英语语法专项训练主谓一致和倒装句

主谓一致     一.    语法一致原则主语和谓语通常要在语法形式上取得一致。即主语是单数形式时，谓语动词也用单数形式，主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也用复数形式。当and 或both  and 连接两个或三个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。Tom and Mike are good friends .  Both Lucy and Lily are students . 不定代词either, neither, each one, the other, another anybody, everything, nothing,no one, nobody,等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Is anything wrong with your bike ?  由each, each…and , each… every…and , every…作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Each boy and each girl was given a new book . 主语后面接有with,along with ,together with , as well as ,  no less than ,more than , including , besides, like , except , but 等词或短语时，谓语动词的数由主语的单复数决定。Mr Green with his wife and his two daughters is coming to Beijing .a number of +名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The number of +名词复数作主语时，谓语动词用单数。A number of trees are cut down . the number of students in our class is 32.6.  a lot of ,lots of, plenty of, a pile of ,piles of , most of后加名词，分数或百分数 +名词，谓语动词的单复数取决于名词，如果名词是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式，如果是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。   Lots of people have been there .7. 由a pair (a kind , a series …)+of +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数，pairs (kinds …)+of+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table .8. 某些只有复数形式的名词如clothes , trousers , shorts , pants , shoes , gloves …作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。My shoes were worn out 9. 以S结尾的词本身不表达复数意思，谓语动词用单数news ,maths , physics , politics 等，   No news is good news.10. the +姓氏名词复数 表示一家人，或…..夫妇，当它作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。   The Blacks enjoy working in China .11. 非谓语动词作主语谓语动词用单数形式。 Reading is learning .  to see is to believe .12. one of +名词复数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。   One of the women is from America .二．意义一致原则。意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词用单数还是复数要看主语所表达的概念。由and 连接的两个名词作主语，如果是指的同一概念（即and 后面无关词），则谓语动词用单数形式。The teacher and writer is coming to give us a talk next week.表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等复数名词或词组作主语时，一般被看作一个整体谓语动词用单数。 Three year is a long time .集体名词如family, team. Crowd, company, class, group, government ,nation, 等如果表示整体概念则谓语动词用单数形式，如果表示集体中的成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。My family is a small one with three people .  All my family enjoy skiing .people , police , cattle 等集合名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。The police are helping a girl find her mother .表示国家，城市， 人名，报纸杂志，组织机构等专有名词作主语，通常作整体看待，谓语动词要用单数形式。The New York Times is read by all over the USA.有些以sh, ese,iss 结尾的表示国家 民族 的形容词与the 连用，指整个民族，表示复数含义，谓语动词用复数。The Chinese are kind friendly .town, city , country , school , village 等表示总称的镇民时，作主语，谓语动词用单数。The whole town is talking about it .算式中加法和乘法可用单数，也可用复数，但减法和除法必须用单数。What is /are three times five ?  Ten minus five is five .one and a half 的后面要接复数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数。One and a half cakes is a good meal for the monkey .主语由many a +名词， more than one +名词, 谓语动词用单数。More than one worker is playing cards .  Many a student has passed the exam .引号中的词若为整体看待，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。“bikes” is the plural” of the bike” “ they” is a pronoun .某些形容词加上the 如old ,young , dead , poor ,rich , sick ,blind ,deaf 等，用来表示一类人，其意义为复数，谓语动词常用复数形式。 The old are taken care of .当表示一两个的词组做句子主语时，谓语动词的变化如下。（1）        当a/an+名词单数+or two 做句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。An apple or two is enough .     (2) one or two +复数名词作主语谓语动词用复数形式。        One or two girls have come here .两个或两个以上的单数名词用and 连接起来做主语时，谓语动词有以下三种情况。(1)  当两个并列主语不是同一事物时，谓语动词用复数形式。       The boy and the girl are from Japan .(2)  当两个名词指的是同一人同一物同一概念，谓语动词用单数形式。         The singer and dance has been invited to the party .(3)      当这两个词分别被each , every , no , many a 等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。Every teacher and every student needs a dictionary .none ，all, most ,,more, some ,any , 等做主语时，要根据这些代词表达的意思再决定谓语动词的单复数，若指不可数名词或可数名词单数谓语动词用单数，若指的是可数名词复数，谓语动词复数。All of the work has been finished .  