2021年高考英语真题和模拟题分类汇编之专题16：阅读理解：说明类+答案解析

这是一份2021年高考英语真题和模拟题分类汇编之专题16：阅读理解：说明类+答案解析，共37页。

专题16 阅读理解说明类
I、2021年高考真题

（2021·新高考I卷·C篇）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】ACDA
【解析】本文为说明文，讲述了美国为了保护“水禽”颁布了一项政策，狩猎者需要购买相关水禽类邮票，然后政府把售卖所得款拨给候鸟保护基金组织。
1.细节理解题。根据题干信息North America以及decline定位到第一段：Millions of waterfowl were killed at… Millions of acres of wetlands were dried… greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. 分析可知，数百万的水禽被猎人和野心过大的运动员给杀害了。而数百万英亩的湿地被开垦以喂养和容纳日益增长的人口，而这大大减少了水禽的栖息地。可知，湿地流失是导致水禽数量减少的原因。 故选A。
2.词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. 根据Unfortunately（不幸地是）可知，此处与前文 "taken care of" 形成对比，故此处应表示 "损害、毁坏" 。原文译为：不幸地是，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选C。
3.推理判断题。根据题干信息in 1934定位到第二、三段。分析可知，第二段是在说明在颁布了这个法令之后，16岁或者超过16岁以上的水禽捕猎者必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭票，而第三段则提及了大约98%的鸭子邮票的钱都是直接被用于购买保护湿地。 因此D选项, 政府可以筹集钱，符合题意。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。根据原文分析可知，首先作者先提出了湿地的破坏导致了水禽数量的下降，而后政府则通过发行联邦鸭票筹集资金，用于保护湿地，是史上最成功的保护项目之一。因此A选项，联邦鸭票的故事符合题意。故选A。

（2021·全国甲卷·B篇）
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding（繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽）. When the tiny creature arrived on January 31. she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity（圈养）.
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day."
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the rhinos a "critically endangered" status.
1.Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A.Costly. B.Controversial. C.Ambitious. D.Successful.
2.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother.
B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition.
D.She is sensitive to heat.
3.What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A.They had their first born in January.
B.They enjoyed exploring new places.
C.They lived with their grandmothers.
D.They were brought to the reserve young.
4.What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhino section will be open to the public.
B.It aims to control the number of the animals.
C.It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D.Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】DCAD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述肯特野生动物园庆祝一只可爱的稀有动物黑犀牛幼崽的到来。
1.细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "the breeding programme " 定位在原文第一段第一句话Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino calf （犀牛幼崽） . 林普恩港保护区(Port Lympne Reserve)开展了一项繁殖计划，它迎来了一头稀有的黑犀牛犊牛的到来。所以，应该是成功的。故选D项。
2.细节理解题。根据题干关键词 "Paul Beer say" 定位在第二段他说的话，其中根据 "Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore." 显然，我们都非常高兴地欢迎另一头小牛来到我们的黑犀牛家庭。她健康，强壮，并且已经渴望玩耍和探索。可知在这个新生的小犀牛状况很好。故选C项。
3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词 "similar experience ，Solio and Kisima" 定位在原文第二段 "Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. 她的母亲，索里奥，是第一次当妈妈，她做得很好。" 和第三段 "The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. 1月5日，在林普恩港出生的第一头犀牛来到了它的第一位母亲基西马身边，体重约32公斤。" 可知Solio 和Kisima相似点都是第一次当妈妈。故选A项。
4.推理判断题。根据题干关键词 "PortLympne Reserve" 定位在原文第一段 "Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding （繁育） programme" 和第三段 "His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there. 他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里。" 可知林普恩港保护区是负责一项繁殖计划的项目，它的一些犀牛一直住在保护区，所以一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。

（2021·全国甲卷·D篇）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D.Changes in people's social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
【答案】ADAB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了天才的实质，批评了天才种族轮和性别轮，并指出其危害。
1.推理判断题。根据题干 "victors' standards for joining the genius club" 定位到第二段It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了准入标准。当俱乐部外的天才——女性、不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，也会被其他人拒绝），据此可以推断出作者认为胜利者的标准是不公平的，所以选A项。
2.推理判断题。根据题干girls from the study in Science定位到第三段A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." 《科学》杂志最近发表的一项研究发现，在6岁时，女孩比男孩更不可能说出自己性别的成员，更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们的行为都是基于这样的信念：在六岁左右，她们开始避免从事那些所谓 "非常聪明" 的孩子们的活动）。据此可推知女孩有可能被社会错误信念所影响，故选D项。
3.细节理解题。根据题干 "more geniuses known to the public" 定位最后一段In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear 在一个全球互联世界里，我们都能看到天才的出现，无论它们出现在哪里，可知更多的天才被公众所知道的原因在于改善的全球通信，故选A项。
4.主旨大意题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一个细节不能作为文章的主旨； D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细节。根据文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有 "智慧、创造力和毅力" 的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人。纵观全文可知，天成具有多样性，故选B项。

（2021·全国乙卷·B篇）
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）—only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
D.Their complex design.
2.What does the underlined word "concede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games.
B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones.
D.They are attached to their family.
4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】BACB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。当今世界上几乎所有人都有手机，但一半以上澳大利亚家庭仍然拥有座机，本文说明了出现这一现象的原因。
1.主旨大意题。根据题干信息paragraph 2，定位到文章第二段。分析可知，该段主要说明手机在澳大利亚的使用率非常高，手机使用十分普及。故选B。
2.词义猜测题。根据题干信息concede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home… Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary…。分析可知，虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的人认为座机其实并不十分必要。由此我们可以推测，这些人在说it's not necessary的时候是在承认这件事。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据题干信息Baby Boomers，定位到第四段Age is naturally a factor （因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.分析可知，84%的Baby Boomers仍用座机，而且他们可能已经用同一个座机号码50年了。由此可知，Baby Boomers仍在用座机。故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据题干信息last paragraph，定位到原文最后一段How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 。分析可知，煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶服务都离我们现在的生活比较久远，它们基本已经消失了。作者发出疑问：多久以后座机会走上煤气路灯、早晨送牛奶服务的老路呢？因此可以推测，座机有一天也会消失。选项B中的fall out of use意为开始不用、渐渐废弃，符合文意。故选B。

