初中英语时态复习资料大全

这是一份初中英语时态复习资料大全，共102页。

一般现在时
主要用于下面几情况：
　　1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
　　在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc。) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
　　They raise ducks as a sideline 。他们以养鸭为副业。
　　She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。
　　I cycle to work every day 。我每天骑自行车上班。
　　It seldom rains here 。这儿很少下雨。
　　2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
　　这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
　　He can speak five foreign languages 。他能说五种外语。
　　That is a beautiful city 。那是座美丽的城市。
　　Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
　　She majors in music 。她主修音乐。
　　All my family love football 。我全家人都喜欢足球。
　　My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
　　3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
　　顾名思义，客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如：
　　The sun rises in the east 。日出东方。
　　The earth goes around the sun 。地球绕着太阳转。
　　Ten minus two is eight。十减二等于八。
　　Light travels faster than sound 。光的速度比声音的速度快。
　　The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
　　4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
　　I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
　　If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details。
　　如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。
用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。
一般过去时
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在 时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的 最大区别之一。
　　一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week ,
　　month , year , century , etc。) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。
　　使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。"过去"的时间概念有两层意思：一是指"现在某个时间"以前 的时间；二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间，在这个意义上，"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：
　　He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。
　　--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？
　　--He just went out。他刚刚出去。
　　

一般将来时
　　概念：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常发生的动作。
　　一、常见的将来时间状语：
　　tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, this afternoon, this year, before long,
　　in the future, some day(将来的某一天)， next year, next Sunday, soon,
　　in ten days(十天后) 等
　　二、一般将来时结构：
　　主语+ will (shall) + 动词原形 ~。动词一般将来时，表示将要发生事
　　(所有人称都可以用will，shall只用于I, We 后面)
　　如：肯定式：They will finish the work next week.
　　否定式： They won’t finish the work next week.
　　疑问式： Will they finish the work next week?
　Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (注意：不能用Yes, they’ll.)
　　特殊疑问句：How many books will you give us?
　　I’ll give you thirty books.
　　2. 主语+ be (am, is, are) going to + 动词原形 ~。
　　be going to, 表打算，准备计划将来干;表可能，有必然，通过现象来判断。
如：I’m going to see a film this evening. 今晚上我打算去看电影。
　　It’s going to rain. 天要下雨了。
　　We aren’t going to have any lessons next week. 我们下周不上课。
　　3. will/ shall 和 be going to 结构的区别
　　(1) 对于事先经过考虑的打算、计划，应使用be going to 结构。
　　Why are you taking down all the pictures? I am going to repaint the wall.
　　(2) 对于事先未经过考虑的打算、计划，而是临时起意，则用will 结构。常见于会话时，乙听了甲的话做出的反应。
　　Where is the telephone book? I’ll go and get it for you .
　　(3) 表示即将发生某事时，两者区别不大，多可互换。
　　What is going to happen? -----What will happen?
　　be going to 一般指较近的将来，will则表示较远的将来。
　　(4) 正式的通知等多用will.
　　4. 其他一般将来时表达结构：
　　(1) 少数几个动词如go, come, start, arrive等，当表示根据规定时间要发生的动作时，要用一般现在时来表示。
　　My train leaves at 6:30. 我乘的火车将在6：30开。
　　另外，时间、条件状语从句中，“主将从现”
　　I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
　　He’ll go fishing if it is fine tomorrow.
　　(2) 现在进行时表将来。go, come, leave, arrive, start, stay, return等表示动作的动词，可以用现在进行时表将来。
　　I’m going to the park with my parents on vacation.
　　(3) be about to + 动词原形, 表示即将发生的动作。
　　The concert is about to begin. 音乐会即将开始。
　　(4) be +动词不定式，表示安排或计划好的动作。
There is to be a sports meeting next week.
语法练习：
I. 用适当形式填空
1. It ______ be Wednesday tomorrow.
2. Betty _________ write to her grandma next week.
3. ________ you please give him this letter?
4. I ________ never do that again.
5. She has bought some cloth; she _____ make herself a dress.
6. ----Oh, what a heavy box! I can’t lift it.
----What! I _______ carry it for you.
7.In China, wherever you _____(go), you_____(see) friendly people.
8. Lao Zhao has saved some money and he _____ (buy) a TV set.
9. The express from Beijing to Shanghai ______ at 8:45.
II. 单选
1 We _____go home until we finish the work.
A don’t B won’t C will
2 Tom _____ six years old next month. A will be B will is C is going to
3 Look at the clouds? It _____ rain. A is going B will be C is going to
4 We _____ go home until we finish the work.
A don’t B won’t C will
5 We must take the sick man to hospital. He ______.
A is dying B is going to die C will die
6 Could you tell me _______ the meeting.
A when shall we have B when we would have C when to have
7 I’ll talk to him when he______.
　　A come B will come C comes D came
　　8 I don’t know if it______ tomorrow.
　　A rains B will rain C is rain D is raining
　　9 There ______ a school three years ago.
　　A were B use to have C used to be D will be

英语语法时态的几种转换
　　英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式：
　　一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
　　在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：
　　①瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ago”的一般过去时的句型中；
　　②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；
　　③瞬间动词用于“It is+一段时间+since+一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been；
　　④瞬间动词用于“Sometime has passed since+一般过去时”的句型中。
　　请看：A。He joined the League two years ago。
B。He has been in the League for two years。
　　 C。It is two years since he joined the League。
　　 D。Two years has passed since he joined the League。
　　二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
　　在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作），at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：
　　Peter is at work，but Mike is at play。
　　Peter is working，but Mike is playing。
　　三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
　　在现在进行时态中go，come，leave，start，arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming，Mum！意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：
　　The train is leaving soon。
　　The train will leave soon。
　　四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will（shall）+动词原形”结构的转换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will（shall）+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：
　　We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday。
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday。
表示将来的五种非时态方式
1、“be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、倾向或必须、义务等。
如：She is to play Juliet。她扮演朱丽叶。
　You are to make the necessary changes。你要做出必要的改变。　
2、“be about to+不定式”：表示即将发生的动作，有“即将”的意思，但不能和具体的时间状语连用。如：
The package is about to come unwrapped。那个包快散开了。

3、“be going+不定式”：表示按计划或安排打算去做某事，或表示有迹象表明要发生某事。如：
We are going to call her this evening。
我们打算今晚给她打电话。
My sister’s going to have a baby this summer。
我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
4、用现在进行时表示将来：主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。
如：The students are leaving on Sunday。学生们星期日出发。
　　We’re having a party next week。
我们下星期将开一个晚会。
5、用一般现在时表示将来：表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。如：We have a holiday tomorrow。我们明天放假。
　　The train leaves at 10：04 this evening。
火车今晚10：04分开。
must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day .You must be tired.　
你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较：　He must be staying there.　他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there。他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.　
我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it。
5) 否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.　如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。
比较have to和must
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.
我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
　　He had to look after his sister yesterday。
3)在否定结构中：don't have to表示"不必" mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.　　　　
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
比较may和might
1) 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
　　May God bless you!
　　He might be at home。
　　注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2) 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
　　If that is the case, we may as well try。
　　典型例题
　　Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet。
A. must　　B. may　 C. can　 D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may.　此句意可从后半句推出。
比较can 和be able to
1)can　could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could)，
　　只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
　　They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
　　d. 用于句首表示条件。
　　e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
　　He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out。
　　= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out。
　　注意：could不表示时态
　　1)提出委婉的请求，(注意在回答中不可用could)。
　　--- Could I have the television on?
　　--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't。
　　2)在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
　　He couldn't be a bad man.　　
他不大可能是坏人。
比较so和such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。
　　so + adj.　　　　　　　　　such + a(n) + n。
　　so + adj. + a(n) + n.　　　such + n. (pl。)
　　so + adj. + n. (pl。) 　　 such +n. (pl。)
　　so + adj. + n. [不可数]　　such +n. [不可数]
　　so foolish　　　　　　　　 such a fool　
　　so nice a flower　　　　　 such a nice flower
　　so many/ few flowers　　　 such nice flowers
　　so much/little money.　　　such rapid progress　
　　so many people　　　　　　 such a lot of people
　　so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。
　　so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

