高考英语实用复习一句子成分和简单句五种基本句型优质课件PPT
展开精彩纷呈的8大句子成分
一、主语——动作的发出者或描述说明的对象
在句子中,主语是谓语所表示的动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后;祈使句通常省略主语yu。能够充当主语的有:名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和主语从句等。
New members will receive extra guidance n Saturday mrnings frm 9:00 am t 11:00 am. (2017·全国卷Ⅲ·书面表达)每周六上午9点到11点新成员将会得到额外的指导。(名词短语作主语)Mastering a freign language will be f great help in ur life.掌握一门外语对我们的生活非常有帮助。(动名词短语作主语)Where the English evening will be held has nt yet been annunced.英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有被宣布。(从句作主语)
二、谓语——主语的动作或具有的特征和状态
谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every mrning.他每天早晨练习跑步。(动词作谓语)When he gt up at 7:00 am,a big plan ccurred t him.他早上七点起床时,脑海里突然有了个大计划。(动词短语作谓语)
2.复合谓语(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
In this exhibitin,yu can see papercutting with all kinds f patterns.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)在这次展览中,你可以看到各式各样的剪纸。(“情态动词+实义动词”作谓语)It will start frm June 15th and last fr three weeks.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)(摄影展)将于六月十五日开始,持续三周。(“助动词+实义动词”作谓语)
(2)由系动词加表语构成。
Yur art skills are excellent and admirable,which leaves me a deep impressin.(2016·天津卷·书面表达)你的艺术技能非常优秀、令人赞赏,这给我留下了深刻的印象。(系表结构作谓语)
三、宾语——动作的对象或承受者
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词的后面。可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和宾语从句等。宾语的构成如下:1.单宾语
I've already written the applicatin and persnal resume.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)我已经写了申请书和个人简历。(名词短语作宾语)I managed t persuade my classmates int accepting my idea.(2015·浙江卷·书面表达)我设法说服我的同学们接受我的想法。(不定式作宾语)
2.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
She rdered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。(herself为间接宾语;a new dress为直接宾语)
3.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
Dctrs ften advise us t pay mre attentin t ur diets.医生经常建议我们多注意饮食。(us为宾语;t pay mre attentin t ur diets 为宾语补足语)
四、表语——主语的身份、特征或状态
表语一般位于系动词之后,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。可以用作表语的有:名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。
Papercutting is a traditinal art frm in China.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·书面表达)剪纸是一种中国传统艺术形式。(名词短语作表语)He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。(形容词作表语)
五、定语——名词或代词的修饰语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用“· · · · · · ·的”表示。单个单词作定语通常位于被修饰的成分前,而短语或从句作定语时,则要放在被修饰的成分之后。 可以用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等。
The little by needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。(形容词作定语)Athletes frm ur schl team have wn many gld medals f table tennis cntests in recent years.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ·书面表达)最近几年我们校队的运动员赢得了很多乒乓球比赛的金牌。(介词短语作定语 )The by wh is reading needs the pen which yu bught yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作定语 )The temperature tday is -8 ℃,s yu'd better put n mre clthes.今天的气温是零下八摄氏度,因此你最好多穿些衣服。(副词作定语)
六、状语——动词、形容词、副词或句子的修饰语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:状语通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句首或句尾。 可以用作状语的有:副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等。
Actually I am very fnd f Tang pems.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ·书面表达)实际上我非常喜欢唐诗。(副词作状语修饰全句)The by needs very much the pen bught by his mther.男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置)T make his dream cme true,Tm becmes very interested in business.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣。(不定式作状语修饰全句)
七、补足语——宾语或主语的补充说明
在主动语态的句子中,一些及物动词的宾语需要在其后加上一个补足语,对其作进一步补充说明,这样意思才能够完整和明确,该补足语叫做宾语补足语,宾语及其补足语一起构成复合宾语,二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。在被动语态中补充说明主语的成分叫做主语补足语。能够充当补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。
We'll try ur best t make ur cuntry mre and mre beautiful.我们将尽全力使我们的国家越来越美丽。(形容词作宾补)T his surprise,Jack fund his sn dressed as Santa Claus n Christmas Eve.使杰克惊讶的是,他发现儿子在圣诞节前夜被装扮成了圣诞老人。(过去分词短语作宾补)We were warned nt t cheat again r she wuld tell ur parents.我们被警告不要再一次作弊,否则她会通知我们的父母。(不定式作主补)
八、同位语——名词或代词的解释说明
同位语是一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明。可以用作同位语的有:名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。
We students shuld study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。(students是we的同位语,都是指学生)The thught came t him that Mary had prbably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。(同位语从句作同位语,解释说明thught)
各具特色的五种基本句型
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句式及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句式,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。五种基本句式如下:1.S V(主+谓)2.S V P(主+系+表)3.S V O(主+谓+宾)4.S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)5.S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句式一:S V(主+谓)
该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为:句子的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语),能表达完整的意思,但可以加副词、介词短语、动词不定式等作状语。
We │will learn│ frm 8:00 am t 10:00 am. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ·书面表达)我们将要从上午8点至10点学习。In rder t keep fit,we │shuld exercise│ regularly.为了保持健康,我们应该经常锻炼。
基本句式二:S V P(主+系+表)
该句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样,谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词),表语多为形容词,也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。系动词亦称连系动词。作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后面必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词的分类如下:
1.状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。He │is│ a teacher.他是一名教师。2.持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay等。This matter │remains│ a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3.表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem,appear,lk等。He │seems│ (t be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。