（2021·全国乙卷·C篇）
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called  "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, " Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】CABD
【解析】本文为说明文。讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。
1.细节理解题。由第一段最后一句可知，该艺术家创作的初衷是督促公众重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系。故选C。
2.推理判断题。第三段作者阐述了吸管由于体积小，重量轻，很难回收。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据首段… forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to… 及尾段… will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint… 可知，原文中的Von Wong希望让人们可以重新审视他们对于塑料制品的处理方式。B选项Disturbing的意思为 "令人不安的, 引起恐慌的" ，符合文意。故选B。
4.主旨大意题。本文围绕环保话题，介绍了一位叫本杰明的艺术家，试图用塑料垃圾创作雕塑作品，唤起公众对塑料垃圾的重视。故选D。

（2021·全国乙卷·D篇）
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, "That's why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street—so I can focus." His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus" appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
1.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A.It helps him concentrate.
B.It blocks out background noise.
C.It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D.It encourages face-to-face interactions.
2.Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A.Total silence. B.50 decibels.
C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels.
3.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A.Personal privacy unprotected.
B.Limited working space.
C.Restrictions on group discussion.
D.Constant interruptions.
4.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A.He's a news reporter.
B.He's an office manager.
C.He's a professional designer.
D.He's a published writer.
【答案】ACDD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，通过实验数据分析了过分办公室噪音对于办公效率的影响，但合伙办公有利于集中注意力，适量的声音有利于创新思维。
1.细节理解题。由第一段第二句"… so I can focus"可知，采访者喜欢在公用工作场所办公，是因为他可以集中精力。故选A。
2.细节理解题。由第二段"the participants in the 70 decibels group… significantly outperformed the other groups"可知，在70分贝下采访者的表现最优，说明该环境可以改善创造性思维能力。故选C。
3.推理判断题。由最后一段第二句"… can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into other's conversations while we're trying to focus"可知，开放式办公环境中，经常有其他事情分散人们的注意力。故选D。
4.推理判断题。由第一段第一句可知，作者在为自己的书接受采访，可推断他是作家。故选D。

（2021·浙江卷·C篇）
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像） of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish hetween the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study anthor Corsin Muller.  "Instead, our results suggest that the surcessful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ” and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can           .
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry
D.communicate with each other
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.
【答案】BCB
【解析】 本文是一篇科普类说明文，实验研究表明，狗能够辨别人类的不同的面部的高兴还是愤怒表情。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段第二句 "Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study." 可知，狗能够分辨开心的表情和不开心的表情，故选B。
2 .推断题。根据第二段第三句 "The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training." 可知，训练时和测试时使用的人脸照片完全不同，故选C。
3.主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段可知，狗为何能够识别人的表情的原因不明，紧接着给出了最可能的解释：可能是狗长期与人类生活，所以练就了识别人类表情的能力，故选B。
II、2021年高考模拟试题

（2021·诸暨市5月模拟·阅读理解B篇）
The great thing about libraries is that they house all types of books---from mysteries to biography and dramas---all in one location. The bad thing about libraries is that they house all types of books in one location, and if it’s a location you cannot get to, you are out of luck. Now, mobile library solutions are appearing quickly around the country to bring books to people who need them.
A few years ago, when the Little Free Libraries Movement kicked off, more people of all ages could have access to books. Now, more than 1,5000 free book stands can be found across the globe, bringing books to unexpected places. But many folks are simply not in a position to get to the places where the books are. Bookmobile buses are a good solution, but they can be expensive to fund and to operate.
Books on Bikes programs are popping up in areas where there is a strong bike culture, in some regions like Seattle, or a strong need to bring books to the masses, for example, in San Francisco.
The Seattle Public Library’s Books on Bike program consists of three bike/trailer combos(组合)that librarians bring to community events. The trailers are even Wi-Fi enabled so that visitors can sign up for a library card and browse(浏览)the library’s card catalogue on the spot.
“Seattle has a really strong bike culture so we want to tap into that and provide full service library programs but do it in a way that is quick and smart,” librarian Jared Mills said in an interview.
San Francisco’s program, called Bibliobicicleta, was launched in 2013 by librarian Alicia Tapia. Her trailer can hold about 100 books and attracts readers of all ages and income levels. It’s an independent, donation-based library---like a Little Free Library, but on wheels.
When asked why she would start a free library on a bike, Tapia answers, “Why not? Bikes are cool, and can go anywhere.”
1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Free libraries on bikes.
B. Unique bicycle cultures.
C. Popular online libraries.
D. Various library movements.
2. The underlined words in paragraph 5 are closest in meaning to ______.
A. come up with B. stay in touch with C. keep pace with D. take advantage of
3. What did Tapia think of the program?
A. Environment-friendly. B. Practical. C. Controversial. D. Profitable.
【答案】ADB
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了新型的自行车图书馆。和传统的图书馆相比，自行车图书馆灵活机动且成本低廉，对读者也很有吸引力。
1.主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Now, mobile library solutions are appearing quickly around the country to bring books to people who need them.( 现在，移动图书馆的解决方案正迅速出现在全国各地，以将书籍带给需要书籍的人)”和第三段的“Books on Bikes programs are popping up in areas where there is a strong bike culture, in some regions like Seattle, or a strong need to bring books to the masses, for example, in San Francisco.( 关于自行车项目的书籍出现在有强烈自行车文化的地区，比如西雅图，或者强烈需要把书籍带给大众的地区，例如在旧金山)”结合全文内容可推断，文章主要讲述了新型的自行车免费图书馆，灵活机动，成本低廉，故选A项。
2.词句猜测题。上文“Seattle has a really strong bike culture”说明西雅图有很强自行车文化，结合下文“provide full service library programs but do it in a way that is quick and smart(提供全面服务的图书馆项目，但是用快速且明智的方法)”以及so和that（指代上文提到的西雅图强大的自行车文化）可推断，此处说的是：西雅图有强大的自行车文化，所以我们想要利用这个文化，以一种快速和聪明的方式提供全面服务的图书馆项目。故划线短语“tap into”表示“利用”，与D项意思相近，故选D。
3.推理判断题。根据最后一段“When asked why she would start a free library on a bike, Tapia answers, “Why not? Bikes are cool, and can go anywhere.”(当被问到为什么她会推出自行车上的免费图书馆时，塔皮娅回答说：‘为什么不呢？自行车很酷，可以去任何地方。’)”可推断出，Tapia认为自行车图书馆非常方便实用。故选B。

