（全国统考）2021高考英语一轮复习第1编话题五Book5Unit1Greatscientists课时作业（含解析）

Unit 1 Great scientists课时作业Ⅰ.阅读理解(2020·广西柳州市高三上学期摸底考试)Dr  Nancy Roman, born in 1925, who was celebrated as a pioneer for female scientists and had advanced the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, died on Dec. 25, 2018. When Nancy Roman asked for permission to take a second algebra (代数) course in high school, a teacher demanded to know “what lady would take mathematics instead of Latin”. In college, a professor admitted that he often tried to prevent women from majoring in physics but Nancy stuck to it. And after receiving Doctor's degree in astronomy, she found a professional home at NASA (美国宇航局). In 1959, Dr  Roman became the first chief of astronomy at NASA headquarters, a role that made her one of the agency's first female leaders.Dr Roman spent much of her career helping develop, fund and promote technology that would help scientists see more clearly beyond Earth's atmosphere. But her most well­known work was perhaps leading to design the Hubble Space Telescope, the first major telescope to be sent into space for the purpose of gathering photographs and data from the universe. She was, therefore, named as “the mother of Hubble”. “She made it possible to get the early telescope up into space to learn what needed to be learned，” said science historian Bob Zimmerman, “and her hard­nosed nature helped get the telescope built.”The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired, but when it did, its photographs of the universe thrilled the world.  “I am glad，” she once told Science, “I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国天文学家Nancy Roman传奇的一生。 文章旨在告诉我们坚持自己的梦想，你一定会成为你想成为的那个人！1．What can we conclude from the teacher's reaction to Nancy Roman's application for taking a second algebra course?            A．The teacher doubted it.                                    B．The teacher didn't care about it. C．The teacher accepted it at once.                      D．The teacher was strongly against it.答案：A　推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知在中学时当Nancy Roman请求批准再参加代数课程时，一位老师要求知道“哪个女士会选择数学而不是拉丁语？”可推知老师持怀疑的态度，故选A。2．What was the most famous achievement of Nancy Roman's work?A．She was one of the founders of NASA.B．She proved the black hole really existed. C．She was the first female astronomer in the world. D．She led to design the Hubble Space Telescope.答案：D　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“但是她最著名的工作也许是带领设计哈勃空间望远镜，这是第一个被送入太空的大型望远镜，目的是从宇宙中收集照片和数据。”可知选D。3．When did Dr  Nancy Roman probably retire?            A．In 1969.       B．In 1979.   C．In 1990.       D．In 2000.答案：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The telescope did not launch until 1990, a little more than a decade after Dr Roman retired”(这种望远镜直到1990年才发射升空，在 Roman博士退休后的十多年)可推知选B。4．What can we learn from Dr  Nancy Roman's words in the last paragraph?            A．She was very proud of what she had done for the country. B．She thought highly of the people who hadn't believed her. C．She was delighted to have become an astronomer in spite of the prejudice on her. D．She had hard­nosed nature and never cared about other people's opinions.答案：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“I ignored the people who told me that I could not be an astronomer.”(我不在乎那些告诉我不能成为天文学家的人。)可推知选C。(2020·安徽六校教育研究会高三第一次素质测试)Dr  John Wilkins was a natural philosopher who lived from 1614 until 1672. He was crazy about getting to the moon and meeting the people who surely lived there. Wilkins believed that anything as Earth­like as the moon must have been created by God for living beings, and he was determined to meet them—despite the fact that he was three centuries ahead of his time.In the 1600s, the scientific understanding of gravity and outer space was limited. Wilkins believed, like many 17th­century scientists, that there was no difference between the atmosphere of Earth and the conditions in space, and that Earth's pull was due to magnetism (磁力). It was only reasonable, then, that Wilkins believed a two­wheeled