动词不定式
动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为"to+动词原形"，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点：　　1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。
　　2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。
　　一、动词不定式作主语
　　1. It's our duty _________ the room every day.
　　A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肃省)
　　2. It's hard for us _________ English well.
　　A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省)
　　3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
　　It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.(北京市海淀区)
　　4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.
　　A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省)
　　Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B
　　[简析]动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质;句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。
　　二、动词不定式作宾语
　　1. He wants ______ some vegetables.
　　A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省)
　　2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school.
　　A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省)
　　3. He found it very difficult ______.
　　A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省)
　　Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D
　　[简析]在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。
　　三、动词不定式作宾语补足语
　　1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.
　　A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省)
　　2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food.
　　A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省)
　　Key： 1. B 2. C
　　[简析]不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。
　　四、动词不定式作状语
　　1. She went ______ her teacher.
　　A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省)
　　2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well.
　　A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省)
　　Key： 1. A 2. C
　　[简析]go， come， try， do / try one's best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。
　　3. I'm sorry ______ that.
　　A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省)
　　4. I'm sorry ______ you.
　　A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省)
　　5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend.
　　A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省)
　　Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A
　　[简析]"be +形容词+ to do sth"结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。
　　6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子)
　　The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省)
　　7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子)
　　The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (广东省)
　　Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on
　　[简析]在上述"too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do…"(太……而不能……)和"enough (for sb) to do…"(足以、足够……做……)结构中，不定式作结果状语。
　　五、动词不定式作定语
　　1. Would you like something ______?
　　A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省)
　　2. I have a lot of homework ______.
　　A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省)
　　3. He is not an easy man ______.
　　A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省)
　　Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D
　　[简析]不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系;如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。
　　六、不带to的动词不定式
　　1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs.
　　A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省)
　　2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired.
　　A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省)
　　3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______.
　　A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him
　　C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省)
　　4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon.
　　A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省)
　　Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
　　[简析]1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官动词和make， have， let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在"had better"后面接不带to的不定式。
　　七、动词不定式的否定形式
　　1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue.
　　A. not to jump B. to not jump　C. didn't jump D. not jump (广西壮族自治区)
　　2. The old man told the child ______ noisy.
　　A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省)
　　3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try ______ late.
　　A. have， not to be B. have， not be
　　C. be， not to be D. be， not be (内蒙古自治区)
　　Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C
　　[简析]动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not.
　　八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别
　　1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired.
　　A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区)
　　2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home?
　　——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me.
　　A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省)
　　3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we?
　　——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters.
　　A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省)
　　4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省)
　　Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking
　　[简析]一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下："stop to do sth"意为"停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事"，"stop doing sth"意为"停止正在做的事"："remember to do sth"意为"记住去做某事"(事还未做)，"remember doing sth"意为"记得做过某事"(事已做)："go on to do sth"意为"接着做某事"(做完一事，接着做另一事)，"go on doing sth"意为"继续做某事"(一事未做完接着往下做)："forget to do sth"意为"忘了做某事"(事还未做)，"forget doing sth"意为"忘了曾做过某事"(事已做)。
　　5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head.
　　A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省)
　　6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past.
　　A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省)
　　Key： 5. B 6. A
　　[简析]在see， hear， watch， feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。
　　九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留
　　1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us?
　　Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet?
　　A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. I'd like to (浙江省)
　　2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us?
　　______. What time are we going to meet?
　　A. No, I can't B. Yes, I'm glad　C. Yes, I'd love to D. I'd like (大连市)
　　Keys： 1. D 2. C
　　[简析]在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于"be glad to"，"would like (love) to"，"have to"等结构中。
　　十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式
　　The new hospital ______ is near the factory.
　　A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省)
　　Key： D
　　[简析]当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词;如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词;如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词
比较and和or
　　1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
　　2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
　　There is no air or water in the moon。
　　There is no air and no water on the moon。
　　在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
　　典型例题
　　---I don't like chicken ___ fish.　
　　---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much。
　　A. and； and　 B. and； but　C. or； but　D. or；and
　　答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
　　判断改错：
　　(错) We will die without air and water。
　　(错) We can't live without air or water。
　　(对) We will die without air or water。
(对) We can't live without air and water。
单词及词组分组辨析
1. clothes, cloth, clothing　　 clothes 统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数，cloth 指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称
　　指一件衣服用 a piece of, an article of
2. incident , accident
incident 指小事件, accident 指不幸的事故 He was killed in the accident.
　　3. amount, number
　　amount 后接不可数名词，number 后接可数名词 a number of students
　　4. family, house, home
　　home 家，包括住处和家人，house 房子，住宅，family 家庭成员。My family is a happy one.
　　5. sound, voice, noise
　　sound 自然界各种各样的声音，voice 人的嗓音，noise 噪音 I hate the loud noise outside.
　　6. photo, picture, drawing
　　photo 用照相机拍摄的照片，picture 可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing 画的画
　　Let's go and see a good picture.
　　7. vocabulary, word
　　vocabulary 词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word 具体的单词 He has a large vocabulary.
　　8. population, people
　　population 人口，人数，people 具体的人 China has a large population.
　　9. weather, climate
　　weather 一天内具体的天气状况，climate 长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
　　10. road, street, path, way
　　road 具体的公路，马路，street 街道，path 小路，小径，way 道路，途径
　　take this road; in the street, Show me the way to the museum.
　　11. course, subject
　　course 课程(可包括多门科目)，subject 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
　　12. custom, habit
　　custom 传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接 to do，habit 生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接 of doing.
　　I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
　　13. cause, reason
　　cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接 of sth./doing sth，reason 用来解释某种现象或
　　结果的理由，后接 for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
　　14. exercise, exercises, practice
　　exercise 运动，锻炼(不可数)，exercises 练习(可数)，practice(反复做的)练习。
　　Practice makes perfect.
　　15. class, lesson
　　作“课”解时，两者可以替换。指课文用 lesson. 指班级或全体学生用 class. Lesson 6; Class 5
　　16. speech, talk, lecture　　 speech 指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk 日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture
　　学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on …
　　17. officer, official
　　officer 部队的军官，official 政府官员 an army officer
　　18. work, job
　　二者均指工作。work 不可数，job 可数 a good job。
　　19. couple, pair
　　couple 主要指人或动物，pair 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
　　20. country, nation, state, land
　　country 侧重指版图，疆域，nation 指人民，国民，民族，state 侧重指政府，政体，land 国土，
　　国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.
　　21. cook, cooker
　　cook 厨师，cooker 厨具 He is a good cook.
　　22. damage, damages
　　damage 不可数名词，损害，损失; damages 复数形式，赔偿金 $900 damages
　　23. police, policeman
　　police 警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning
　　everyone in the house.
　　24. problem, question
　　problem 常和困难连系，前面的动词常为 think about, solve, raise，question 常和疑问连系，
　　多和ask, answer 连用。
　　25. man, a man
　　man 人类，a man 一个男人 Man will conquer nature.
　　26. chick, chicken
　　二者均可指小鸡，chicken 还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
　　27. telegram, telegraph
　　当电报解时，telegram 指具体的，telegraph 指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
　28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
　　travel 是最常用的，trip 指短期的旅途，journey 指稍长的旅途，voyage 指海上航行 a three-day trip
　　29. sport, game
　　sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等;game 指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套
　　规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
　　30. price, prize
　　price 价格，prize 奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low
　　31. a number of, the number of　　 a number of 许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of … 的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of
　　students is increasing.
　　32. in front of, in the front of
　　in front of 范围外的前面，in the front of 范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.
　　33. of the day, of a day
　　of the day 每一天的，当时的，当代的，of a day 暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day

　　34. three of us, the three of us
　　three of us 我们(不止三个)中的三个，the three of us 我们三个(就三个人)The three of us
　　--- Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
　　35. by bus, on the bus
　　by bus 表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus 表范围 They went there by bus.
　　36. for a moment, for the moment
　　for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment 暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
　　37. next year, the next year
　　next year 明年，将来时间状语，the next year 第二年，过去将来时间状语
　　He said he would go abroad the next year.
　　38. more than a year, more than one year
　　more than a year 一年多，more than one year 超过一年(两年或三年等)
　　39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
　　take advice 征求意见，take the advice 接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.
　　40. take air, take the air
　　take air 传播，走漏，take the air 到户外去，散步 We take the air every day.
　　41. in a word, in words
　　in a word 总之，一句话， in words 口头上 In a word, you are right.
　　42. in place of, in the place of
　　in place of 代替，in the place of 在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
　　43. in secret, in the secret
　　in secret 秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语;in the secret 知道内情，知道秘密，
　　一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
　　44. a girl, one girl
　　a girl 可泛指所有女孩, one girl 一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
　　45. take a chair, take the chair
　　take a chair 相当于 sit down 坐下，take the chair 开始开会
　　50. in charge of, in the charge of　　 in charge of 管理，负责照料， in the charge of 由……照料 He is in charge of the matter.
　　The matter is in the charge of her.
　　51. in class, in the class
　　in class 在课上，in the class 在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
　　52. on fire, on the fire
　　on fire 着火, on the fire 在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
　　53. out of question, out of the question
　out of question 毫无疑问的，out of the question 不可能的
　　54. a second, the second
　　a second 又一，再一，the second 第…… He won the second prize.
　　55. by day, by the day
　　by day 白天，by the day 按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
　　56. the people, a people
　　the people 指人，a people 指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
　　57. it, one
　　it 同一物体，one 同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
　　58. that, this
　　that 指代上文所提到的，this 导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why ….
　　59. none, nothing, no one
　　none 强调有多少，nothing, no one 强调有没有，nothing 指物，no one 指人
　　--- How many …/ How much …? --- None.
　　60. anyone, any one
　　anyone 指人，不能接 of，any one 指人物均可，可接 of any one of you
　　61. who, what　　 who 指姓名或关系，what 指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
　　62. what, which
　　what 的选择基础是无限制的，which 在一定范围内进行选择
　　Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
　　63. other, another
　　other 后接名词复数，another 后接名词单数 other students, another student
　　64. not a little, not a bit
not a little 非常，not a bit 一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。
　　65. many, much, a lot of
　　many 和可数名词连用，much 和不可数名词连用，a lot of 可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句
　　I haven't many books.
　　66. much more … than, many more … than
　　much more … than 后接形容词或不可数名词，many more … than 后接可数名词 many more
　　people, much more water, much more beautiful
　　67. no, not
　　no = not a/any no friend = not a/any friend no water = not any water
　　68. no more than, not more than
　　no more than 相当于 only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过
　　69. majority, most
　　majority 只能修饰可数名词，most 可数不可数均可 the majority of people
　　70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
　　by oneself 单独的，独自的，for oneself 为自己，to oneself 供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，
　　自动的 The door opened of itself.
　　71. at all, after all
　　at all 根本，全然, after all 到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.
　　72. tall, high
　　tall 常指人或动物，high 常指物体 He is tall.
　　73. fast, quickly
　　fast 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly 侧重指某事完成或发生的快
　　run fast, answer the question quickly
　　74. high, highly
　　high 具体的高，highly 抽象的高，高度的 think highly of
　　75. healthy, healthful
　　healthy 健康的，健壮的，healthful 有益于健康的 healthful exercise
　　76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy　　 sleeping 正在睡觉，asleep 睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy 困的，有睡意的
　　a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
　　77. gold, golden
　　gold 指真金制品，golden 指金色的，但金鱼用 gold fish, a gold ring
　　78. most, mostly
　　most 用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于 very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，
　　mostly 大部分，是副词 most people, the people are mostly …
　　79. just, very
　　just 表强调时是副词，作状语，very 表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man
　　80. wide, broad
　　wide 侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad 侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
　　81. real, true
　　real 真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true 真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合
　　real gold, a true story
　　82. respectful, respectable
　　respectful 尊敬，有礼貌，respectable 可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged
　　83. outwards, outward
　　二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward 还可用作形容词 an outward voyage
　　84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing
　　pleasant 常用作定语，pleased, pleasing 常用作表语，pleased 主语常为人，
　　pleasing 主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing.
　　85. understanding, understandable
　　understanding 明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的
　　an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
　　86. close, closely
　　close 接近，靠近，closely 紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close
　　87. ill, sick
　　ill 做表语，sick 定，表均可 a sick boy
　　88. good, well
　　good 形容词，well 副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
　　89. quiet, silent, still
　quiet 安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent 不发出声音，但可以动，still 完全不动，完全无声响
　　He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
　　90. hard, hardly
　hard 努力，hardly 几乎不 work hard, I can hardly believe it.
　　91. able, capable　　 able 与不定式 to do 连用，capable 与 of 连用 He is capable of doing …
　　92. almost, nearly
　　二者均为“几乎,差不多”和否定词连用用 almost almost nobody
　　93. late, lately
　　late 迟，晚，lately 最近，近来 I haven't seen him lately.
　　94. living, alive, live, lively
　　living, alive, live 均为活着的，living 定表均可，alive 定表均可，定语后置，live 只能做