（2021·诸暨市5月模拟·阅读理解C篇）
More than one in five species of maple trees faces extinction, a shocking new report has revealed.
The trees are experiencing a vast decline in habitat, due to urban development, timber harvesting, and agricultural expansion. “Time is running out for the world’s biodiversity,” said Douglas Justice, associate director at the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden. “Every recent survey of plants and animals in the wild points to this.” He continued, “This is happening nearly everywhere that rarer maples exist. And because of climate change, the narrow habitats that support species at the tops of mountains are quickly disappearing.”
The trees can be found in sub-tropical and tropical regions, as far south as Indonesia. The only species found in the UK, the field maple is not under threat. Not only are the trees a popular ornamental feature in parks and public spaces, but also they are a key part of the natural ecosystem in woodlands, as well as being an important timber crop in several countries.
China is home to the largest proportion of maples with 92 species. It has seen a number of trees become endangered due to urban expansion. Some 14 of the 23 maple trees at risk of extinction in the country are only found in China and have small populations and limited geographical ranges. “We still have an opportunity to save species from disappearance, but it will take expertise, resources and the cooperative efforts by the world’s botanical gardens to make it work,” Justice added.
One species in Mexico, the Acer binzayedii, is in “desperate need of conversation” despite only being discovered in 2017. “It is at risk from climate change in its cloud forest habitat and threatened by grazing, logging, and forest fires,” the report adds. The report recommends developing conversation plans, monitoring species currently not at risk to ensure populations are maintained, and adding those missing maple species to seed banks and the like.
BGCI(Botanic Gardens Conversation International)is now establishing a conversation program to address the conservation needs of maple species. Maple specialists will work together to develop comprehensive strategies to manage and deliver conservation action points for the species.
1. What is the major reason for maple trees’ extinction?
A. A lack of scientific research. B. The rarity of the new species.
C. The losses of their habitats. D. Problems with the distribution.
2. What’s Justice’s attitude to saving maple trees?
A. Hopeful. B. Skeptical. C. Reserved. D. Negative.
3. What are the last two paragraphs intended to tell us?
A. There is no guarantee of maintaining the tree populations.
B. It can never be too late to join hands to protect the species.
C. All maple trees of the species are on the edge of extinction.
D. Effective measures should be taken to conserve maple trees
4. What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A. Time is running out for maple trees. B. Maple trees are vital to the ecosystem.
C. Maple trees will stand tall in nature. D. Climate change puts maple trees at risk.
【答案】CADA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。一份新报告显示超过五分之一的枫树物种面临灭绝，文章还说明了导致其灭绝的原因，枫树的重要性以及提出的一些保护枫树的有效措施。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“The trees are experiencing a vast decline in habitat, due to urban development, timber harvesting, and agricultural expansion.(由于城市发展、木材采伐和农业扩张，这些树木的栖息地正在急剧减少)”以及“And because of climate change, the narrow habitats that support species at the tops of mountains are quickly disappearing. (由于气候变化，山顶上支持物种生存的狭窄栖息地正在迅速消失)”可知，失去栖息地是枫树灭绝的主要原因。故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段中““We still have an opportunity to save species from disappearance, but it will take expertise, resources and the cooperative efforts by the world’s botanical gardens to make it work,” Justice added.( Justice补充说：“我们仍然有机会拯救这一物种，使其免于消失，但这需要专业知识、资源和世界植物园的合作努力”)”可知，Justice认为拯救枫树充满希望。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““It is at risk from climate change in its cloud forest habitat and threatened by grazing, logging, and forest fires,” the report adds. The report recommends developing conversation plans, monitoring species currently not at risk to ensure populations are maintained, and adding those missing maple species to seed banks and the like. (报告补充说：“它的云森林栖息地面临气候变化的威胁，并受到放牧、伐木和森林火灾的威胁。”该报告建议制定对话计划，监测目前没有濒危物种以确保种群数量得到维持，并将那些失踪的枫树物种加入种子库等)”以及最后一段“BGCI(Botanic Gardens Conversation International)is now establishing a conversation program to address the conservation needs of maple species. Maple specialists will work together to develop comprehensive strategies to manage and deliver conservation action points for the species.(BGCI(国际植物园对话)正在建立一个对话项目，以解决枫树物种的保护需求。 枫树专家将共同制定全面的策略来管理和提供保护枫树的行动点)”可知，最后两段想告诉我们应该采取有效措施保护枫树。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“More than one in five species of maple trees faces extinction, a shocking new report has revealed.(一份令人震惊的新报告揭示，超过五分之一的枫树物种面临灭绝)”以及第二段中“The trees are experiencing a vast decline in habitat, due to urban development, timber harvesting, and agricultural expansion. “Time is running out for the world’s biodiversity,” said Douglas Justice, associate director at the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden.(由于城市发展、木材采伐和农业扩张，这些树木的栖息地正在急剧减少。“留给世界生物多样性的时间不多了，”英属哥伦比亚大学植物园副主任Douglas Justice说)”结合文章还说明了导致其灭绝的原因，枫树的重要性以及提出的一些保护枫树的有效措施。可知，A选项“枫树的时间不多了”最符合文章标题。故选A。