horse­drawn battle car with wings with enough speed could lift high enough off the ground to break free of Earth's magnetic pull and reach the moon.Then Wilkins moved on to more pressing issues with his remarkable ability to think of new ideas: How would travelers feed themselves during the journey? He theorized that the main cause of hunger was simply the act of working against gravity, so getting to the moon without being burdened by it would be able to be realized. There was some knowledge at that time about the fact that air gets thinner and colder the higher up you go, but he had a fix for that too, “moistened sponges (湿润的海绵) might help us against its thinness”．By studying the way in which birds fly, which also happened to be part of the studies that led to planes and rockets centuries later, Wilkins put his theory to the test with the help of a colleague, Robert Hooke. Neither of the two ever recorded their attempts, but it's somewhat safe to say that it didn't work out. Hooke himself may have been the reason he gave up hope, in fact, since he was part of the team that discovered space was a place without oxygen.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了约翰·威尔金斯博士是一位自然哲学家，他疯狂地想要登上月球，并为此在理论上做了很多准备工作。5．What do we know about Dr  John Wilkins?A．He dreamed of landing on the moon.B．He wrote about people living on the moon.C．He urged the public to know more about space.D．He had a rich knowledge of space in the 1670s.答案：A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“He was crazy about getting to the moon and meeting the people who surely lived there.”可知，Dr  John Wilkins梦想着登上月球。故选A。6．Which of the following might Wilkins agree with?A．The air on the moon is not fit for human beings.B．People don't need to eat things on the moon.C．Earth's magnetism can be changed easily.D．Oxygen doesn't exist in outer space.答案：B　推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，Wilkins认为饥饿的原因与重力相反的行为有关，所以他同意人们不需要在不受重力影响的月球上吃东西。故选B。7．What can be concluded from Paragraphs 2&3?A．Wilkins had prepared a lot in theory.B．Wilkins was ready for his moon­landing.C．Wilkins made a great contribution to philosophy.D．Wilkins was the greatest natural philosopher in history.答案：A　推理判断题。根据第二段中Wilkins提出的观点以及第三段转向更紧迫问题的研究可推知，Wilkins在理论上做了很多准备。故选A。8．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?A．To honor a great scientist.B．To encourage studies on outer space.C．To introduce an early attempt of moon­landing.D．To inform people of the knowledge about the universe.答案：C　推理判断题。根据整篇文章可知，Wilkins对登月的执著和向往以及他对登月所做的一系列研究和发现，所以作者的目的是通过Wilkins介绍早期的登月尝试。故选C。Ⅱ.七选五Mobile phones are one of the most useful inventions of the last 50 years, but not everything that is said about them is good. Mobiles are frequently blamed for a number of things, from thumb injuries and headaches to house fires. __1__The theory is that the bees navigation (导航) systems are damaged by the radiation that is given off by mobile phones. Bees have a built­in system a bit like GPS and this helps them find their way back to their hive. But recently, thousands of bees have failed to find their way home. __2__The problem was first noticed by beekeepers in America and is a lot more complicated than it at first seems. The important thing about bees is that most of the crops in many countries of the world are pollinated (授粉) by them. __3__ Many beekeepers in America and Europe have reported losing between 50 and 70 percent of their bees. Jim Piper, a London beekeeper, was recently asked how the problem was affecting him. “My business has been ruined by this，” he explained, “twenty­nine of my forty hives are now empty.”__4__ However, the fact that bees are disappearing in very large numbers is real. And we can't manage without them. Einstein said that if all our bees disappeared, man would only live for four more years! __5__ If the mobile phone theory is correct, we need to do something about it immediately—before it's too late.A．Bees are losing their way.B．Nobody has proved the theory is true.C．More evidence is provided to support the theory.D．