2022届高考英语一轮复习 语法专题3：定语从句 讲义

高中英语语法专题3：定语从句

一．概述

修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句（attributive clause），一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，作用相当于一个形容词，因此又可称之为形容词性从句。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。

I am a girl who likes playing football.

Can you lend me the book which you talked about yesterday?

思考：（1）第一个句子中的who作为定语从句的引导词起到了哪三个方面的作用？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）第二个句子中的which作为定语从句的引导词起到了哪三个方面的作用？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

二．如何选用恰当的引导词

1. Who

My mother is a determined woman who never changes her mind.

Do you like the boy who wears a blue hat?

思考：（1）who在上面两个从句中的作用是什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①Women _____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _____ don’t.

②He recognized the lady at once _______ had given her a bottle of milk when he was in trouble.

2. Whom

Do you know the girl whom I talked with just now?

The old man whom you introduced in the meeting is an experienced engineer.

思考：（1）whom在上面两个从句中的作用是什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①Black Harry is an experienced teacher from ______ we can learn a lot.

②The smart lady _______ we met in the park last week turned out to be a famous singer.

3. Which

I like the bike which cost me one thousand dollars.

The book which is very interesting attracts me a lot.

I like the bike which my father bought as my birthday gift.

Lucy is looking for her phone which she has only used for one day.

Jeff didn’t pass the final exam, which made his parents very disappointed.

Many students use phones at school, which is bad for their study.

思考：（1）which在上面六个从句中的作用是什么？前两句、中间两句和后两句之间存在什么相似之处或不同之处吗？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①Can you lend me the novel ______ you talked about the other day?

②The fence in our garden _______ my father built many years ago has lasted for a long time.

③Jim’s grandma passed the driving test smoothly, _______ surprised everybody in the office.

④Have you ever been to the old temple _______ is located at the foot of the mountain.

4. That

Do you like the boy who wears a blue hat?

→Do you like the boy that wears a blue hat? （√）

The old man whom you introduced in the meeting is an experienced engineer.

→The old man that you introduced in the meeting is an experienced engineer. （√）

I like the bike which cost me one thousand dollars.

→I like the bike that cost me one thousand dollars. （√）

I like the bike which my father bought as my birthday gift.

→I like the bike that my father bought as my birthday gift. （√）

思考：上面这四个例句在前面的学习中都见过，把引导词变成了that之后依然正确。这说明了that这个引导词具有什么样的特点呢？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Jeff didn’t pass the final exam, which made his parents very disappointed.

→Jeff didn’t pass the final exam, that made his parents very disappointed. （╳）

Many students use phones at school, which is bad for their study.

→Many students use phones at school, that is bad for their study. （╳）

思考：上面两个例句中的引导词which却不可以用that来代替，这是为什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Black Harry is an experienced teacher from whom we can learn a lot.

→Black Harry is an experienced teacher from that we can learn a lot. （╳）

Can you introduce the girl to me with whom you talked just now?

→Can you introduce the girl to me with that you talked just now? （╳）

You had better take a map without which you may get lost in the mountain.

→You had better take a map without that you may get lost in the mountain. （╳）

思考：上面这两个例句中的引导词whom和which替换成that之后却不正确了，这是为什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Will you please show me the way to the only tall building that stands near the post office?

Beijing is the first city that I have visited during my summer holiday.

This park is the most beautiful one that I have ever visited in my life.

Do you remember the writer and his works that we learned last month?

You should write down everything that your tacher said in class.

思考：观察上面这五个例句，其中的引导词都是用的that，但这里的that却不可以用which或who或者whom来代替。换句话说，此处的引导词是唯一的，只能用that。造成这种现象的原因是什么呢？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Whose

Do you know the man whose name is Jack?

I once lived in an old house whose windows were made of paper.

The restaurant whose owner is a famous singer is very popular is this area.

思考：（1）whose在上面三个从句中的作用是什么？whose前面的名词和后面的名词存在某种关系吗？翻译的时候，此处的whose能否用“的”或者“'s”来代替呢？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①Many children, _______ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.

②I had a talk with a poor girl _______ eyes were blind because of a serious disease.

③The house, ________ price is beyond my ability, sttracts me deeply.

6. When

Do you remember the day when we joined the army together?

Last Sunday, when the disaster happened suddenly, is one of my most unforgettable days.

I miss the year 2016, when I was named the best football player of our school.

思考：（1）when在上面三个从句中的作用是什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）如果我们将第一句中的when替换成on which；第二句中的when也替换成on which；第三句中的when替换成in which，你认为可以吗？这说明了什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

观察下面这个例句：

Do you still remember the day _______ we were chosen to make a speech in front of 1000 students?

经过分析，你会发现横线上缺少的不是主语或宾语，也不是定语，而是缺少了“我们被选中在1000名学生面前发表演讲”这件事儿发生的时间，而这个时间刚好就是横线前面的“在这一天”即“on the day”。所以这个题你能得出两个答案：

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（3）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computers.

②The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.

③I will never forget the day _______ my best friend was killed in the accident.

④2003, _______ _______ I was born, was quite special for me and my family.

7. Where

Is there a bar around where I can have something to eat?

We travelled together as far as Chicago, where we said goodbye to each other.

I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place where you may spend your weekend.

思考：（1）where在上面三个从句中的作用是什么？跟刚学过的when相比有什么相似之处吗？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）如果把这三句中的where替换成in which，你认为可以吗？参照刚学的when这个引导词，你能理解这么替换的依据吗？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（3）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①If a shop has chairs ______ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.