（2021·成都三诊·阅读理解C篇）
A new research added brain degradation such as Alzheimer(阿尔兹海默症）to the growing list of effects of fine particles(微粒）. A study of 63 million adults older than 65 in the United States showed that from 2000 to 2016, first-time hospital admissions for Alzheimer's disease, and related diseases rose by 13 percent with every 5-microgram (per cubic meter of air) increase in annual concentrations of PM 2.5. Such particles are produced mainly during the burning of fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. The risk remained high even at concentrations below 12 micrograms per cubic meter, a level the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency currently considers safe.
“Our study builds on the small but clear evidence indicating that long-term PM 2.5 exposures are associated with an increased risk of worsening brain health, even at PM 2.5 concentrations well below the current national standards,” said Xiao Wu, a doctoral student in Harvard.
Antonella Zanobetti, a co-author of the study, said the new research results show that current U. S. regulations are inadequate to protect the aging American population, “highlighting the need for stricter standards and policies that help further reduce PM 2.5 concentrations and improve air quality overall”。
Women, white people, and urban populations, particularly in the Northeast, were particularly at risk, the research showed. The researchers figured that the increased effects on urban populations might be due to the “abundance of metal-bearing particles in the urban atmosphere, which have very smaller size and can access the brain directly”. They owe the increased risk to women and white people to longer life, which means the probability of death from other causes before developing Alzheimer is higher in men and nonwhites.
1. What can we learn about the new research in Paragraph 1?
A. It proved PM 2.5 was caused by fossil fuel.
B. It aimed at improving the elders' brain health.
C. It showed Alzheimer was linked to air pollution.
D. It focused on the effect of PM 2.5 on environment.
2. What is the researchers' attitude towards the current U. S. PM 2.5 national standards?
A. Supportive. B. Disapproving. C. Cautious. D. Ambiguous.
3. Why do women and white people have higher risk of brain health problems?
A. They mainly live in cities.
B. They are in much worse condition.
C. They are affected by PM 2.5 more easily.
D. They live longer than men and nonwhites.
4. What's the purpose of the text?
A. To present findings of a new research.
B. To call on us to protect the environment.
C. To analyze various reasons for Alzheimer.
D. To draw our attention to the elders' health.
【答案】CBDA
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章展示了一项对阿尔兹海默症的新的研究的几个发现。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“A new research added brain degradation such as Alzheimer(阿尔兹海默症）to the growing list of effects of fine particles(微粒）．”（一项新的研究将阿尔茨海默氏症等大脑退化列入了不断增加的细颗粒影响名单。）和第二句“A study of 63 million adults older than 65 in the United States showed that from 2000 to 2016, first-time hospital admissions for Alzheimer's disease, and related diseases rose by 13 percent with every 5-microgram (per cubic meter of air) increase in annual concentrations of PM 2. 5.”（一项针对美国6300万65岁以上成年人的研究显示，从2000年到2016年，pm2.5的年浓度每增加5微克(每立方米空气)，首次因阿尔茨海默氏症和相关疾病住院的人数就增加了13%。）可知，研究表明阿尔茨海默病与空气污染有关。故选C。
2.观点态度题。根据第二段中的“Our study builds on the small but clear evidence indicating that long-term PM 2.5 exposures are associated with an increased risk of worsening brain health, even at PM 2.5 concentrations well below the current national standards”（我们的研究建立在少量但明确的证据之上，这些证据表明，即使PM 2.5浓度远低于当前的国家标准，长期接触PM 2.5也会增加大脑健康恶化的风险）可知，研究者对美国目前的PM 2.5国家标准并不赞同。故选B。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段第三句“They owe the increased risk to women and white people to longer life, which means the probability of death from other causes before developing Alzheimer is higher in men and nonwhites.”（女性和白人患病风险增加的原因是寿命延长，这意味着男性和非白人在患老年痴呆症之前死于其他原因的概率更高。）可知，因为女性和白人的寿命比男人和非白人更长，所以他们更容易患老年痴呆症。故选D。
4.目的意图题。根据第一段第一句“A new research added brain degradation such as Alzheimer(阿尔兹海默症）to the growing list of effects of fine particles(微粒）．”（一项新的研究将阿尔茨海默氏症等大脑退化列入了不断增加的细颗粒影响名单。）和第二句“A study of 63 million adults older than 65 in the United States showed that from 2000 to 2016, first-time hospital admissions for Alzheimer's disease, and related diseases rose by 13 percent with every 5-microgram (per cubic meter of air) increase in annual concentrations of PM 2. 5.”（一项针对美国6300万65岁以上成年人的研究显示，从2000年到2016年，pm2.5的年浓度每增加5微克(每立方米空气)，首次因阿尔茨海默氏症和相关疾病住院的人数就增加了13%。），第三段第一句“Antonella Zanobetti, a co-author of the study, said the new research results show that current U. S. regulations are inadequate to protect the aging American population”（这项研究的合著者Antonella Zanobetti说，新的研究结果表明，目前的美国法规不足以保护老龄化的美国人口）和第四段第一句“Women, white people, and urban populations, particularly in the Northeast, were particularly at risk, the research showed.”（研究显示，女性、白人和城市人口，尤其是东北部地区的人口，面临的风险尤其大。）可知，文章主要是为了展示新的研究的发现。故选A。