4.感官系动词感官系动词主要有lk,feel,smell,sund,taste等。This kind f clth │feels│ very sft.这种布手感很软。5.变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有becme,grw,turn,fall,get,g等。She │grew│ rich within a shrt time.她没多长时间就变富了。6.终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prve,turn ut,表达“证实”,“变成”之意。His plan │turned ut│ a success.他的计划终于成功了。
基本句式三:S V O(主+谓+宾)
该句型的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实际意义,都是主语发出的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟上一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。有些不及物动词后加介词构成及物动词短语后可以接宾语,构成主谓宾结构。
He │has refused│ t help them.他拒绝帮助他们。He │admitted│ that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。As an utging girl,I │get alng well with│ my classmates.作为一个外向的女孩,我和同学们相处得很好。
基本句式四:S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;另一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。 一般的顺序为:动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。
I │shwed│ him│ my pictures.我给他看了我的照片。She │cked│her husband│a delicius meal.她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。He │taught│me│ hw t run the machine.他教我如何开机器。
基本句式五:S V O C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
该句型的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补充说明宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。复合宾语有以下几种形式:
1.名词/代词宾格+名词The war │made│him│ a sldier.战争使他成为一名战士。2.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methds │make│the jb│ easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松。3.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I │ften find│him│ at wrk.我经常发现他在工作。
4.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher │asked │ the students│ t clse the windws.老师让学生们关上窗户。5.名词/代词宾格+现在分词I │saw│a cat│ running acrss the rad.我看见一只猫正跑过马路。6.名词/代词宾格+过去分词I │saw│the by│ taken away by tw men.我看到这个男孩被两个人带走了。
Ⅰ. 按要求找出下列句中的句子成分并写在横线上
1.Yu must pay gd attentin t yur prnunciatin.宾语_____________2.Mr Li is ging t teach us histry next term.直接宾语_____________ ; 间接宾语_____________3.Sn they all became interested in the subject.表语_____________4.The man dwnstairs was trying t sleep.定语_____________5.The man n the mtrbike was travelling t fast.定语_____________
yur prnunciatin
n the mtrbike
6.She likes the children t read newspapers and bks in the readingrm. 宾语补足语_____________7.Yu will find it useful after yu leave schl.宾语补足语_____________8.Every night he heard the nise upstairs.状语_____________9.I am afraid that if yu've lst it,yu must pay fr it.状语_____________10.Carl,an American teacher,will cme t ur schl. 同位语_____________
t read newspapers and bks
every night
if yu've lst it
an American teacher
Ⅱ. 指出下列句子属于哪种基本句式
1.T d tday's hmewrk withut the teacher's help is very difficult.2.Tm didn't d his hmewrk yesterday.3.Did yu see Li Ming playing ftball n the playgrund just nw?4.The days get lnger and lnger when summer cmes.5.My father bught a new bike fr me last week.6.They fund the huse decrated with beautiful flwers.7.They arrived here at 10:00 yesterday mrning.8.The ld man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
A.S V (主+谓)B.S V P(主+系+表)C.S V O (主+谓+宾)D.S V O O(主+谓+间宾+直宾)E.S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
Ⅲ. 用五种基本句式翻译句子
1.在这种环境下,师生们正生活快乐,工作努力。(S V)2.在我看来,一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。(S V P)3.现在,在中学课外活动正变得越来越受欢迎。(S V P)4.最后,我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。(S V O)
In the envirnment,teachers and students are living happily and wrking hard.
In my pinin,a persn withut friends will never be happy.
Nwadays,afterclass activities are becming mre and mre ppular in high schls.
Finally,we shuld take part in sprts and utdr activities frequently.
5.同时,父母给孩子的保护太多了。(S V O O)6.事实上,他激励我在大学主修英语。 (S V O C)7.你们的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。 (S V O C)8.作为一名中学生,我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。 (S V O C)
At the same time,parents are giving their children t much prtectin.
In fact,he inspired me t majr in English in cllege.
Yur cntributin will certainly make the event a huge success.
As a middle schl student,I cnsider English a very imprtant subject.
Scientists have lng understd the key rle that ceans play in cntrlling the Earth's climate. One f the ceans' mst imprtant climate 1.________ (functin) is absrbing heat and carbn dixide (CO2),ne f the gases that cause glbal (cver) 70% f the surface f the glbe,ceans stre a thusand times mre heat than the atmsphere des. The ceans 3.________ (absrb) huge amunts f heat and CO2 in the last frty years. In fact,the ceans are saving us 4.________ faster climate change—they are putting a brake n the climate bad news is that the ceans nly slw the atmspheric warming. Once the ceans cme up against a greenhuse-gas warmed earth,the extreme heat will remain in the atmsphere and things will get much 6.________ (ht).
have absrbed
Anther imprtant rle 7.________ (play) by the ceans is that f distributr. The cean's currents carry xygen,nutrients (营养物) and heat thrughut the glbe,just 8.________ bld tubes bring xygen and nutritin t cells in the human bdy. The cean distributes 25% t 50% f energy 9.________ the planet receives frm the sun. Fr example,the Gulf Stream (墨西哥湾流) carries heat acrss the Atlantic. This warm current makes nrthwestern Eurpe warmer than it wuld 10.________ (nrmal) be.
I still remember my first trip t Hainan with my parents years ag. We swam in Yalng Bay,which there were lts f peple enjying urselves. We als visited the Mnkey Island,a impressive attractin. The mnkeys f different age there were s cute that I really wanted t tuch them. But f curse I can't. We were tld befre seeing the mnkeys put everything in ur bags and nt t reach int ur pckets r bags in case the mnkeys—thinking we were getting sme gifts fr them—jumped t us and accidental hurt us. The peple there were friendly t us and the fd was delicius. And t believe me,the fresh ccnut juice there is the better juice in the wrld!I am lking frward t visit it nce mre.
accidentally
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