　　定语，lively 意为活波的 all the living people = all the people alive
　　95. excited, exciting
　　excited 使人兴奋的，exciting 令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.
　　96. deep, deeply
　　deep 具体的深，deeply 抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep
　　97. aloud, loud
　　aloud 出声地，loud 大声地 read aloud (出声地读)
　　98. worth, worthy
　　二者均为值得，worth 后接 doing，worthy 后接 to be done126. care about, care for
　care about 关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中;care for 关心，照料，喜欢，愿意
　　He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
　　99 catch a cold, have a cold
　　catch a cold 不能和表示“一段时间”的状语连用，而 have a cold 可以
　　She has had a cold for a week.
　　100. change for, change into
　　change for 调换成，change into 变成
　　Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
　　101. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue 主动，被动均可，last 只能用主动
　　The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
　　102. feed, raise
　　feed 喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to)，raise 饲养，养育 (cause to grow, bring up children)
　　raise the family
　　103. go for a doctor, go to a doctor
　　go for a doctor 去请医生，go to a doctor 去看病
　　104. notice, observe, catch sight of
　　notice 注意到，observe 观察，仔细地看，catch sight of 突然看到 observe the stars
　　105. insist on, stick to
　　insist on 坚持要求，后常接 doing, stick to 坚持, 后常接 sth., stick to the plan
　　106. look, seem, appear　　 look 指从外表上看，seem 指内心的判断，appear 指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,
　　look like his father
　　107. gather, collect
　　gather 把分散的东西集中到一起，collect 指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps
　　108. mean to do, mean doing
　　mean to do 打算，想要做某事，mean doing 意思是，意味着
　　By this I mean giving the students more practice.
　　109. die from, die of
　　die from 表示死于(枪)伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of 表示死于疾病，饥饿，
　　寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold
　　110. pay for, pay back, pay off
　　pay for 为…付钱，pay back 还钱，但不一定还清，pay off 还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt
　　111. divide, separate
　　divide 把一个整体分成几部分，separate 把连在一起的个体分开
　　divide the apple, separate the houses
　　112. arrive, get, reach
　　arrive 不及物动词，后接 in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get 不及物动词后接 to，reach 及物动词
　　arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing
　　113. grow, plant
　　grow 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant 移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物
　　plant the trees, trees are growing
　　114. manage, try
　　manage to do 设法做成了某事，try to do 尽力去做某事但不一定成功
　　He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
　　115. choose, select
　　choose 凭个人的判断力进行选择，select 有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer
　　116. build, put up, set up, found
　　build 一般用语，建成，put up 临时搭建，set up 建成(内部的设施基本齐全)，
　　found 国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school
　　117. be familiar to, be familiar with
　　be familiar to 某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with 某人熟悉某物
　　The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
　　118. agree with, agree to, agree on
　　agree with 同意某人，agree to 同意某事，agree on 在……上达成一致意见，主语是复数
　　agree with you, agree to the plan
　　119. throw to, throw at
　throw to 扔到……, throw at 朝……扔 He throw a stone at me.
　　120. receive, accept
　　receive 收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept 接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
　　121. wear, put on, dress
　　wear 和 dress 表状态, wear 接衣服等，可用进行时，dress 接人，be dressed in, put on 表动作
　　It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.
　　122. listen, hear
　　listen 强调动作，hear 强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing.
(一) 形容词和副词
　　I. 要点
　　A. 形容词
　　1、 形容词的用法
　　形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：
　　He is honest and hardworking.
　　I found the book interesting.
　　某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：
　　The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
　　The English like to be with their families.
　　多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：
　　冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态(描述性)+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：　the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
　　2、 形容词比较等级的形式
　　(1) 规则形式
　　一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：
　　great-greater-greatest
　　busy-busier-busiest
　　important-more important-(the)most important
　　(2) 不规则形式
　　good (well)-better-best
　　bad (ill)-worse-worst
　　many (much)-more-most
　　little-less-least
　　(3) 形容词比较等级的用法
　　①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：
　　He is cleverer than the other boys.
　　This one is more beautiful than that one.
　　②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级(+名词)+of(in) …"如：
　　He is the cleverest boy in his class.
　　③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：
　　He is as tall as I.
　　I have as many books as you.
　　④ 越… 越…
　　例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
　　⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
　　又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
　　你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
　　⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.
　　那一天是最令我担心的一天。
　　I have never had a better dinner.

　　这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。

　　⑦ My English is no better than yours.

　　我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。

　　B.副词

　　1、 副词的种类

　　(1) 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等

　　(2) 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
　　(3) 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
　　(4) 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
　　2、 副词比较等级的用法
　　其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：
　　Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
　　We must work harder.
　　3、 某些副词在用法上的区别
　　(1) already, yet, still
　　already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：
　　We've already watched that film.
　　I haven't finished my homework yet.
　　He still works until late every night.
　　(2) too, as well, also, either
　　too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.
　　He didn't go there either.
　　I like you as well.
　　I also went there.
　　(3) hard, hardly
　　hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：
　　I work hard every day.
　　I can hardly remember that.
　　(4) late, lately
　　lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：
　　He never comes late.
　　Have you been to the museum lately?
　　例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
　　A high enough 　B tall enough
　　C enough high 　C enough tall
　　解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。
　　例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
　　A When I take more medicine
　　B The more medicine I take
　　C Taking more of the medicine
　　D More medicine taken
　　解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。
　　例3"I haven't been to London yet".
　　"I haven't been there ____".
　　A too 　B also 　C either 　D neither
　　解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。
　　例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
　　A deep 　B deeply 　C very deep 　D quite deeply
　　解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。
(二) 介词
　I. 要点
　　1、介词和种类
　　(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
　　(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
　　2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
　　(1) 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
　　(2) 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
　(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
　　3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：
　　He came right after dinner.
　　He lives directly opposite the school.
　　4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例
　　(1) at, on, in(表时间)
　　表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
　　指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
　　指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
　　(2) between, among(表位置)
　　between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如
　　I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
　　The village lies between three hills.
　　among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
　　He is the best among the students.
　　(3) beside, besides
　　beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
　　He sat beside me.
　　What do you want besides this?
　　(4)in the tree, on the tree
　　in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上
　　(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
　　on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道
　　by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法
　　(6)in the corner, at the corner
　　in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外
　　(7)in the morning, on the morning
　　in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
　　(8)by bus, on the bus
　　by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
　　II. 例题
　　例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
　　A except B but C beside D besides
　　解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 　　意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
　　例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
　　A on B at C in D during
　　解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。
　　例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
　　A to B in C at D on
解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。　


(三) 连词
　　I. 要点
　　1、 连词的种类
　　(1) 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
　　(2) 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
　　除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句)，关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。
　　2、 常用连词举例
　　(1)and 和，并且
　　They drank and sang all night.
　　(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
　　Both my parents and I went there.
　　(3) but 但是，而
　　I'm sad, but he is happy.
　　(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
　　Either you're wrong, or I am.
　　(5) for因为
　　I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
　　(6) however 然而，可是
　　Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go
　　(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
　　Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
　　(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
　　He not only sings well, but also dances well.
　　(9) or 或者，否则
　　Hurry up, or you'll be late.
　　Are you a worker or a doctor?
　　(10) so 因此，所以
　　It's getting late, so I must go.
　　(11) although 虽然
　　Although it was late, they went on working.
　　(12) as soon as 一 …就
　　I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
　　(13) because 因为
　　He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
　　(14)unless 除非，如果不
　　I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
　　(15)until 直到…
　　He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)
　　He stayed there until eleven.
　　(16)while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)
　　My pen is red while his is blue.
　　(17)for 因为
　　He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)
　　(18)since自从…
　　I have lived here since my uncle left.
　　(19)hardly… when 一… 就
　　I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
　　(20)as far as 就… 来说
　　As far as I know, that country is very small.
　　You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
　　II. 例题
　　例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
　　A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
　　解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。
　　例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
　　A when B where C which D while
　　解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。
　　例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
　　A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
　　解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。
(四)动词时态、语态
　　I. 要点
　　1、 一般现在时
　　(1) 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
　　(2) 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：The earth goes round the sun.
　　2、 现在进行时
　　(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：
　　What are you doing now?
　　(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：
　　He is always doing good deeds.
　　3、 现在完成时
　　主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
　　4、一般将来时
　　表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：
　　I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
　　We're going to see a film next Monday.
　　5、一般过去时
　　表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：It happened many years ago.
　　6、过去进行时
　　表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：
　　What were you doing this time yesterday?
　　7、 过去完成时
　　表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：

　　The train had already left before we arrived.