（2021·成都三诊·阅读理解D篇）
In the past few decades, great progress has been made in the field of space exploration, which has enabled mankind to have a deeper understanding of the Solar System, our place in it and in the universe. “We sent probes(探测器) to every planet in the Solar System. This is by far the best one,” said Clayton, vice president of Blue Origin. “Let's focus right now on protecting the Earth environment, and then we'll go from there. Space science and technology should be people-centric and application-centric, and focus on improving human life. We need to have a strong footing on the Earth, learn to solve the day-to-day problems of the society.”
“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations. Satellite monitoring can really help with agriculture. ” said Victoria, CEO of a company working on sustainable development, “Through Global Navigation Satellite System, animals' movement information recorded on self-recharging devices can be transmitted to the company server. Farmers can be alerted in real time if anomalies(异常现象）are detected. We can use it to ensure the traceability of the entire meat chain. As a result, it enables consumers to know that the beef they are eating does not come from protected areas or the cattle don't contribute to deforestation. ”
As early as 2007, Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA, put forward the concept of the “space economy” in a speech. He is very optimistic about the market prospect of commercial space and said, “According to the latest data, the global space industry could reach $1 trillion in 2040, up from $ 378 billion currently. I believe more business models and space activities will be created in the future to achieve the economic scale of $1 trillion. ”
As an entrepreneur(创业者）herself, Victoria thinks the thriving space market will bring countless opportunities for entrepreneurs. She mentioned future settlements on Mars or on the Moon. “If we are going to develop a new society outside the Earth, we will need all types of applications and all types of startups. But coming back to the Earth, there are so many problems that need to be solved, and space technology can really help with that.”
1. What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 1 refer to ?
A. A successful space exploration.
B. A probe sent to other planets.
C. The planet people are living on now.
D. The solar system people are exploring.
2. In Clayton's opinion, what should be the first concern about space technology?
A. Providing more financial support.
B. Improving people's life on earth.
C. Sending more probes in the universe.
D. The development of related technology.
3. How does Victoria support her statement about satellite monitoring in Paragraph 2?
A. By making reasoning.
B. By providing accurate figures.
C. By making comparison.
D. By illustrating from different aspects.
4. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. Necessities of space exploration.
B. Breakthroughs in space exploration.
C. Possible application of space technology.
D. Controversial issues about space technology.
【答案】CBDC
【解析】这是一篇说明文，在过去的几十年里，空间探索领域取得了巨大的进展，空间技术也会在各个领域起到很大的作用。
1.指代猜测题。根据第一段第四句“Let's focus right now on protecting the Earth environment, and then we'll go from there.”（让我们现在关注保护地球环境，然后我们会从那里开始。）可知，此处是指地球是目前为止最好的一个，所以我们要保护地球环境。所以this是指我们现在所居住的星球。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据第一段第五句“Space science and technology should be people-centric and application-centric, and focus on improving human life.”（空间科学技术要坚持以人为本、以应用为中心，以改善人类生活为中心。）可知，在克莱顿看来，空间技术应该首先关注改善人类生活。故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations.”（空间技术可以帮助实现联合国设定的到2030年要实现的17个可持续发展目标。）可知，Victoria认为空间技术可以帮助实现联合国设定的到2030年要实现的17个可持续发展目标。根据第二段第二句“Satellite monitoring can really help with agriculture.”（卫星监测真的可以帮助农业。）和最后一句“As a result, it enables consumers to know that the beef they are eating does not come from protected areas or the cattle don't contribute to deforestation.”（因此，它使消费者知道他们吃的牛肉不是来自保护区，或者牛没有促进森林砍伐。）可知，Victoria通过说明卫星监测帮助农业和环保方面来佐证自己的观点。故选D。
4.主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“Space technology can help achieve the 17 sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 set by the United Nations.”（空间技术可以帮助实现联合国设定的到2030年要实现的17个可持续发展目标。），第三段第一句As early as 2007, Michael Griffin, former Administrator of NASA, put forward the concept of the “space economy” in a speech.（早在2007年，美国国家航空航天局前局长Michael Griffin就在一次演讲中提出了“空间经济”的概念。）；第四段第一句“As an entrepreneur(创业者）herself, Victoria thinks the thriving space market will bring countless opportunities for entrepreneurs.”（作为一名企业家，维多利亚认为蓬勃发展的太空市场将为企业家带来无数的机会。）可知，文章主要是讲太空技术可能的应用。故选C。

