高考英语二轮语法专项复习-句子成分与结构

这是一份高考英语二轮语法专项复习-句子成分与结构，共9页。试卷主要包含了句子成分，用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语，用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语，选择填空等内容，欢迎下载使用。

一、句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American cuntry music has becme mre and mre ppular.（名词）
We ften speak English in class.（代词）
One-third f the students in this class are girls.（数词）
T swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smking des harm t the health.（动名词）
The rich shuld help the pr.（名词化的形容词）
When we are ging t have an English test has nt been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary t master a freign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every mrning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Yu may keep the bk fr tw weeks. He has caught a bad cld. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, becme, get, lk, grw, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher f English is an American.（名词）
Is it yurs?（代词）
The weather has turned cld.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty ne?（数词）
His jb is t teach English.（不定式）
His hbby（爱好）is playing ftball.（动名词）
The machine must be ut f rder.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is ver.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abrad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went t see an exhibitin（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me frm cming t schl n time.（代词）
Hw many dictinaries d yu have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the ld with their husewrk yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended nt t see me.（不定式短语）
I enjy listening t ppular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit fr his ffice.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me yur dictinary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their mnitr.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dngming.（名词）
They painted their bat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
Yu mustn’t frce him t lend his mney t yu.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the rm.（现在分词）
We fund everything in the lab in gd rder.（介词短语）
We will sn make ur city what yur city is nw.（从句）
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a develping cuntry; America is a develped cuntry.（分词）
There are thirty wmen teachers is ur schl.（名词）
His rapid prgress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our mnitr is always the first t enter the classrm.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan fr next term has been wrked ut.（动名词）
He is reading an article abut hw t learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels mst quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city fr ten years.（介词短语）
He is prud t have passed the natinal cllege entrance examinatin.（不定式短语）
He is in the rm making a mdel plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once yu begin, yu must cntinue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
Hw abut meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t g t the dance party because f the rain.（原因状语）
I shall g there if it desn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives n the third flr.（地点状语）
She put the eggs int the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictinary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In rder t catch up with the thers, I must wrk harder.（目的状语）
He was s tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She wrks very hard thugh she is ld.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
练习一
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students gt n the schl bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer yur questin after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting tgether early in the mrning.
6. His jb is t train swimmers.
7. He tk many phts f the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is ging t be an American film tnight.
9. He is t leave fr Shanghai tmrrw.
10. His wish is t becme a scientist.
11. He managed t finish the wrk in time.
12. Tm came t ask me fr advice.
13. He fund it imprtant t master English.
14. D yu have anything else t say?
15. T be hnest; yur prnunciatin is nt s gd.
16. Wuld yu please tell me yur address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is ur duty t keep ur classrm clean and tidy.
19. He nticed a man enter the rm.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：
I hpe yu are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right nw it is the summer vacatin and I'm helping my Dad n the farm. August is the httest mnth here. It is the time f year fr the rice harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark. Smetimes we g n wrking after dark by the lights f ur tractrs. We grw rice in the suth f the States, but in the nrth where it is clder they grw wheat. We have a lt f machines n the farm. Althugh the farm is large, my Dad has nly tw men wrking fr him. But he emplys mre men fr the harvest. My brther takes care f the vegetable garden. It desn't ften rain in the summer here. As a result, we have t water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water frm a well. It then runs alng channels t different parts f the garden.
三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：
Mst Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties ften make us very happy. We ck meat n an pen fire utside. It's great! Americans eat a lt f meat — t much in my pinin. Sme f my friends drink beer. I dn't, because I have t drive hme after the party. In yur letter yu asked abut the time in different areas f the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are furteen hurs behind Beijing time. Hw many different time areas d yu have in China? Well, I must stp and get sme sleep. Please give my best regards t yur parents.
四、选择填空：
( )1. ____ will leave fr Beijing.
A. Nw there the man B. The man here nw
C. The man wh is here nw D. The man is here nw
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cld B. is wet and cldC. nt wet and cldD. were wet and cld
( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 4. He gt up ____ yesterday mrning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. The actr ______at the age f 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ were all very tired, but nne f ____ wuld stp t take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, ur D. We, we
( )7. He fund the street much ______.
A. crwd B. crwding C. crwded D. crwdedly
( ) 8.I think_____necessary t learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
( ) 9. The dg____ mad.
A. lks B. is lked C. is being lked D. was lked
( )10.I will never frget the day ______ I jined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years ld; She didn’t hear f yu befre.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：D they like skating? Hw ld is he? Is he six r seven years ld? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, bys; Dn’t talk in class
4）感叹句：Hw clever the by is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He ften reads English in the mrning.