　　8、一般过去将来时

　　表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：

　　He said he would come, but he didn't.
　　9、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以give为例。
　时／式 　　　　　一般　　　　　　 进行 　　　　　　完成
现在 am is 　given are am is 　being are has 　　　been given have
过去 was 　　　given were was 　　being given were had been given
将来 shall 　　　be given will shall 　　　have been given will
过去将来 should 　　　be given would should 　　　have been given would
II.例题 例1 I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
　　A had died B died C dead D is dead
　　解析：该题正确答案为B。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。
　　例2 The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
　　A is looked B has looked for
　　C is being looked for D has been looked
　　解析：该题正确答案为C。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。
(五)动词虚拟语气
　　I. 要点
　　表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
　　1、 虚拟语气的构成
　　注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：
　　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
　　2、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用
　　(1) 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省) ＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。
　　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
　　句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
　　句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
　　如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.
　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
　　(2) 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：
　　I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
　　(3) 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：
　　His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
　　(4) 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：
　　We received order that the work be done at once.
　　(5) 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或
　　"should ＋动词原形",should不可省。如：It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
　　II. 例题
　　例1 We had hoped that he ____ longer.
　　A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay
　　解析：该题正确答案为D。had hoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气
　　例2 "Mary wants to see you today".
　　"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."
　　A comes B came C should come D will come
　　解析：该题正确答案为B。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。
　　例3 Had she been older, she ____ it better.
　　A had done B might have done C might do D would do
　　解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为B
核心句型（50）
1.welcome to sp欢迎到某地
　Eg.Welcome to China。
2.What’s them atter with sb./sth？
　　出什么毛病了？
　Eg.What’s them atter with your watch？
3.bedifferent from与---不同
Eg.The weather in Beijingis different from that of Nanjing。
4.be the same as与……相同
　Eg.His trousers are the same as mine。
5.befriendly to sb。对某人友好
　Eg.Mr.Wang is very friendly to us。
6.want to do sth。想做某事
　Eg.I want to go to school。
7.want sb.to do sth。想让某人做某事
　Eg.I want my son to go to school。
8.what to do做什么
　Eg.We don’t know what to do next。
9.let sb.do sth。让某人做某事
　Eg.Let him enter the room。
10.let sb.not do sth。让某人不做某事
　Eg.Let him not stand in the rain。
11.why don’t you do sth？
　怎么不做某事呢？
　Eg.Why don’t you play football with us？
12.why not do sth.？
怎么不做某事呢？
　Eg.Why not play football with us？
13.make sb.sth。为某人制造某物
　Eg.My father made me a kite。
14.make sth for sb。为某人制造某物
　Eg.My father made a kite for me。
15.What…mean by…？
　做……是什么意思？
　Eg.What do you mean by doing that？
16.like doing sth。喜爱做某事
　Eg.Jim likes swimming。
17.like to do sth。喜爱做某事
　Eg.He doesn’t like to swim now。
18.feel like doing sth。想做某事
　Eg.I feel like eating bananas。
19.would like to do sth。愿意做某事Eg.Would you like to go rowing with me
20.would like sb.to do sth。愿意某人做某事
Eg.I’d like you to stay with me tonight。
21.make sb.do sth。逼使某人做某事
Eg.His brother of ten make shim stay in the sun。
22.let sb.do sth。让某人做某事
　Eg.Let m1e sing a song for you。
23.have sb.do sth。使某人做某事
Eg.You shouldn’t have the students work so hard。
24.be far from sp离某地远
　Eg.His school is far from his home。
25.be near to sp离某地近
　Eg.The hospital is near to the post office。
26.be good at sth./doing sth。
擅长某事/做某事
　Eg.We are good at English。
　　 They are good at boating。
27.It takes sb.sometime to do sth。
　　某人花多少时间做某事
Eg.It took me more than a year to learn to draw a beautiful horse in five minutes。
28.sb.spend sometime/money(in) doing sth。
　　某人花多少时间做某事
　Eg.I spent twenty years in writing the novel（小说）。
　　29.sb.spend sometime/money on sth。
　　某事花了某人多少时间/金钱
　　Eg.Jim spent 1000 yuan on the bike。
30.sth.cost sb.some money。
　　某物花了某人多少钱
　Eg.The bike cost Jim1000 yuan。
31.sb.pay some money for sth。
　　某人为某物付了多少钱
　Eg.Jim paid 1000 yuan for the bike。
32.begin/start with sth。开始做某事
Eg.The started the meeting with a song。
33.be going to do sth。打算做某事
　Eg.We are going to study in Japan。
34.call AB 叫AB
　Eg.They called the village Gum tree。
35.thank sb.for sth./doing sth。
　　感谢某人做某事
　Eg.Thank you for your help。
　　 Thank you for helping me。
36.What……for？为什么
　Eg.What do you learn English for？
37.How/what about doing sth.？
　　做某事怎么样？
　Eg.How about going fishing？
38.S+be+the+最高级+of/in短语=
　　Eg.Lucy is the tallest in her class。
39.S+be+比较级+than any other+n。
　Eg.Lucy is taller than any other student in her class。
40.have to do sth。不得不做某事
　Eg.I have to go home now。
41.had better do sth。最好做某事
　Eg.You’d better study hard at English。
42.had better not do sth。最好别做某事
　Eg.You’d better not stay up。
43.help sb.to do sth。帮助某人做某事
　Eg.Lucy often helps Lily to wash her clothes。
44.help sb.do sth。帮助某人做某事
　Eg.He usually helps me learn English。
45.help sb.with sth。帮助某人做某事
Eg.I sometimes help my mother with the housework。
46.make it+时间 把时间定在几点
E g. Let‘ s make it 8：30.
47.take sb.to sp带某人到某地
Eg.Mr.Wang will take us to the Summer Palace next Sunday。
49.have nothing to do (with sb)
　　与某人没有关系
　　Eg.That has nothing to do with me。
　　50.主语+don’t think+从句
　　认为……不……
　　Eg.I don’t think it will rain tomorrow。

主谓一致应注意的问题
主谓一致是一个很重要的语法项目，其中有些很重要的问题要注意。
　　1.many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。
　　如：Many a student has been to Japan before.(很多学生去过日本。)
　　2.某些复数名词如：shoes，glasses，trousers，scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，但如果前面有量词出现，则谓语动词要用单数形式。
　　如：The trousers there are expensive.(那的裤子很贵。)
　　3.当主语中包括with，along with，as well as，together with，besides，except，but，including等时，谓语动词和这些词前面的主语保持一致。
　　如：Tom,together with his family is going on holiday.(汤姆和他的家人一起去度假。)
　　4.时间、距离、金钱、重量等作主语时，看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。
　　如：Five dollars is enough.(五美元就足够了。)
　　5.由what引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语用单数形式。
　　如：What they said is right.(他们所说的是正确的。)
　　6.固定结构each+单数名词+and、each+单数名词或every+单数名词+and、every+单数名词，谓语动词用单数
　　如：Each boy and each girl has got a seat.(每个男孩和女孩都有座位了。)
　　7.a number of作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式;the number of作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
　　如：A number of people are trying to learn English. (很多人在努力学英语。
　　 8 .动词不定式或动名词在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
　　如：To see is to believe.(眼见为实。)
初中英语句型大搜集