It is believed they are dying far from their hives.E．Without bees, the crops can't continue to grow.F．The situation needs to be evaluated by the world's best scientists.G．One theory even blames mobile phones for the disappearance of bees.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了当前有理论将蜜蜂的消失归咎于手机，但是尚未得到证实。这是怎么一回事呢？1．G　根据上句：手机经常因为许多事情被指责，从拇指损伤和头痛到房屋火灾。因此G项(有一种理论甚至将蜜蜂的消失归咎于手机)与上文相匹配。2．D　根据上句：最近，成千上万的蜜蜂没能找到回家的路。结合选项可知D项(人们认为它们在离蜂巢很远的地方死去。)符合语境。故选D。3．E　根据上句：关于蜜蜂最重要的一点是，世界上许多国家的大多数农作物都是由它们授粉的。因此，没有蜜蜂，庄稼就不能继续生长。故选E。4．B　根据第二段第一句“The theory is that the bees navigation (导航) systems are damaged by the radiation that is given off by mobile phones.”可知，该理论认为，蜜蜂的导航系统受到手机辐射的破坏；根据下句：然而，事实上，蜜蜂正在大量消失的事实是真实的。结合选项可知B项(没有人证明这个理论是正确的。)符合语境。故选B。5．F　根据上句：爱因斯坦说，如果我们所有的蜜蜂都消失了，人类将只能再活四年！根据下句：如果移动电话理论是正确的，我们需要趁早立即采取行动。由此可知，这种情形需要由世界上最优秀的科学家们来评估。故选F。Ⅲ.语法填空(2019·浙江省稽阳联谊学校高三联考)Calligraphy (书法), __1__ (consider) as one of the unique traditional Chinese arts, has a long history of about 1,000 years. It is not only a tool of cultural communication __2__ an artistic treasure with shining and extraordinary beauty. As the representative of Chinese art, it __3__ (know) as the most ancient artistic form in the eastern world. Calligraphy has influenced the world widely and has even been introduced to many neighboring __4__ (country)．To practise calligraphy __5__ (require) the basic tools of four treasures of study as well as much concentration on guiding the soft writing brush charged with fluid ink, and writing on the paper __6__ the ink will spread quickly. Once the brush movement hesitates, a black mark is created, so speed, __7__ (strong) and agility (敏捷) is the essence of fine artwork. When writing, many calligraphers will forget all worries and even __8__ (they), combining all thoughts in the beauty of their art. Thus it also can shape and improve a person's temper and promote well being.Calligraphy, __9__ a mirror, is a silent reflection of the soul. Today, although various modern ways have been substituted for the original calligraphy, __10__ (especial) those created with a writing brush, people still love the ancient form and practise it untiringly.1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________9．________　10.________篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章简要介绍了中国书法。1．considered　考查非谓语动词。此处过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语，故填considered。2．but　考查固定搭配。not only ... but  (also)表示“不仅……而且……”，故填but。3．is known　考查动词的时态和语态。句意：作为中国艺术的代表，中国书法被认为是东方最古老的艺术形式。此处描述一般性事实，结合句意可知应用被动语态，故填is known。4．countries　考查名词。此处表示临近的国家，不止一个，应该用复数形式，故填countries。5．requires　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处动词不定式作主语，且表示一般情况，故填requires。6．where　考查定语从句的引导词。引导词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。7．strength　考查词性转换。句意：速度、力量和敏捷是好的书法作品的基础。此处应填该词的名词形式作并列主语，故填strength。8．themselves　考查代词。句意：书法家在创作的时候会忘记忧愁，甚至会忘记他们自己而将所有的感情倾注于作品中。主语和宾语形成互指，应填该词的反身代词作宾语，故填themselves。9．like　考查介词。句意：书法，像一面镜子，是心灵无声的写照，故填like。10．especially　考查词性转换。此处意为“尤其；特别是”，其后列举具有代表性的例子，应该填该词的副词形式，故填especially。Ⅳ.书面表达(2019·广东省七校联合体高三第一次联考)假设你是李华，请根据来信内容，给Lora写封回信。要点如下：1．对Lora的处境表示理解；2．Lora父母不同意的理由；3．给Lora的具体建议。注意：1.词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。Dear Lora，I have just read your letter in that magazine.　    Anyway, I do wish you a pleasant holiday.Yours，Li Hua[精彩范文]Dear_Lora，I_have_just_read_your_letter_in_that_magazine. I know that you must be upset because of the present situation. But things are not so bad as you imagine. Just cheer up!Your parents won't allow you to take part­time jobs probably because they consider study as your most important task. After all, the college entrance examination next year is crucial to your future. Moreover, they may think you are too young to work.I suggest you have a talk with your parents so that they can be better informed of the benefits of doing part­time jobs. Besides, you can make a detailed plan of your work and study so as to convince them that you are old enough to manage things by yourself.Anyway,_I_do_wish_you_a_pleasant_holiday.Yours，Li_Hua