Tm and Mike are American bys.
She likes drawing and ften draws pictures fr the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, r等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. Yu help him and he helps yu.
The future is bright; the rad is trtuus. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The freign visitrs tk a lt f pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We wrk.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bught a dictinary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bught me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tm made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
（三）并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, nt nly…but als…, neither…nr…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is Jhn.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有r, either…r…, therwise等。e.g. Hurry up, r yu’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, hwever, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way f making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有s, fr, therefre等。e.g. August is the time f the year fr rive harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark.
（四）高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, r, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。
如：We will g uting if it desn’t rain tmrrw。
练习二、简单句、并列句和复合句
一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We ften study Chinese histry n Friday afternn.
2. The by wh ffered me his seat is called Tm.
3. There is a chair in this rm, isn’t there?
4. My brther and I g t schl at half past seven in the mrning and cme back hme at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Tw.
6. He was fnd f drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nr will he d s.
8. What he said at the meeting is very imprtant, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is shwing the by hw t plant a tree.
10. Bth Tm and Jack enjy cuntry music.
二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
I hpe yu are very well（）.
I'm fine, but tired（）.
Right nw it is the summer vacatin and I'm helping my Dad n the farm（）.
August is the httest mnth here（）.
It is the time f year fr the rice harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark.（）
Smetimes we g n wrking after dark by the lights f ur tractrs（）.
We grw rice in the suth f the States, but in the nrth where it is clder they grw wheat（）.
We have a lt f machines n the farm（）.
Althugh the farm is large, my Dad has nly tw men wrking fr him（）.
But he emplys mre men fr the harvest（）.
My brther takes care f the vegetable garden（）.
It desn't ften rain in the summer here（）.
As a result, we have t water the vegetable garden（）.
Every evening we pump water frm a well（）.
It then runs alng channels t different parts f the garden（）.
Mst Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（）.
These parties ften make us very happy（）.
We ck meat n an pen fire utside（）.
It's great（）!
Americans eat a lt f meat — t much in my pinin（）.
Sme f my friends drink beer（）.
I dn't, because I have t drive hme after the party（）.
In yur letter yu asked abut the time in different areas f the States（）.
There are five different time areas in the States（）.
In my state we are furteen hurs behind Beijing time（）.
Hw many different time areas d yu have in China（）?
Well, I must stp and get sme sleep（）.
Please give my best regards t yur parents（）.
三、选择填空：
1. Give me ne mre minute ____ I’ll be able t finish it.
A. andB. rC. ifD. s
2. It’s the third time that Jhn has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t heB. isn’t he C. isn’t itD. hasn’t it
3. ____ jyful he was t meet his brther again!
A. HwB. WhatC. What aD. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t weB. shall weC. wn’t weD. will yu
5. I suppse he’s serius, ____ ?
A. d IB. dn’t IC. is heD. isn’t he
6. Yu had better nt smke here, ____?
A. will yuB. had yuC. shall yuD. have yu
7. Train as hard as yu can ____ yu’ll win the swimming cmpetitin.
A. thenB. butC. andD. r
8. I’m srry t have t say this, ____ yu frgt t turn ff the lights when yu left the rm last night.
A. andB. butC. sD. because
9. Jhn has nt yet passed the driving test, and ____.
A. Henry hasn’t t B. Henry als has nt either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry
10. There are many sprts lvers in his ffice. Sme lve climbing, ____ thers enjy swimming.
A. rB. frC. whileD. s
11. ---- D yu feel like ging ut ____ wuld yu rather have dinner at hme?
---- I’d like t g ut.A. rB. andC. butD. s
12. ---- “____ is the temperature tday?”----“It’s 38 degrees.”
A. WhichB. Hw C. Hw htD. Hw high
13. ---- Yur uncle isn’t an engineer, is he?---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’tB. N, he isn’tC. N, he isD. He is
14. ____ friendly ____ t everyne!
A. Hw, is sheB. What, is sheC. Hw, she isD. What, she is
15. Mary went t bed early, ____ she felt very tired.
A. rB. sC. frD. yet
16. Mther ____ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. was makingB. makesC. is makingD. made
17. He lay in bed ____ read smething brrwed frm library.
A. butB. andC. rD. yet
18. ---- I’d really like sme lunch but I have s much wrk t d.
---- ____ what yu want and I can get it fr yu.