Lesson 1
　　关键句型全总结（一）
　　关键句型一：关于写信询问某事的句型
　　1．I'm writing to request more information about the day tour to London.
　　2. I'm writing for more information about the day tour to London.
　　关键句型二：关于询问具体细节的句型
　　1. I'd like to know if you have any special prices for students.
　　2. What about time for shopping? Is it included in the schedule?
　　3. As for lunch, is it included in the price?
　　4. Can you tell me more details about the trip?
　　5. Please let me know the scheduled return time.
　　6. I wonder if you could tell me more about the trip.
　　7. I also want to know how long the tour will last.
　　8. I have one final question, is there any time scheduled for shopping?
Lesson 2
　　关键句型全总结（二）
　　关键句型一：表达个人观点的句型
　　1. In my opinion, …在我看来……。
　　2． As far as I am concerned,…就我看来……。
　　3. Personally,…我个人认为……。
　　4. From my point of view，… 在我看来……。
　　5. I think (that)…我认为……。
　　6.As I see it.…在我看来……。
　　关键句型二：阐述论据的句型（以本题为例）
　　1. For one reason…For another reason…
　　  一个大原因是……。另一个原因是……。
　　2. What's more…此外…。
　　3. On the one hand, …on the other hand,…
　　  一方面……，另一方面……。
Lesson 3
　　关键句型全总结（三）
　　关键句型一：表示肯定的句型
　　1. I'm sure you'll like the delicious Chinese food here!
　　2. I believe you will find Chinese food delicious.
　　3. I'm convinced that you'll love Chinese food.
　　5. I bet you will love Chinese food!
关键句型二：表示为某人提供某物
1. We'll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV.
　　2. We'll provide a room with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV for you.
　　3. We'll supply you with a room that has a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV.
　　4. We'll supply a room with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV for you.
　　5. We'll prepare a room with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs, and a TV for you.
　　6. You will have a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV.
　　关键句型三：表示提供帮助的句型
　　   表示提供帮助的句型非常多，我们旨在抛砖引玉，只给出几个参考句型，希望同学们自己努力思考，平时留意悼念相关的句型，为自己增加财富！
　　1. Please set me know if you have any questions or requests.
　　2. Just call me if there's anything you need.
　　3. (Please) let me know if there's anything I can help you with.
　　4. Don't hesitate to ask for help if you have any questions or requests.
　　5. I'll be glad to help if you have any questions or requests.
　　6. I'd be glad if I could help.
　　关键句型四：表示尽力做某事的句型
　　1. We'll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.
　　2. We'll do everything we can to help you enjoy your stay here in Beijing.
　　3. We'll do all we can to help you have a good time in Beijing.
　　4. We'll do our best to make your stay in Beijing a happy one!
Lesson 4
　　关键句型一：讲故事开头的句型
　　1. Once upon a time there was a farmer who worked hard in the fields every day.
　　2. There once was a farmer who worked very hard every day.
　　3. Long long ago, there lived a farmer who worked very hard every day.
　　4. One day, the farmer heard something odd as he wad hoeing.
　　关键句型 二：陈述学到某种道理的句型
　　1. The story tells us that if you want to get something, you must work hard for it.
　　2. From the story, we learn that only by working hard can we get what we want.
　　3. The story suggests: "No pains, no gains."
　　4. The lesson in this story is that you must work hard to get what you want.
Lesson 5
　　  关键句型一：表达信息来源的句型
　　1. I read in the newspaper that…
　　2.I learned from the newspaper that…
　　3. By reading today's newspaper that…
　　4.It says in today's newspaper that…
　　关键句型二：提出建议的句型
　　关于提建议的句型非常多，这里我们只给几个适用于这道题的提建议句型：
　　1. I think this is a good chance for you to…
　　2. I'd like to suggest you…
　　3. I think you might like to…
　　4. I was wondering if you'd like to…
　　Jim's Contribution:
　　   I think this is a good chance for you to enter the English Speaking Competition.
　　 我认为这是你参加英语演讲比赛的一个好机会。
　　关键句型三：主动提供帮助的句型
　　 主动提供帮助的句型我们已经在第一课学习了不少，这里我们再给大家提供几个句型：
　　1. If there is anything I can do for you, I would be glad to…
　　2. If there is anything I can do for you, it will be my great pleasure to…
　　3. Just tell me if I can be of any help.
　　4. Don't hesitate to ask if you need any help.
　　5. I would be very pleased to do anything that would help you.
Lesson 6
　　关键句型一：表示欢迎的句型
　　1. Welcome to China.
　　2. I am glad to learn that you are coming to China.
　　3. I feel very honored to have you here in China.
　　4. My parents and I are very pleased to have you with us
　　关键句型二：告知他人的句型
　　1. Now let me tell you what we are going to do.
　　2. I would like to tell you what we are going to do.
　　3. I'll let you know what we are going to do.
　　4. Let me fill you in on what we are going to do.
　　  【fill sb. In on: 对某人提供……的情况】
　　5. I'll give you the details / story / lowdown on what we are going to do.
　　关键句型三：表达期待某事的句型
　　1. I'm looking forward to meeting you soon.
　　2. I expect to meet you soon.
　　3. I'm eager to meet you soon.
　　4. I can't wait to meet you soon.
　　1. Our school will arrange for some top students to go to America for the summer camp.
　　   我们学校将组织一些优秀的学生到美国去参加夏令营。
　　2. What are you going to arrange for us during our stay in your city?
　　  在我们呆在你所信的城市期间，你将为我们安排些什么活动呢？
 Lesson 7
　　关键句型一：表达歉意的句型
　　1. I'm really / terribly / awfully sorry for not being able to attend the lecture.
　　2. I am so sorry that I won't be able to attend the lecture.
　　3. I'm afraid that I won't be able to attend the lecture.
　　4. Excuse me for not being able to attend the lecture.
　　5. Please forgive me for not being able to attend the lecture.
　　6. I apologize for not being able to attend the lecture.
　　7. Please accept my apologies for not being able to attend the lecture.
关键句型 二；说明理由的句型
1. Because I have to meet my uncle at the airport, I won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon.
　　2. Because of my promise to meet my uncle at the airport, I won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon.
　　3. Since I have to meet my uncle at the airport, I won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon.
　　4. I won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon, for I have to meet my uncle at the airport.
　　5. I have to meet my uncle at the airport, and that's why I won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon.
　　6. The reason for my absence from the lecture tomorrow afternoon was that I have to meet my uncle at the airport.
　　7. Let me explain why I won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon.
　　8. It's because I have to meet my uncle at the airport that won't be able to attend the lecture tomorrow afternoon.
　　关键句型三：关于询问的句型
　　1. I was wondering if I could take a photo here.
　　2. I wonder if it is possible to take a photo here.
　　3. I want to know if I can take a photo here.
　　4. Could you please tell me if I could take a photo here?
　　5. I'd like to find out if I could take a photo here.
　　关键句型 四：提出请求的句型
　　1. Could I borrow the tape, please?
　　2. May I borrow the tape?
　　3. I'd like to borrow the tape.
　　4. Do you think I could borrow the tape?
Lesson 8
　　关键句型一：表示"花时间做某事"的句型
　　1. They spend 25 minutes doing sports every day.
　　2. The students put 25 minutes into sports activities every day.
　　3. They put in 25 minutes doing sports every day.
　　4. 25 minutes is spent on the sports every day.
　　5. 25 minutes is taken up by sports activities every day.
　　6. 25 minutes goes into sports every day.
　　关键句型二：表达看法的句型
　　1. I think the school should encourage the students to exercise more after class.
　　2. In my opinion, the school should encourage the students to exercise more after class.
　　3. Personally, I believe the students should get more exercise after class.
　　4. After reading these charts, I can't help thinking that the school should encourage the students to exercise more after class.
　　5. If you ask me, I think the school should encourage the students to do more exercise after class.
　　6. It seems to me that the school should encourage the students to get more exercise after class.
　　7. I'd just like to say the school should encourage the students to do more exercise after class.
　　8. I'd like to point out that the students should exercise more after class.
　　9. As far as I'm concerned, the students should do more exercise after class. 【as far as I'm concerned: 就我而言】
　　10. From my point of view, the school should encourage the students to exercise more after class.
Lesson 9
　　关键句型一：表达可能性的句型
　　1. Maybe you lost the money on your way home. Or maybe you lent the money to one of your friends but you forgot about it.
　　2. You probably lost the money on your way home.
　　3. It's even possible that you lost the money on your way home.
　　4. It's likely that you lost the money on your way home.
　　5. There's also another possibility that you lost the money on your way home.
　　关键句型二：表达安慰的句型
　　1. Take it easy.
　　2. It's no big deal.
　　3. It's nothing to worry about.
　　4. Don't be such a crybaby.
　　5. Don't worry (about it).
Lesson 10
　　关键句型一：表示负责某事的句型
　　1. Today our teacher put me in charge of the wall newspaper in my class.
　　2. I will take charge of the wall newspaper in my class.
　　3. I will be in charge of the wall newspaper in my class.
　　4. I will take over the wall newspaper in my class.
　　5. I was assigned to take charge of the wall newspaper in my class.
　　6. I'm responsible for the wall newspaper in my class.
　　关键句型二；表达决定、决心的句型
　　1. I decided to complete the task.
　　2. I'm determined to complete the task.
　　3. I've fixed on completing the task.
　　4. I have made up my mind to complete the task.
　　5. I've make a decision to complete the task.
关键句型三：表达计划的句型
1. I'm thinking of reporting some events that happened around us on the wall newspaper.
　　2. I will report some events that happened around us on the wall newspaper.
　　3. I'm going to report some events that happened around us on the wall newspaper.
　　4. I plan to report some events that happened around us on the wall newspaper.
　　5. I intend to report some events that happened around us on the wall newspaper.
　　6. I propose to report some events that happened around us on the wall newapaper.
Lesson 11
　　关键句型一：表达看法的句型
　　1. some of them think that it is necessary to start learning English from childhood.
　　2. Some of the students point out that it is good to start learning English from childhood.
　　3. Some of them hold the idea that it is necessary to start learning English at an early age.
　　4. Their point of view is that it is necessary to start learning English from childhood.
　　5. In those people's opinion, it is good to start learning English at ah early age.
　　6. Some of them argue that it is a good idea to start learning English from childhood.
　　 关键句型二：表示支持的句型
　　1. Some of them agree with the idea that English learning should start early I childhood.
　　2. Some of them are for the idea that English learning should start early in childhood.
　　3. Some students think that it is right to start learning English from childhood.
　　4. Some students think it is a good idea to learn English from a young age.
　　5. Some students consider it reasonable to learn English from childhood.
　　【reasonable adj. 合理的；有道理的】
　　6. Some people are in favor of learning English from a young age.
　　7. Some of them approve of the idea that it is good to start learning English from childhood.
　　  【approve of: 赞成；满意】
　　8. Some students think that there is something to the notion that English learning should start at a young age. 【notion n. 观念；想法】
　　关键句型三：表示反对的句型
　　1. Some of them don't think that it is a good idea to start learning English at an early age.
　　2. Other students are opposed to the idea that children should start learning English at a young age.
　　3. Other students don't think it is suitable for the children to start learning English at a young age.
　　4. Some of them are against the idea that it is necessary to learn English from childhood.
　　5. Other students disapprove of the idea that it is necessary to learn English from childhood.
　　  【disapprove of : 反对】
　　6. Other students disagreed with the idea that it is necessary to learn English from childhood.
　　7. But others do not agree with the idea that it is necessary to learn English from childhood.
　　8. Some of the students would not like to give their support to the idea that it is necessary to learn English from childhood.
 

Lesson 12
　　关键句型：提出建议的句型
　　1. You can use your pocket money in this way.
　　2. I think  you should use your pocket money in this way.
　　3. I think you can use your pocket money on these things.
　　4. You might as well use your pocket money in this way.
　　5. You'd better use your pocket money in this way.
　　6. It's a good idea to use your pocket money on these things.
　　7. I think it'll do you good to use your pocket money on these things.
　　8. I suggest that you should use your pocket money on these things.
　　9. I would advise you to use your pocket money in this way.
Lesson 13
　　关键句型一：过去进行时的句型
　　1. At about 9 o'clock last night, I was doing my homework.
　　2. I was doing some washing when you called me last night.
　　3. He was listening to the English tape when someone knocked at the door.
　　4. Mother was preparing for supper when I went back home from school yesterday afternoon.
　　关键句型二：提出要求的句型
　　1. Could you please turn your TV down a bit?
　　2. Would you please turn your TV down a bit?
　　3. Do you mind turning down your TV a little bit?
　　4. Could you possibly turn your TV down a bit?
　　5. Do you think it would be possible to turn your TV down a bit?
　　6. I would appreciate it if you could turn your TV down a bit.
　　  【I would appreciate it if…如果……我净很感激。】
关键句型三；道歉的句型
1. I'm awfully sorry that I have disturbed you.
　　2. I'm really sorry to have disturbed you.
　　3. I'm terribly sorry for disturbing you.
　　4. I do apologize for disturbing you.
　　5. A thousand pardons for disturbing you.
　　6. I can't tell you how sorry I am for disturbing you.
Lesson 14
　　关键句型一：一般过去时的句型
　　1. There was a park near our school.
　　2. Lots of students took part in the lecture yesterday.
　　3. I spent my summer vacation in Shanghai last year.
　　4. The firemen arrived, and soon the fire was under control.
　　5. Last Saturday evening, I went to the movies with some friends.
　　6. Soon two policemen in a police car came and arrested the thief.
　　关键句型二：表示感谢的句型）
　　1. The woman thanked the old man.
　　2. The woman sent her thanks to the old man.
　　3. The woman felt very  grateful to the old man.
　　4. The woman appreciated the old man very much.
　　5. The woman expressed her appreciation to the old man.
　　6. The woman expressed her gratitude for the old man's help.
　　  【gratitude n. 感激；谢意】
Lesson 15
　　关键句型一：表达目的的句型
　　1. The purposes of the program are to make our school more beautiful.
　　2. We are carrying out this program in order to make our school more beautiful.
　　3. We are going to carry out this program so as to make our school more beautiful.
　　4. We're trying to create a more beautiful environment for the students.
　　5. We aim to create a more beautiful environment for the students.
　　关键句型二；表示规划的句型
　　1. Our school had started on a new program to make the campus more beautiful.
　　2. Our school is staring a new program to make the campus more beautiful.
　　3. The program involves planting trees, building a garden, and decorating the campus.
　　4. The program will be put into action by us planting trees, building a garden, and decorating the campus.
　　5. It's included in the program that student artwork will decorate the halls of our school.
　　6. The program calls for a garden to be built for us to visit and relax.
　　7. In this program, we will set aside a quiet grassy area where we can rest and do some reading.
　　8. We will carry out the program by setting aside a quiet grassy area for us to rest and do some reading.
　　9. According to the program, we will plant different kinds of trees, flowers and grass in and around our school.
关键句型三：欢迎到访的句型
　　1. Welcome to visit our school.
　　2. If you are free, do come and visit our school.
　　3. I hope you get the chance to visit our school.
　　4. You are welcome to visit our school if you have the chance.
　　5. We would like you to visit our school whenever it is convenient for you.
Lesson 16
关键句型一：表示"到某地度假"的句型
　　1. I will spend this summer holiday / vacation in the countryside.
　　  【英式英语中说"holiday",美式英语中说"vacation".】
　　2. I'm going to the countryside during the summer vacation.
　　3. I will go to the countryside for vacation this summer.
　　关键句型二：表达不足的句型
　　1. There are still some shortcomings to living in the urban area.
　　2. There are still some disadvantages to living in the city.
　　3. There are still some problems to living in the urban area.
　　4. Life in an urban center brings its own set of problems.
　　5. Life in the city is far from perfect.
　　6. Urban life has it's downside.
　　7. Life for city-dwellers is not all peaches and cream.