（2021·台州市4月调考·阅读理解B篇）
A young girl, who enjoys being the center of attention, may act out for her friends and family. Then one day her mother tells her to stop being so silly and grow up. This negative attention may make the girl feel ashamed of her behavior and from then on, hold back her free-spiritedness and then go through life feeling as if she can’t fully express herself for fear of being laughed at.
The girl’s experience shows how people live with shame when they have been criticized (批评) for just being themselves.
When it comes to teenagers, there are times they can be extremely difficult and try their parents’ patience. When parents become frustrated, they may say things like “I am starting to really not like you. ” They may not mean what they say. They may just be tired of arguing with the teenager and have become emotionally overwhelmed. However, the teenager doesn’t know their words are out of frustration, and may feel his parents are telling him they’re sorry they ever had him. The child may conclude that he is a bad person. Such casual criticism by parents can linger and stick to children like glue.
How to make this better? The next time a child shows you a drawing he’s done, or sings a song for you in an effort to get your attention, recognize that your response may be extremely important toward the child’s willingness to continue to explore these creative efforts. When a child is dancing and an adult makes fun of him, the negativity he feels can completely shut the child down from that activity, or even worse, fill him with shame as if something’s wrong with him.
That is why it is so important for parents to recognize that children are exploring their world.The more encouragement we how then and he more we keep their sense of what’s possible alive, the more likely they will be to explore and find their own enthusiasm in life.
They will keep alive their joy and their dreams for the future. As parents, I don’t think we can hope for anything more.
1. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage?
A. By describing a scene.
B. By giving an explanation.
C. By making a comparison.
D. By providing an example.
2.What effect can parents’ mindless criticism have on children?
A. They may have a low opinion of themselves for long.
B. They may no longer feel afraid of being made fun of.
C. They may want to challenge their parents’ patience further.
D. They may work harder to live up to their parents’ expectations.
3.What are parents advised to do when a child seeks for attention?
A. Point out his weaknesses.
B. Protect his passion for exploration.
C. Comment on his behavior.
D. Encourage his reflection on himself.
【答案】DAB
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者指出父母无意的批评会让孩子长久以来都看低自己，并建议当孩子寻求关注时，父母应该保护他探索的热情。
1.推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“A young girl, who enjoys being the center of attention, may act out for her friends and family.”（一个喜欢成为关注焦点的年轻女孩，可能会在朋友和家人面前表现出来。）可知，第一段是讲述一个年轻女孩的经历，根据第二段“The girl's experience shows how people live with shame when they have been criticized (批评) for just being themselves.”（这个女孩的经历告诉我们，当人们因为做自己而受到批评时，他们是如何羞愧地生活的。）可知，文章是通过举例来引入主题。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“The child may conclude that he is a bad person. Such casual criticism by parents can linger and stick to children like glue.”（这孩子可能断定他是一个差劲的人。父母这种漫不经心的批评会像胶水一样粘在孩子身上。）可知，父母无意的批评会让孩子长久以来都看低自己。故选A。
3.细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“The next time a child shows you a drawing he’s done, or sings a song for you in an effort to get your attention, recognize that your response may be extremely important toward the child’s willingness to continue to explore these creative efforts. ”（下次当一个孩子向你展示他完成的一幅画，或为你唱一首歌以吸引你的注意时，你要意识到你的反应可能对孩子继续探索这些创造性努力的意愿极其重要。）根据倒数第二段“The more encouragement we how then and he more we keep their sense of what’s possible alive, the more likely they will be to explore and find their own enthusiasm in life.”我们越鼓励他们，我们越能保持他们对可能发生的事情的意识，他们就越有可能在生活中探索并找到自己的热情。可知，当孩子寻求关注时，父母应该保护他探索的热情。故选B。

（2021·台州市4月调考·阅读理解C篇）
Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have found that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.
While previous evidence seems to show that most dogs do not learn words, unless eventually very well trained, a few individuals have shown some extraordinary abilities, according to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports.
“We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel words,” said researcher xuekw Claudia Fugazza from the Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary. For the study, the team involved two gifted dogs, Whisky and Vicky Nina. The team exposed the dogs to the new words in two different conditions.
In the exclusion-based task, presented with seven known toys and one new toy, the dogs were able to select the new toy when presented with a new name. Researchers say this proves that dogs can choose by exclusion when faced with a new word, they selected the only toy which did not have a known name.
However, this was not the way they would learn the name of the toy. In fact, when they were presented with one more equally new name to test their ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and failed.
The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners who pronounced the name of the toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name of the toy, even after hearing it only 4 times. “The rapid learning that we observed seems to equal children’s ability to learn many new words at a fast rate around the age of 18 months,” Fugazza says. “But we do not know whether the learning mechanisms(机制) behind this learning are the same for humans and dogs. ”
To test whether most dogs would learn words this way, 20 other dogs were tested in the same condition, but none of them showed any evidence of learning the toy names, confirming that the ability to learn words rapidly in the absence of formal training is very rare and is only present in a few gifted dogs.
1. What was the purpose of the study published in Scientific Reports?
A. To better train dogs’ ability to learn new words.
B. To further confirm previous evidence about dogs.
C. To prove extraordinary memory abilities of gifted dogs.
D. To explore favorable conditions for gifted dogs’ new-word learning.
2. How did the dogs react when exposed to two new names in the first condition?
A. Slow to understand. B. Quick to learn. C. At a loss. D. In a panic.
3. What was found about dogs’ new-word learning in the social condition?
A. Learning through playing applied to most dogs.
B. The social condition helped dogs learn new words.
C. Dogs’ new-word learning turned out to be less effective.
D. Dogs shared similar learning mechanisms with children.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Gifted Dogs Can Learn New Words Rapidly.
B. Dogs Identify Newly-named Toys by Exclusion.
C. Dogs Can Acquire Vocabulary through Tons of Training.
D. Gifted Dogs Have Similar Learning Abilities to Humans.
【答案】DCBA
【解析】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了狗狗通过训练能够学习新的单词。
1.细节理解题。根据第三段“ ‘We wanted to know under which conditions the gifted dogs may learn novel words,’said researcher xuekw Claudia Fugazza from the Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary.”（匈牙利Eötvös Loránd大学的研究员Claudia Fugazza说:“我们想知道这些有天赋的狗在什么情况下可以学习新单词。）可知研究的目的是想探索出狗在什么情况下可以学习新单词。故选D。
2.细节理解题。根据第五段“In fact, when they were presented with one more equally new name to test their ability to recognize the toy by its name, the dogs got totally confused and failed.”（事实上，当给它们一个同样的新名字来测试它们通过名字识别玩具的能力时，狗完全困惑了，并失败了。）可知，在第一种环境下狗非常的困惑。故选C。
3.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The other condition, the social one, where the dogs played with their owners who pronounced the name of the toy while playing with the dog, proved to be the successful way to learn the name of the toy, even after hearing it only 4 times.”（另一种情况是社会性的，在这种情况下，狗狗和它们的主人一起玩耍，主人在和狗狗玩耍的同时念出了玩具的名字。结果证明，即使只听了4次，狗狗也能成功地记住玩具的名字。）可推出，在社会性条件下可以帮助狗狗学习新的单词。故选B。
4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Ever wondered if dogs can learn new words? Yes, say researchers as they have found that talented dogs may have the ability to grasp new words after hearing them only four times.”（想知道狗狗能不能学会新单词吗?是的，研究人员称，因为他们发现，聪明的狗狗可能只听四次就能掌握新单词。）以及文章中的案例，可知本篇文章主要讲述的是有天赋的狗能快速学习新单词。故选A。