②We will be shown around the city: Schools, museums, and some other places, _____ other visitors seldom go.

③I miss the village _______ I spent my childhood.

④I will never forget the small village ______ ______ we spent our weekend together last year.

8. Why

Can you tell me the reason why you gave up the opportunity to study abroad?

The reason why he resufed your offer is that he has got a better choice.

思考：（1）why在上面两个从句中的作用什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）如果把两句中的why替换成for which是否可行？这里的介词for翻译成什么？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（3）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

①We all want to know the reason _______ you moved from the city to the countryside.

②She never explained the reason _______ ______ she was late for the class again and again.

9. As

As was mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high school is increasing.

As we all know, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

思考：（1）as在上面两个从句中的作用是什么？引导词as的位置与前面另外8个引导词有什么不同之处吗？

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

（2）在横线处填入恰当的引导词：

Jane Austin, _______ we all know, is a famous English writer.

_______ is known to all, women live longer than men and women are less likely to fall ill than men.

三．定语从句引导词汇总：

四．教材中的定语从句

我们欣赏下面这些从课本中摘抄出来的几个句子，体会每句话中为什么要用这个引导词来引导相应的定语从句，是否符合上面表格中所做的总结。

1. The Tangshan earthquake was a terrible experience that my great-grandma cannot forget.

2. The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.

3. A doctor with whom James used to work died in the 2016 earthquake in Ecuador.

4. Here are some people whose homes were destroyed by the typhoon.

5. The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people who were asleep.

6. The next day, people put up shelters in the open air using anything that they could find.

7. Several years later, most of the buildings which had been damaged or destroyed by the earthquake were repaired or rebuilt.

8. The injured boy whose mother was lost in the disaster was taken to the hospital.

9. The mother wrote a thank-you letter to a soldier by whom his son was rescued.

10. All Chinese people will never forget the day when a terrible earthquake hit Tangshan.

11. A new school will be built in the place where many soldiers lost their lives in order to save people who were trapped in ruins.

12. The reason why so many people died in the disaster was that they were sleeping when the earthquake happened.

五．定语从句练习题

用合适的关系代词或关系副词将下面一篇短文补充完整：

Strange things were happening in the countryside of Hebei province, ____1____ suggested that something terrible was on its way. For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. Farmers didn’t know the reason ___2___ their dogs refused to go inside buildings. Unfortunately, the city’s one million people ___3___ were asleep as usual suffered a lot from the following unexpected disaster.

At 3:42 am, a terrible earthquake ____4____ nearly one third of the whole nation felt hit Tangshan. Two thirds of the people ___5____ lived there were dead or injured. Thousands of children ___6___ parents died in the earthquake were left homeless. Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins. But hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to the area ___7____ the disaster happened to dig out those ____8___ were trapped and to bury the dead.

The whole nation will never forget the day, 28 July 1976, _____9____ Tangshan lay in ruins. Soon after that, ___10____ is known to all, Tangshan started to revive itself and get back on its feet. The revival of Tangshan proved to the world that in times of disaster, people must unify to rebuild for a brighter future.

六．定语从句在书面表达中的运用

翻译下列句子：

①我是一个正在一所高中读书的学生。

_____________________________________________________________________________

②你喜欢昨天我们遇见的那个男孩吗？

_____________________________________________________________________________

③这是一本我非常感兴趣的故事书。

_____________________________________________________________________________

④我叔叔会给你带去一本你非常想要的中国画。

_____________________________________________________________________________

⑤众所周知，教育在我们的日常生活中扮演者重要的角色。

_____________________________________________________________________________

⑥越来越多的学生在学校里使用手机，这对它们的学习是没有好处的。

_____________________________________________________________________________

应用文写作：

本期校报英语专栏的话题是“Modern technology is changing our life”。请结合图片，为该校报写一篇英语稿件。内容包括：

1. 描述图片的内容；    2. 分析图片中的现象；    3. 提出你的看法。

Modern technology is changing our life

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考解析

一．who引导了一个定语从句、指代前面的girl，在定语从句中充当主语。which引导了一个定语从句，指代前面的book，在定语从句中充当主语。

二．1.who指代人，做主语。练习题都填who

2.   whom指代人，做宾语。练习题都填whom
3.   which指代物，做主语或宾语。当前后两句具有逻辑上的因果关系时，也可以用which指代一句话。练习题都填which
4.   that既可以指代人也可以指代物，既可以做主语，也可以做宾语，在大部分情况下可以代替who whom which，但高考中常考的有两种情况不可以用that: 紧挨着介词和逗号（非限制性定语从句）
5.   whose既可以指代人也可以指代物，做定语，翻译的时候带“的”。做题时候的小技巧就是在横线处填入“的”，若前后两个名词刚好可以串起来（具有从属关系），那么答案就是whose了。
6.   when指代时间，做时间状语，也可以用介词+which的方式来替换。练习题when; when; when; in which
7.   where指代地点，做地点状语，也可以用介词+which的方式来替换。练习题where; where; where; in which
8.   why指代原因，做原因状语，也可以用for which来替换。练习题why; for which
9.   as指代前面或后面的整个句子，做主语或宾语，常用语固定结构当中。练习题都填as

三．表格汇总

四．课文原句

五．1.which    2.why    3.who    4.which    5.who    6.whose    7.where   8.who

9.when