Lesson 17
　　关键句型一：表示"位于……"的句型（ ）
　　1. The city is on the banks of the Yangtze River.
　　2. The city lies on the banks of the Yangtze River.
　　3. The city stands on the banks of the Yangtze River.
　　4. The city is located on the banks of the Yangtze River.
　　5. The city is situated on the banks of the Yangtze River.
　　6. The location of the city is on the banks of the Yangtze River.
关键句型二：表示取得发展的句型
　　1. Its economic status has improved a lot for the past ten years.
　　2. Its economy has been growing very fast for the past ten years.
　　3. Its economy has been developing rapidly for the past ten years.
　　4. The city has made rapid progress in its economy for the past ten years.
　　关键句型三：表达看法的句型
　　1. In my view, Jiang Cheng should develop its economy scientifically.
　　2. As far as I'm concerned, Jiang Cheng should develop its economy scientifically.
　　3. In my opinion, Jiang Cheng should develop its economy scientifically.
　　4. I think that Jiang Cheng should develop its economy scientifically.
　　5. From my point of view, Jiang Cheng should develop its economy scientifically.
　　6. As I see it, Jiang Cheng should develop its economy scientifically.
 
Lesson 18
关键句型一：表达推荐的句型
　　1. I suggest that you buy the following two dictionaries.
　　2. I'd like to recommend the following two dictionaries.
　　3. I'd like to introduce the following two dictionaries to you.
　　4. I believe the following two dictionaries will surely do you good.
　　5. I think the following two dictionaries are good for you to study Chinese.
　　关键句型二：表示包含的句型
　　1. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words.
　　2. It records a large number of words.
　　3. It contains a vocabulary of 10,000 words.
　　4. It consists of a great number of words, notes and sample sentences.
　　5. Many notes telling you how to use words are included in the dictionary.
　　关键句型三：描述特点的句型
　　1. The English-Chinese / Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners.
　　2. The Xinhua Dictionary is the most widely used Chinese dictionary.
　　3. The Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary.
　　4. It may be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese.
　　  【advanced adj. 高级的；先进的】
　　5. It suits the advanced learners of Chinese.
　Lesson 19
　　关键句型一：描述房子的句型
　　1. It's a small apartment, about 25 square meters, with a sitting room, a bathroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.
　　2. It's a small apartment, consisting of a sitting room, a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen.
　　3. In the sitting room, you can see a coffee table, a sofa, a TV set and a stereo.
　　4. In the bedroom, there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.
　　关键句型二：描述"房租多少"的句型
　　1. The rent is 500 yuan per month.
　　2. You should pay 500 yuan a month for the apartment.
　　3. You'll have to pay 500 yuan a month in rent.
　　4. The apartment will cost you 500 yuan per month.
　　5. The landlord will charge you 500 yran every month.
　　6. The apartment will set you back 500 yuan a month.
Lesson 20
　　关键词一：be going to 打算（做某事）；计划（做某事）
　　1. I am going to enjoy myself over the vacation.
　　2. I'm going to spend my summer vacation by the sea.
　　3. I'm going to take part in the summer camp.
　　关键词二：for example 例如
　　1. You'll have a lot of fun by the sea, For example, you can swim in the sea, play in the sand and collect seashells.
　　2. There are many topics you can write about in your composition. For example, you can talk bout your favorite sport or your favorite song.
　Lesson 21
　　关键句型一：表示"收费/免费"的句型
　　1. The ticket for entering the park is 50 RMB.
　　2. It will cost you 50 yuan to enter that park.
　　3. It used to be free to enter the park.
　　4. They believe a public park should be free of charge.
　　5. An entrance fee will be charged for the park from next month.
　　  【李阳老师额外奉献：表示收费的其他句型】
　　1. The bill for the dinner is 120 yuan.
　　2. The tuition for this semester is 1500 yuan.
　　3. He was fined 200 RMB for violation of traffic regulation.
　　  【fine v. 罚款 violation n. 违反（法律等）；违背 regulation n. 规则；法令】
　　关键句型二：表示看法的句型
　　1. In their opinions, the fees should be low.
　　2. They think that the fees should be low.
　　3. They believe that the fees should be low.
　　4. They are convinced that the fees should be low.
　　5. They suggest that the fees should be low.
　　关键句型三：表示"影响（城市形象）"的说法）
　　1. It will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will make the city less attractive.
　　2. It will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do harm to the appearance of a city.
　　3. It is certainly harmful to the appearance of a city if everyone litters wherever they like.
　　4. It is not good for the appearance of a city to have such a lake full of rubbish.
　　5. The city's appearance will suffer from the increase in pollution.
　　6. Some factories pour wastewater into the river, which will diminish the beauty of a city.
　　7. It really takes away from the beauty of a city to have such filth everywhere.
　　  【take away from: 减损 filth n. 垃圾；污物】
　Lesson 22
关键句型一：描述激动心情的句型
　　1. I was very excited when I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.
　　2. How exciting that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games!
　　3. I couldn't restrain my excitement when I heard that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.
　　4. How marvelous that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games!
　　5. How wonderful to hear that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games!
　　6. I'm in a great mood on hearing that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.
　　7. It's breathtaking that Beijing won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.
关键句型二：表示"决定做某事"的句型（　
　1. After a brief discussion we decided to put up a wall newspaper for our class.
　　2. After a brief discussion we made a decision to put up a wall newspaper for our class.
　　3. After a brief discussion we fixed on putting up a wall newspaper for our class.
　　4. After a brief discussion we made up our minds to put up a wall newspaper for our class.
　　5. After a brief discussion we set our minds on putting up a wall newspaper for our class.
　　6. After a brief discussion we reached a decision that we should put up a wall newspaper for our class.
　　关键句型三：描述惊喜的句型
　　1. Our classmates were surprised and overjoyed when they say the wall newspaper.
　　2. Our classmates were pleasantly surprised when they saw the wall newspaper.
　　3. It was really a surprise to our classmates when they saw the wall newspaper.
　　4. It was really amazing that there was a wall newspaper in the classroom.
　　5. It was beyond their expectations to see the wall newspaper, and all of them were extremely happy/ 
Lesson 23
关键句型：表示过去与现在的对比的句型（
　　1. I had to work on weekends doing endless homework and attending classes in the past. However, things have changed a lot now. I have more free time.
　　2. I used to have to work even on weekends doing endless homework and attending classes. Now I have more free time.
　　3. In the past, I had to work on weekends doing endless homework and attending classes. But now I have more free time.
　　4. It's quite different now. I used to have to work even on weekends doing endless homework and attending classes, but now I have more free time.
　　5. It's not like it used to be at all. Now I have more free time.
　　6. I have more free time than before.
 
Lesson 24
　　关键句型一：表示事情发生的句型
　　1. The traffic accident happened on February 8,2000.
　　2. The event took place early in the morning on February 8,2000.
　　3. The crossroad where 3rd meets Park Street was where it happened.
　　4. There was a traffic at the intersection of 3rd and Park.
　　5. It occurred on the corner of 3rd and Park.
　　关键句型二：表示"观察；注意"的句型
　　1. I paid attention to the car's license plate.
　　2. I noticed the plate number was AC864.
　　3. I got a look at his license plate. The number was AC864.
　　4. I got his license plate number.
　Lesson 25
　　关键句型一：宣布举行活动的句型
　　1. The Student Union has decided to organize a music week.
　　2. The Student Union will hold a music week.
　　3. A music week will be held by the Student Union.
　　4. We will have a music week held by the Student Union.
　　5. There will be a music week held by the Student Union.
　　关键句型二：表达"活动包含……"的句型
　　1. The activities will include singing pop songs and playing classical ＆ folk music.
　　2. Among the activities there will be pop singing and classical ＆ folk performances.
　　3. Singing pop songs and playing classical ＆ folk music will be just some of the activities offered.
　　4. There will be many kinds of activities including singing pop songs and playing classical ＆ folk music.
　　5. We will have abundant activities during the music week, such as dinging pop songs and playing classical ＆ folk music.
　　  【abundant adj. 丰富的；充裕的】
关键句型三；关于报名的句型
　　1. If you would like to join us, please tell us before April 20th.
　　2. If you'd like to take part in the music week, please let us know before April 20th.
　　3. Those who are interested, please make sure you are on our list by April 20th.
　　4. If interested, please come and sign up for it before April 20th.
　　5. All wishing to participate please register before April 20th.
　　6. April 20th is the deadline to sign up.
Lesson 26
　　关键句型一：告诉某人某事的句型
　　1. Do you know what has happened in my school?
　　2. Let me tell you a few things about my school.
　　3. I'd like to let you know something about my school.
　　5. I am writing to tell you something about my school.
　　6. I would like you to know something about my school.
　　关键句型二：表示"发生变化"的句型
　　1. Quite a few changes have taken place.
　　2. Quite a few changes have occurred.
　　3. Our school has experienced great changes.
　　4. Many changes have happened at our school.
　　5. Many changes have been made at our school.
　　6. Our school has gone through quite a few changes.
　　  【go through: 经历；经受】
　　7. There are quite a few changes that have taken place.
　　关键句型三：描述方位的句型
　　1. Our school is opposite to the new post office.
　　2. On one side of the river there is a row of trees.
　　3. I will wait for you in front of the gate of the park.
　　4. On the other side now stands a new movie theater.
　　5. We have  made a lot of improvements on and around the campus.
 
