序的数词为序数词范 围   特  点     实  例 1～19 各基数词尾加 th其中七例外：first, second ,third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth其中，如：four-forth, six-sixth, nineteen-nineteenth20,30～90把y变i后加ethtwentieth, fortieth, ninetieth21以后多位数最后一个数用序数词，基数词21st-twenty-first, 110th-one hundred and tenth  三、数词的用法：.英语中年月日、点钟、序数词、分数词、算式   列表:2001.6.30June30,2001;30th June20017:25Seven twenty-five; twenty-five past seven 12:54twelve fifty four; six to one 9:15nine fifteen; a quarter past nine2:30two thirty; half past two 21:50twenty-one fifty; 9:50p.m.第21twenty-first第123One hundred and twenty-third     1/2; 1/3a half / one half; one third     2 2/5two and two-fifths(分子大于一，分母用复数)20%20 per cent; 20 percent第七路公共汽车Bus Number Seven 第201房间Room201人民路153号153 Renmin Road第8幢 Building (No.)8邮政编码537200 Postcode5372001.8 one point eight表示“…..十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代 He is in his early forties. (41-44) This took place in the 1940s（=1940’s）.编号   名+基数词      the+序数词+名词 Grade One; the first Grade; World-WarⅠ, the First World War   月份一月 January （Jan.）    二月 February （Feb.）
三月 March （Mar.）   四月 April （Apr.）
五月 May （May.）    六月 June （Jun.）
七月 July （July）      八月 August （Aug.）
九月 September （Sep.） 十月 October （Oct.）
十一月 November（Nov.）十二月 December（Dec.）温度 20℃twenty degree centigrade长宽高2米长   two meters long = two meters in length3英尺高 three feet high= three feet in height4英寸宽 four inches wide = four inches in width 四.数词的功能 主语Thirty of them are Party members.宾语Please pass me the second.定语The nine boys are from Tianjin.  The ninth boy is from Tianjin.表语Six plus four is ten.同位语（只限基数词）We four will go with you. 五．half 的用法 half 的表达half the money, half my income;They talked half an hour.一个半的表达one and a half hours;      an hour and a half用作名词Half was damaged.       Don’t do things by halves.    六．hundred, thousand, million用法（只修饰可数名词） 表示不确定的泛指数时，不仅要加复数词尾-s, 而且要后接介词 of, 然后才能接名词。Thousands of students entered the contest. Millions of people died in the war.与具体数字连用时，通常不加复数词尾-s, 也不后接介词 ofTwo hundred (thousand) students went there. About three million workers were on strike.当这些词后面的名词有了 the, these, those等特指限定词修饰时，或其后的接的是 us, them 这样的人称代词时，则此时必须用介词 of。 three hundred of the /my/those students two thousand of them当这些词与 a few,  several, many 等数目不很具体的词连用时，带不带复数词尾 -s 均可，但是注意：若不带复数词 -s,  其后的介词 of 可以省略；若带复数词尾-s, 则其后介词 of 不能省略。some hundred persons    大约一百人some hundreds of persons 几百人There I saw several hundred foreign guests.There I saw several hundred(s) of foreign guests. 七．dozen和score的用法（只修饰可数名词）  dozen1) two(three, four, five) dozen books2) two dozen of the/my/those books                       3) dozens of books score1) a (two, three, four) score of books          2) two score of the /my/those books3) scores of books 八．倍数的表达 形容词或副词的比较级＋than＋B   表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍A+ 倍数   as+ 形容词或副词的原级＋as＋B      表示“A是B的多少倍the size/height/length/width, etc.＋of＋B  表示“A是B的多少倍   Asia is four times as large as Europe.
＝Asia is four times the size of Europe.
＝Asia is three times larger than Europe.
＝The size of Asia is four times that of Europe.  亚洲是欧洲的四倍大(比欧洲大三倍)。  九．表示数量概念修饰词的用法  修饰可数名词复数a great/large/small number ofa great/good many; many; many a(修饰单数可数名词)quite a fewdozens of; scores of; hundreds of; 修饰不可数名词a great deal ofa great/large amount of much 修饰可数名词或不可数名词a lot of; lots of a great/large quantity ofmasses ofplenty of 十．约数表示法   大约某数nearlyShe is nearly fifty now.almostIt’s almost three o’clock.up toUp to ten men can sleep in this tent.or soThe distance is twenty miles or so.aboutI visited that village about three years ago.someTheir team has some four or five players.more or lessThe container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.around/roundLet’s make it round/around eight o’clock.大于某数more thanHe has lived here for more than twenty years.overShe is over fifty.小于某数less thanI have less than (not more than) fifty dollars.underChildren under seven are not allowed to enter.belowHe would not sell it for below a hundred fifty-dollars.其他一两天One or two days = a day or two两三天/周/个苹果A couple of days/weeks/apples