A. Tell meB. If yu wuld say t meC. Yu will tell meD. If yu tell me
19. As he is strng, ____ can lift ne hundred punds.
A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he
20. ---- I thught yu had an umbrella.---- I had, ____ I’ve lst it.
A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. s
21. ____ dwn the radi ---- the baby’s asleep in the next rm.
A. Turning B. T turnC. Turned D. Turn
22. ---- I dn’t like chicken ____ fish.---- I dn’t like chicken ____ I like fish very much.
A. and, andB. and, butC. r, andD. r, but
23. ---- Wuld yu like t cme t dinner tnight?---- I’d like t, ____ I’m t busy.
A. andB. sC. asD. but
24. Wuld yu like a cup f cffee ____ shall we get dwn t business right away?
A. andB. then C. rD. therwise
25. She set ut sn after dark ____ hme an hur later.
A. arrivingB. t arriveC. having arrivedD. and arrived
26. “Can’t yu read?” Mary said ____ t the ntice.
A. angrily pintingB. and pint angrilyC. angrily pintedD. and angrily pinted
27. She thught I was talking abut her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking abut my daughter.
A. whmB. whereC. whichD. while
28. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can d.
A. When leftB. LeavingC. If yu leaveD. Leave
29. ---- Alice, yu feed the bird tday, ____?---- But I fed it yesterday.
A. d yuB. will yuC. didn’t yuD. dn’t yu
30. ____ him and then try t cpy what he des.
A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch

四、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares t tell the truth.（改为否定句）
2. They have lived here fr mre than ten years.（对画线部分提问）
3. There will be a sprts meet at the end f this mnth, ____________?（完成反意疑问）
4. Yu must be careful with yur prnunciatin.（改为祈使句）
5. They went fr a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)
6. It is an interesting stry.（改为感叹句）
7. This magazine cmes ut（出版）every ther week.（对画线部分提问）
8. They culd hardly believe his wrds, ____________?（完成反意疑问）
9. The mn is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）
10.Our English teacher is always encuraging us t speak English in class. （对画线部分提问）
语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句
练习一：
一、1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，状语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语
二、略
三、略
四、1~5 CBDBB 6~10 ACBAB
练习二：
一、1、简单句；2、复合句；3、简单句；4、简单句；5、并列句；6、复合句；7、并列句；8、复合句；9、简单句；10、简单句
二、
I hpe yu are very well（复合句）.
I'm fine, but tired（简单句）.
Right nw it is the summer vacatin and I'm helping my Dad n the farm（并列句）.
August is the httest mnth here（简单句）.
It is the time f year fr the rice harvest, s every day I wrk frm dawn until dark.（并列句）
Smetimes we g n wrking after dark by the lights f ur tractrs（简单句）.
We grw rice in the suth f the States, but in the nrth where it is clder they grw wheat（并列复合句）.
We have a lt f machines n the farm（简单句）.
Althugh the farm is large, my Dad has nly tw men wrking fr him（复合句）.
But he emplys mre men fr the harvest（简单句）.
My brther takes care f the vegetable garden（简单句）.
It desn't ften rain in the summer here（简单句）.
As a result, we have t water the vegetable garden（简单句）.
Every evening we pump water frm a well（简单句）.
It then runs alng channels t different parts f the garden（简单句）.
Mst Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（简单句）.
These parties ften make us very happy（简单句）.
We ck meat n an pen fire utside（简单句）.
It's great（简单句）! Americans eat a lt f meat — t much in my pinin（简单句）.
Sme f my friends drink beer（简单句）.
I dn't, because I have t drive hme after the party（复合句）.
In yur letter yu asked abut the time in different areas f the States（简单句）.
There are five different time areas in the States（简单句）.
In my state we are furteen hurs behind Beijing time（简单句）.
Hw many different time areas d yu have in China（简单句）? Well, I must stp and get sme sleep（简单句）.
Please give my best regards t yur parents（简单句）.
三、1~5 ACADD 6~10 BCBDC 11~15 ADBCC 16~20 ABADB 21~25 DDDCD 26~30 ADDBD
四、1. He desn’t dare t tell the truth. 或He dare nt tell the truth.
2. Hw lng have they lived here?
3. wn’t there
4. Be careful with yur prnunciatin.
5. Did they g fr a walk after supper yesterday evening?
6. What an interesting stry (it is)! 或Hw interesting the stry is!
7. Hw ften des this magazine cme ut?
8. culd they
9. Hw brightly the mn is shining!
10. Wh is always encuraging us t speak English in class?
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