　Lesson 27
　　关键词一：give sb. a warm welcome 热烈欢迎某人
　　1.When we visited the factory, the workers there gave us a warm welcome.
　　  当我们到工厂参观的时候，那里的工人们热烈地欢迎我们。
　　2. When I got to Mary's house, her family gave me a warm welcome.
　　  当我去到玛丽家的时候，她一家人热烈地欢迎我。
　　3. Let's give a warm welcome to Professor Li.
　　让我们热烈欢迎李教授。
　　关键词二：show sb. around 带领某人参观……
　　1. The farmers showed us around the farm.
　　  农民们带我们参观了农场。
　　2. This afternoon, I will show you around the city.
　　  今天下午，我会带你参观这城市。
　　关键词三：have fun doing sth. 做某事很愉快。
　　1. Yesterday, we had great fun playing basketball.
　　  昨天，我们条篮球打得很愉快。
　　2. Did you have great fun spending your vacation in the countryside?
　　  你是不是在乡村度过了一个非常愉快的假期？
 
Lesson 28
　　关键词一：point to 指向；指着
　　1. While talking to us, the young man pointed to a policeman not far away.
　　  那个年轻人跟我们说话的时候，指着不远处的一个警察。
　　2. He pointed to that oil painting and told us about its history.
　　  他指着那幅油画，向我们介绍它的历史。
　　关键词二：explain v. 解释；说明
　　1. The young man explained why they stopped us.
　　  那个年轻人解释人与人之间为什么拦下我们。
　　2. He explained the reason why he was made to catch the offenders.
　　  他解释他被要求抓违章者的原因。
　　3. She explained that her bus hadn't come up on time.
　　  她解释说她要乘坐的公交车没有按时到达。
 
Lesson 29
　　关键句型一：表示"学习课程"的句型
　　1. Among the subjects I studied in school were Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computers.
　　2. The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computers.
　　3. I studied many different subjects at school including Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computers.
　　4. There are many subjects I studied at school, such as Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computers.
　　5. I studied lots of different stuff in school, including, but not limited to, Chinese, math, English, physics, chemistry and computers. 【非常正式】
　　关键句型二：表示特长的句型
　　1. I like English and computers best, and I am very good at them.
　　2. I like English best, and I always got high grades on the English exams.
　　3. My strengths lie in English and computers.
　　  【strength n. 力量；长处；优点】
　　4. My best subjects were English and computers.
　　5. I did very well in English and computer classes.
　　6. English and computers are my areas of expertise.
　　  【expertise n. 专门知识；专门技能】
　　7. I'd say I am quite proficient at English and computers.
　　  【proficient adj. 熟练的；精通的】
　　关键句型三：表达爱好的句型
　　1. I like / love playing guitar best.
　　2. In my spare time, I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps.
　　3. I'm interested in collecting stamps.
　　4. I'm really fond of skating in winter.
　　5. My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.
　　6. I adore listening to popular music.
　　7. I'm crazy about sports.
　　8. I find great pleasure in listening to pop music.
　　9. I like nothing better than swimming.
Lesson 30
　　关键词一：hold (a meeting / party / contest) 举办/召开（会议/聚会/比赛等）
　　1. The Student Union is going to hold a party on Saturday evening.
　　  学生会计划在星期六晚上举办一个晚会。
　　2. A meeting will be held to discuss how to cope with this problem.
　　3. Our class will hold an English contest next Friday.
　　  我们班下周五将举行一次英语竞赛。
　　关键词二：welcome v. 欢迎
　　1. The Student Union is going to hold a party to welcome our friends from the United States.
　　  学生会打算举行一个聚会来欢迎来自美国的朋友。
　　2. A performance will be put on this evening to welcome the freshmen in our university.
　　  【freshman n. 新生；大学一年级新生】
　　  为了欢迎我们大学里的新生，今晚将举行一场表演。
　　3. My mother prepared a big meal to welcome my classmates.
　　  为了欢迎我的同学，妈妈准备了丰盛的晚餐。
　　关键词三：exchange (gift)交换（礼物等）
　　1. At the end of the party, students are supposed to exchange gifts.
　　  在晚会的最后，学生们将交换礼品。
　　2. We can use the Internet to exchange information with other people in no time.
　　  【in no time: 立刻；几乎马上地】
　　  我们可以通过因特网迅速地和别人交换信息。
　　3. In Mr. Li's class, we are encouraged to exchange our ideas with each other.
　　  在李老师的课上，他鼓励我们相互交流想法。
　　关键词四：wrap sth. Up 包裹（某物）；包装（某）
　　1. Remember to wrap it up, sign your name and write a few words of good wishes.
　　  记住把它包装好，签上名，并写上一些祝福的语句
　　2. Wrap the rubbish up with the old newspaper and throw it away, please.
　　  请用旧报纸把垃圾包好扔掉。
　　3. The birthday present for Daisy has been wrapped up.
　　  给戴西的生日礼物已经包好了。
Lesson 31
　　关键句型一：买东西的句型（以本题为例）
　　1. Early in the morning we went to buy some presents for my grandma.
　　2. We went to the shop to choose some presents for my grandma.
　　3. We told the shop assistant that we would like to buy some presents for my grandma.
　　4. We told the shop assistant that we were looking for some presents for my grandma.
　　5. We told the shop assistant that we were trying to find something for my grandma's birthday.
　　关键句型二：描述用餐的句型
　　1. The meal was nice and we all enjoyed it very much.
　　2. The meal was delicious and we all loved it very much.
　　3. The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much.
　　4. It was such a nice meal that we all enjoyed it very much.
　　5. Because the meal was very nice, we all enjoyed it very much.
　　关键句型三：道别的句型
　　1. We said our goodbyes and headed home.
　　2. At 4 o'clock, we said goodbye and set off for home.
　　3. "I am looking forward to seeing you again soon. Goodbye!" I said when I was leaving.
　　4. We all felt very happy today, and we hoped that we could meet again very soon.
　　5. It was time for us to leave. We all considered it nice meeting each other.
　　6. We waved goodbye to them and left for home.
Lesson 32
　　关键句型一：表示获奖的句型
　　1. He won a gold medal in the diving event at the 11th Asian Games.
　　2. He got the first place in the diving event at the 11th Asian Games.
　　3. He won the first prize in the diving event at the 11th Asian Games.
　　4. He became a world champion at the 6th Would Swimming Championships early this year.
　　5. He beat all the other competitors at the 6th World Swimming Championships early this year.
　　关键句型二：表示"喜欢做某事"的句型
　　1. He became interested in swimming when he was a little boy.
　　2. He was fond of swimming when he was a little boy.
　　3. He liked/ loved swimming very much when he was a little boy.
　　4. He developed an interest in swimming when he was a little boy.
　　5. He developed a strong passion for swimming when he was very young.
　　【passion n. 激情；热情】
关键句型三：表示"认真学习"的句型
　　1. He studied hard at school.
　　2. He worked hard at school.
　　3. He devoted himself to his studies.
　　4. He gave his studies everything he had.
　　5. He put himself  into his study when he was at school.
　　6. He put his heart into his schoolwork when he was at school.
 
　Lesson 33
　　关键句型一：表示"担心；忧虑"句型（
　　1. I'm worried about  the effects of television, especially on our children.
　　2. I'm worrying that the TV has more and more impact on our children.
　　3. It's a worry to me that the TV has more and more impacts on our children.
　　4. I'm very concerned that TV has influenced our children greatly.
　　5. I feel great concern for the effects of television, especially on our children.
　　6. I am disturbed by the effects of television, especially on our children.
　　7. The effects of television on our children disquiet me a great deal.
　　  【disquiet v. 使不安；使忧虑】
关键句型二：表示"仿效"的句型
　　1. Many children copy what they see on TV.
　　2. Many children learn from the bad examples shown on TV.
　　3. After watching the TV programs, many children follow suit.
　　  【follow suit: 照别人的方式去做；学样（尤俯拾皆是坏的方面）】
　　4. Many children are in thrall to what they see on TV.
　　  【in thrall to: 受……控制；深受……影响】
　　5. Many children are enthralled by what they see on TV.
　　  【enthrall v. 迷惑；迷住；奴役】
　　关键句型三：表示"诱导"的句型
　　1. The advertisements make the children want  things they don't need.
　　2. The advertisements attract the children to ask for things they don't need.
　　3. The advertisements tempt the children to ask for things they don't need.
　　4. The advertisements allure the children to ask for things they don't need.
　　5. The advertisements stimulate the children to ask for things they don't need.
　　6. The advertisements propel the children to ask for things they don't need.
　　关键句型四：表示"导致"的句型
　　1. Many children have to wear glasses, and I believe it is because of the long hours they spend watching TV.
　　2. The long hours the children spend watching TV cause many of them to wear glasses.
　　3. The long hours the children spend watching TV result in many of them having to wear glasses.
　　4. The long hours the children spend watching TV lead to the fact that many of them having to wear glasses.
　　5. Many children end up having to wear glasses due to the long hours they spend watching TV.
　　  【end up doing: 结果是……】
 
Lesson 34
　　关键句型一：请假的句型
　　1. I want a day off.
　　2. I am writing to ask you for sick leave.
　　3. She had a day off because she'd got a bad cold.
　　4. I have to take a day off because of the serious headache.
　　5. He requested a leave of absence.
　　6. He was out sick for a day.
　　关键句型二：描述生病的句型
　　1. I had a bad cold.
　　2. I had a headache / stomachache / backache / sore throat yesterday. 【sore throat: 喉咙痛】
　　3. I had got a high fever.
　　4. I feel a pain in my leg.
　　5. There is a serious pain in my back.
6. That night I had a bad attack of diarrhea.
　　关键句型三：叫某人做某事的句型
　　1. The doctor asked me to stay in bed for three days.
　　2. The doctor told me to take this medicine three times a day.
　　3. The doctor prescribed medicine and told me not to take it with alcohol.
　　  【prescribe v. 开处方；开药】
　　4. The doctor advised me to stay in bed.
　　5. The doctor suggested drinking more water.
　　6. The doctor's orders were plenty of exercise and Vitamin C.
　　7. The doctor recommended that I rest.
 