all of the people have gone .疑问代词作主语时，谓语动词也有两种情况，主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数，主语表示单数，谓语动词用单数。    Who is your brother ?    who are league members ?half , the rest 等表示不定数量的名词作主语时，如果所指为复数含义，谓语动词用复数，如果所指为单数含义谓语动词用单数。   I have a large part of the book , the rest is more difficult .   Only ten students attended the class ,because all the rest were off sick .由what 引导的主语从句时，通常谓语动词用单数，但如果所指内容为复数意义时，谓语动词用复数。What she said is correct .   what she left me are a few old books .定语从句中的谓语动词由先行词来决定。Who is the boy that is playing football .I want to read all the books that were written by luxun .三. 就近原则。   有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致，而是与靠近它的名词一致。由either…or …, neither….nor …, not only …but also…,not …but …,或or 连接连个并列主语时，谓语动词与较近的主语在数上保持一致。Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle .there be …和here be …这两个句式中的动词be 常与最近的主语保持一致。There is a book and some pens on the desk .   倒装句英语句子的基本语序是比较固定的，一般主语在前，谓语在后。但有时因为语法结构的要求或由于修辞的要求，往往要改变句子的自然顺序，把一些本应置于主语之后的成分提前，我们称这种语序为倒装语序。倒装语序又分为全部（完全）倒装和部分倒装。A全部倒装表示方位的副词Out, up ,down, in ,away置于句首时。Out rushed the children.  注意;当主语是人称代词时，句子的语序不倒装。表示方位的介词短语置于句首时。In front of the school is the hospital.注意：介词短语在倒装句中要整体前移，不能拆开。以here ,there 等副词开头的句子里，Here comes the bus .注意：以here ,there 等副词开头的句子里，谓语动词常为：be, come, go 等，时态为一般现在时，如果主语是人称代词则不用倒装。 Here they are.常考点：Here/there +谓语动词+名词主语Here/ there comes a bus .  There goes the bell.Here/there we are B部分倒装如果只把助动词，情态动词，be动词放在主语之前，这种语序称为部分倒装否定副词never, hardly seldom little,not 等置于句首时。Hardly could he believe his own eyes.only+状语置于句首时only in this way can you learn English well.3.So+助动词/be 动词/情态动词+主语，如 so do I .  我也如此4.Neither +助动词be 动词/情态动词+主语，如 neither do I . 我也不会这两个结构常用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物，意思是某人/物也是这样。这种结构中的助动词be 动词/情态动词在形式上与前句的谓语保持一致，而且单复数由后面的主语决定，Lucy is a good student, so is Lily .这两种结构的不同点是So+助动词/be 动词/情态动词+主语，依附于肯定句中，表示前边的肯定情况也适用后边的人或情况，意为某人也……相当于I do ,too .Neither +助动词be 动词/情态动词+主语，依附于否定句，表示前边的否定情况也适合后边的人或情况。意为某人也不……相当于I don’t ,either.Tom watched TV last night , so did Ann .Mary didn’t watch TV last night , neither did Jim .5.not only but also 连接并列句子，前一部分倒装后一部分不倒装。not only does he learn to speak English but also he learns to write in English .注意：如果置于句首的not only but also 连接两个并列主语，则句子不用倒装结构Not only he but also I like football..there be 句型。there be 句型是表示存在的一个句型，是一个主语在be 动词后面的倒装句。There is a tree in front of the building . .there be  表示某地某时存在某人某物 There be +某人/某物+某地/某时① There be结构的主语a, There be结构的there 是引导词，无实义，其主语是be 后的名词或名词短语。且名词或名词短语通常用不确定的限定词，如a ,no , all 等修饰。也不用确定的限定词the ,this ,that ,these ,those 等修饰。b. There be结构的主语不能是人称代词，专有名词及被物主代词或名次所有格修饰的名词。误：There is China in the east of the world .  there are their books on the desk .There are they under tree .c.若要说明被限定的某人某物在某处时，常用某人某物+be +地点 Tom is in the room .②There be结构的谓语a, There be结构的谓语是be ，它在人称数上应和后面的主语即名词保持一致，即主语是不可数名词或可数名词单数时用is /was ,主语是复数时用are /were .主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，be的形式采取临近原则，即与离它最近的主语的数保持一致。 There is a picture on the wall .  there is an orange and apples in the basket .b, There be结构的谓语动词有时不用be 而用其它动词，如live , stand , lie, seem 等使语言表达更生动。 Long long ago , there lived a king . ③There be结构的常见时态。一般现在时态。 There is /are +名词一般过去时态   There was /were +名词一般将来时态   There is going to /will be +名词现在完成时态   There has /have been +名词   ④ There be结构可与情态动词连用，表示推测。There must be no one in the room .⑤There be结构的句型转换。a , 若对主语提问，无论主语是单数还是复数都用what’s +地点？There are some flowers in the garden .   There is a book on the desk .What’s in the garden ?                What’s on the desk ?b ,对修饰名词的数词或表示不确定数目的词提问，如果是可数名词用how many +名词复数+are there +其它？如果是不可数名词用how much +不可数名词+is there +其它？There are some flowers in the garden .----- how many flowers are there in the garden ?There is a little milk in the glass . ----how much milk is there in the milk ?There is a cat in the room ---- How many cats are there in the room ?⑥ 反义疑问句用be not there .⑦ there be 与have/has 区别a , There be 与has /have 都当有讲，但have表示所属关系，即持有，拥有，占有，而there be 表示客观存在，不说明所有关系。 He has a pen .b . 当主语是物或时间名词时，而且表示整体与局部，两者可互换。The building has 6 floors .    there are 6 floors in the building .A week has seven days .      there are seven days in a week .c,在一般时态是，there  不能与have 连用。