（2021·天津十二区县联考2·阅读理解C篇）
Thanks to its harsh environment, Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for many millennia, allowing a thriving ecosystem to evolve. However, since the 1990s, the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists. Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population.
Humans can infect animals with illnesses such as the flu. Researchers, however, believed that the Antarctic animals were immune to the danger due to the continent's extreme weather. However, microbiologist Marta Cerda-Cuellar was not convinced.
She and some colleagues decided to examine waste samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria. To ensure the waste was not polluted, the scientists had to collect it from the birds themselves.
The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste. This included a common strain (品种) of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. The researchers say the bacteria strains were resistant to commonly-used human antibiotics, indicating they were brought in by the visitors, rather than migratory birds (候鸟).
“These strains, which are a common cause for infections in humans and livestock, do not usually cause death outbreaks in wild animals," says Gonzalez-Solis. "However, the emerging or invasive pathogens (病原体) that arrive to highly sensitive populations could have severe consequences and cause the local collapse and extinction of some populations." The researcher also fears the presence of these bugs could foreshadow the arrival of other, more deadly, pathogens as the number of tourists people increases.
Experts believe the only way to prevent the mass destruction of the birds is to impose stricter regulations or, at least, put the ones already in place into effect. For example, while the Antarctica Treaty requires visitors to carry their waste back home to safeguard the pristine environment, the regulation is rarely enforced. Nowadays, some officials are taking steps to save the vulnerable birds before it's too late.
1. What problem is Antarctica facing according to Paragraph 1&2?
A. The increasing number of tourists. B. The worsening wilderness.
C. The replaced native bird population. D. The spread of infectious illnesses.
2. What docs the underlined word "devastate" mean?
A. Destroy. B. Increase. C. Protect. D. Benefit.
3. Why did the scientists need to catch some Antarctic animals?
A. To treat their illness. B. To get their waste.
C. To raise them as pets. D. To study their lifestyles.
4. What did the scientists prove in their study?
A. Bacteria can be killed by human antibiotics.
B. Extreme weather keeps Antarctic animals healthy.
C. Humans bring bacteria to Antarctica.
D. Antarctic animals are immune to human bacteria.
5. What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of bird population in Antarctica?
A. Indifferent. B. Doubtful. C. Ambiguous. D. Optimistic.
6. In what section in a newspaper can you find the passage?
A. Entertainment. B. Travel. C. Nature. D. Education.
【答案】DABCDC
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述由于南极洲的寒冷人类几千年来没有踏足。然而,自上世纪90年代以来，地球上最后一片真正的荒野正日益成为探险游客的热门目的地。一项新的研究发现游客们可能留下有害细菌，影响鸟类的生存。科学家对此做了研究，建议限制人类旅游的数量。
1.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population.(现在，一项新的研究表明，游客留下的有害细菌可能会摧毁该地区的本地鸟类种群)”和第二段第一句“Humans can infect animals with illnesses such as the flu.”(人类可以让动物感染流感等疾病)”可知，根据第一和第二段，南极洲面临传染病的传播。故选D。
2.词句猜测题。根据第一段最后一句中“the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria(参观者可能留下了有害的细菌)”和划线词后面的“the area's native bird population. (当地鸟类的数量)”推知，细菌“摧毁”鸟类种群，所以划线词的意思是“摧毁”。故选A。
3.推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“She and some colleagues decided to examine waste samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria. (她和一些同事决定研究南极鸟类的粪便样本，寻找人类细菌的证据)”可知，科学家们捕捉一些南极动物是为了获取他们的粪便。故选B。
4.推理判断题。根据第四段中“The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste. This included a common strain (品种) of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. (他们的研究结果显示，鸟类粪便中存在几种人类细菌。其中包括一种会导致人类食物中毒的常见细菌)”可知，科学家们在他们的研究中证明了人类把细菌带到南极洲。故选C。
5.推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Nowadays, some officials are taking steps to save the vulnerable birds before it's too late. (现在，一些官员正在采取措施挽救脆弱鸟类，以免为时已晚)”可知，作者对南极洲鸟类种群的前景持乐观态度。故选D。
6.推理判断题。根据第一段“Thanks to its harsh environment, Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for many millennia, allowing a thriving ecosystem to evolve. However, since the 1990s, the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists. Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population. (由于其恶劣的环境，南极洲在数千年的时间里基本上没有受到人类的影响，使得一个繁荣的生态系统得以进化。然而，自上世纪90年代以来，地球上最后一片真正的荒野正日益成为寻求冒险的游客的热门目的地。现在，一项新的研究表明，游客留下的有害细菌可能会摧毁该地区的本地鸟类种群)”推知，这篇文章来自报纸的“自然”栏目。故选C。

（2021·宝坻区三模·阅读理解C篇）
Most humans are able to recognize about 1 million different colors, but some people can't recognize this many because of something called colorblindness(色盲). In rare cases, some people can't see any colors at all.
There are three cone-shaped(锥形的)cells at the back of our eyes that allow us to see colors. These cells absorb tight waves and send a message to the brain, where the image is processed.
If something is wrong with these cone-shaped cells, this can result in colorblindness.
Thankfully, special color-correcting glasses have already been made to help fix some types or colorblindness. Now, according to research published in Optics Letters, scientists have provided another choice.
Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen, engineers from Tel Aviv University in Israel, have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses(隐形眼镜). This is good news for the millions of people worldwide who suffer from colorblindness.
One of the most common types of colorblindness is red-green colorblindness. People who have this specific type have difficulty telling the colors red and green apart. "Problems with distinguishing red from green stop simple daily routines such as deciding whether a banana is ripe," Karepov explained.
Karepov also stressed the importance of applying this finding to create special contact lenses instead of relying on color-correcting glasses.
"Glasses based on this correction concept are commercially available. However, they are too big than contact lenses." Karepov said. "Our contact lenses create a customized, compact and durable(耐用的)way to deal with these shortcomings."
This new research is groundbreaking. In addition to offering those who are colorblind another option, it may lead to solutions for other visual damage.
1. What can cause colorblindness, according to the article?
A. Only one type of cone-shaped cell exists in the eyes.
B. Cone-shaped cells cannot process images received.
C. The brain fails to absorb and process light waves.
D. Cone-shaped cells probably don't work properly.
2. What is true about people with colorblindness?
A. They can recognize 1 million different colors.
B. They are not interested in colorful stuff.
C. They may find daily tasks more difficult.
D. They have fewer cone-shaped cells than other people.
3. What does "this technology" means in Paragraph 5?
A. Three cone-shaped cells. B. Special color-correcting glasses.
C. Processed image. D. Red-green colorblindness type.
4. What is the advantage of the contact lenses over the glasses?
A. They are much smaller. B. They are easier to make.
C. They are much cheaper. D. They can help correct colorblindness.
5. Why is Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen's research groundbreaking?
A. It has led to a cure for colorblindness.
B. It has found causes of visual damage.
C. It could lead to solutions for other visual damage.
D. It has helped to develop glasses to fix visual damage.
【答案】DCBAC
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了以色列特拉维夫大学的工程师Sharon Karepov和 Tal Ellenbogen已经研制出一种特殊眼镜来帮助修复一些色盲，文章还分析了色盲群体中视觉缺陷的原因，并介绍了一些目前正在进行的有效的，可行的，对于视力缺陷者有帮助的方法。
1.细节理解题。根据第三段“If something is wrong with these cone-shaped cells, this can result in colorblindness.(如果这些锥形细胞出了问题，就会导致色盲。)”可知锥形细胞出问题，运转不适会导致色盲，故选D项。
2.推理判断题。根据第六段“People who have this specific type have difficulty telling the colors red and green apart. "Problems with distinguishing red from green stop simple daily routines such as deciding whether a banana is ripe," Karepov explained.(有这种特殊类型的人很难区分红色和绿色。Karepov解释说:“区分红色和绿色的问题妨碍了一些简单的日常习惯，比如判断香蕉是否成熟。”)”可知有色盲的人在日常生活中的一些事情会遇到困难，所以他们会觉得一些基本的事情有点困难，故选C项。
3.词句猜测题。根据第四段“Thankfully, special color-correcting glasses have already been made to help fix some types or colorblindness. (值得庆幸的是，人们已经研制出了一种特殊的颜色矫正眼镜来帮助修复某些类型的色盲。)”可知special color-correcting glasses(特殊颜色矫正眼镜)可以帮助修复某些类型的色盲，结合第五段“Sharon Karepov and Tal Ellenbogen, engineers from Tel Aviv University in Israel, have found a way to apply this technology to contact lenses(隐形眼镜). This is good news for the millions of people worldwide who suffer from colorblindness.(以色列特拉维夫大学的工程师Sharon Karepov和Tal Ellenbogen已经找到了一种将这项技术应用到隐形眼镜上的方法。这对全世界数百万患有色盲的人来说是个好消息。)”可知this technology指的是special color-correcting glasses(特殊颜色矫正眼镜)，故选B项。
4.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“"Glasses based on this correction concept are commercially available. However, they are too big than contact lenses." Karepov said. "Our contact lenses create a customized, compact and durable(耐用的)way to deal with these shortcomings."(基于这种矫正概念的眼镜已经上市。不过，它们比隐形眼镜大。”Karepov说。“我们的隐形眼镜创造了一种定制的、紧凑的、持久的方式来解决这些缺点。”)”可知矫正色盲眼镜比隐形眼镜大，这是一个缺点，由此可推知隐形眼镜的优势是相之下比较小，故选A项。
5.细节理解题。根据最后一段“This new research is groundbreaking. In addition to offering those who are colorblind another option, it may lead to solutions for other visual damage.(这项新研究是具有开创性的。除了为色盲者提供另一种选择外，它还可能为其他视觉损伤提供解决方案。)”可知它可以为其他视觉损伤提供解决方案。故选C项。