Lesson 35
关键句型一：表示感谢（别人的邀请）的句型
　　1. It was very nice of you to invite me.
　　2. It is so kind of you to invite me to spend the summer holidays with you.
　　3. Thank you so much for your kind invitation to spend the summer holidays with you.
　　4. I can't tell you how happy I was to receive your invitation.
　　5. What a delightful idea to spend the summer vacation in your village with you! Thank you.
　　关键句型二：表示拒绝（邀请）的句型
　　1. It was very nice of you to invite me, but I'm sorry to say that I will not be able to come.
　　2. I'm terribly sorry, but I don't think I can make it. Thank you all the same.
　　3. I'd love to spend a few days with you, but I'm afraid I can't.
　　4. Many thanks for your invitation, but I'm afraid that I will not be able to come.
　　5. I wish I could, but I've already fixed something up.
　　  【fix up: 安排】
关键句型三：表达"照顾某人"的句型
　1. I will have to look after my mother.
　　2. I have to take care of my mother.
　　3. I'm responsible for my mother's care.
　　4. There's no one but me to watch out for mom.
 　Lesson 36
关键句型一：表示"从事……工作"的句型（
　　1. My mother is a nurse.
　　2. My mother works in a hospital.
　　3. My mother's job is a nurse.
　　4. My mother works as a nurse in a hospital.
　　5. My mother's field is nursing.
　　6. My mother is / works in the nursing profession.
关键句型二；表示称赞的句型（
　　1. They all say she is a good nurse.
　　2. All the people consider my mother a good nurse.
　　3. Everyone agrees that my mother is an excellent nurse.
　　4. Everyone acknowledges that my mother is a good nurse.
　　5. Lots of people can't help admiring my mother's devotion to her job.
　　关键句型三：描述"尽心尽力"力的句型
　　1. She works hard.
　　2. She really puts her heart into helping her patients.
　　3. She does everything she can to ease their suffering.
　　4. Whenever the patients are in trouble, she is always ready to help them.
　　5. She is very kind to the patients and always tries her best to serve them.
　　6. She goes above and beyond the call of duty to make sure her patients are OK.
　　  【above and beyond: 大于；多于；远于】
　　7. She gives her job 110%.
　　  【 "give sth. 110%"是一个英语习惯用语，表示"尽力做某事"，这是一种夸张的说法。还可以说"give sth. 100%"，但前者用得更多。】

Lesson 37
关键句型一：表示"始建于……"的句型
　　1. It dates from about 770 BC. 【date from:从……就有了】
　　2. It dates back to about 770 BC.【date back to：回溯到】
　　3. It was built in about 770 BC.
　　4. It was constructed in about 770 BC.
　　5. People began to build it in about 770 BC.
　　6. Its construction started in about the year 770 BC.
　　关键句型二：表示长、宽、高的句型（）
　　1. It is more than 6,000 kilometers long, 6 to 7 meters high and 4 to 5 meters wide.
　　2. Its length is 6,000 kilometers, height is 6 to 7 meters and width is 4 to 5 meters.
　　3. It is 6,000 kilometers in length, 6 to 7 meters in height and 4 to 5 meters in width.
　　关键句型三："不到长城非好汉"的翻译方法
　　1. You're not a man until you visit the Great Wall.
　　2. You're no man; you've never been to the Great Wall.
　　3. He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
　　4. He who has never been to the Great Wall is hardly a real man.
　　5. How can you call yourself a man if you haven't even been to the Great Wall?
 
Lesson 38
　　关键句型一：表示出生的句型
　　1. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, lllinois in the year 1899.
　　2. Ernest Miller Hemingway entered/came into this world in 1899.
　　3. Ernest Miller Hemingway's mother gave birth to him in 1899.
　　关键句型二：表达取得成功的句型（以本题为例）
　　1. The Old Man and The Sea was his most successful novel.
　　2. The greatest novel he had published was The Old Man and The Sea.
　　3. His book, The Old Man and The Sea, turned out to be a great success.
　　4. His book, The Old Man and The Sea, won him the Pulitzer Prize.
　　5. For the book, The Old Man and The Sea, he won the Pulitzer Prize.
　　6. Thanks to the book, The Old Man The Sea, he received the Pulitzer Prize.
　　7. His book, The Old Man and The Sea, made a great stir with the public after it was published.
　　  【make a stir: 引起轰动】
　　关键句型三：描述自杀的句型
　　1. He shot himself in 1961
　　2. He took his own life with a gun in 1961.
　　3. He killed himself with a gun in 1961.
　　4. His death, by his own hand, in 1961, was truly a sad event.
　　5. He committed suicide with a gun in 1961.
　　6. He blew himself away in 1961.
　　  【blow away: 用枪射杀】
Lesson 39
　　关键句型一：表达递进（除了我，其他人也……）的句型（以本题为例）
　　1. Besides me, most students of our school are against the construction of a chemical works near our school.
　　2. I am against the construction of a chemical works near our school.
　　  Moreover, most students hold the same idea as me.
　　3. Not only I, but also most of the other students of our school disapprove of the construction of a chemical plant near our school.
　　4. Most students of our school, including me, oppose to the construction of a chemical works near our school.
　　关键句型二：表示转折（尽管……但……）的句型
　　1. The works will make a lot of money for our city, but we think it sill do us more harm than good.
　　2. The works will make a lot of money for our city, while we think it will do us more harm than good.
　　3. Though the works will make a lot of money for our city, we think it will do up more harm than good.
　　4. Although the works will make a lot of money for our city, we think it will do us more harm than good.
　　5. Even if the works will make a lot of money for our city, we think it will do us more harm than good.
　　6. The works will make a lot of money for our city. However, we think it will do us more harm than good.
　　7. In spite of the great amount of money the works will make for our city, we think it will do us more harm than good.
　　8. Despite the possibility that the works will make a lot of money for our city, we think it sill do us more harm than good.
　　关键句型三：表示"对……有害"的句型（以本题为例）
　　1. The chemical works will do harm to our city.
　　2. It is bad for our city to build a chemical works.
　　3. A chemical works would be a disaster for our city.
　　4. It will be harmful to build a chemical works in our city.
　　5. Building a chemical works could only bring harm to our city.
　　6. The chemical works will have a bad effect on the environment of our city.
　　7. The proposed chemical works will have an adverse effect on our city.
　　  【adverse acj. 不利的；敌对的；相反的】
 
Lesson 40
　　关键句型一：（在信中）介绍某人的句型
　　1. I'd like to introduce my younger brother to you.
　　2. Have I ever introduced my younger brother to you:?
　　3. I would like you to get to know my younger brother.
　　4. Let me introduce my younger brother to you.
　　关键句型二：表示担心的句型（
　　1. The only problem is his English isn't so great.
　　2. He is afraid that people won't be able to understand him.
　　3. I find it very worrying that his English is not so good.
　　4. It's a worry to me that he won't be able to communicate with the people there.
　　5. I'm very concerned that his poor English will cause him a lot of trouble.
　　6. I'm worried that he won't be able to communicate while visiting tourist attractions or shopping.
关键句型三：请求帮助的句型
　　1. I have a favor to ask you.
　　2. Would you be kind enough to give him as much help as possible?
　　3. Would you be kind enough to give him as much help as possible?
　　4. I'd really appreciate it if you gave him a little help.
　　5. Would you mind looking out for him while he's in the city?
　　  【look out for: 照料；当心】
　　6. Could you please do me a favor and look out for him while he's in the city?
　Lesson 41
　　关键句型一：比较级和最高级的句型
　　1. People are much richer than before.
　　2. People here now live a much better life than before.
　　3. This small village has become more beautiful than before.
　　4. The teaching building is the biggest building in our village.
　　5. The teaching building is the greatest construction in our village.
　　关键句型二：表示"没有"句型（以本题为例）
　　1. There were no schools in our village.
　　2. Our little village didn't even have a school.
　　3. We had no schools in our village in the past.
　　4. My hometown is a poor village without school.
　　5. There was not so much as a school in our village.
　　关键句型三：现在完成时的句型
　　1. Children have got a place to have lessons.
　　2. People have built a new school in our village.
　　3. I haven't been back to my hometown for two years.
　　4. Great changes have taken place in our village since 1980.
　　5. The living standard has been greatly improved since 1980.
　　6. Have you ever heard about the changes happened in our village?
 
Lesson 42
　　关键句型一：表达"因……而出名"的句型
　　1. Our area is famous as a great producer of coal, oil and gas.
　　2. Our area is very famous for its coal, oil and gas production.
　　3. Thanks to its coal, oil and gas production, our area became very famous.
　　4. It is well known for its coal, oil and gas production.
　　5. Its reputation for its coal, oil and gas production.
　　6. We made our name for turning out high quality coal, oil and gas.
　　  【turn out: 生产；制造】
　　7. Our area enjoys a good reputation for turning out a large quantity of coal, oil and gas.
　　  【enjoy a good reputation for: 因……而享有声誉】
关键句型二：表示"对……有影响"的句型
　　1. The gas production greatly affects the coal and oil production.
　　2. The coal and oil production are greatly affected by the gas production.
　　3. The gas production greatly influences the coal and oil production.
　　4. The gas production has great influence on the coal and oil production.
关键句型三：表示"促进……增长"的句型（
　　1. The opening of new oil ＆ gas fields made the three areas of production increase rapidly.
　　2. The opening of new oil ＆ gas fields led to a rapid increase of the coal, oil and gas production.
　　3. The opening of new oil ＆ gas fields caused a rapid increase of the coal, oil and gas production.
　　4. The opening of new oil ＆ gas fields resulted in a rapid increase of the coal, oil and gas production.
　　5. The opening of new oil ＆ gas fields brought about a rapid increase of the coal, oil and gas production.【bring about: 使发生；引起；致使】
 
　Lesson 43
关键句型一：表示"起重要作用"的句型
　　1. The Internet is greatly affecting our daily life.
　　2. The Internet is very important to us nowadays.
　　3. The Internet has a big impact on our daily life.
　　4. The Internet is changing the way we live our lives.
　　5. The Internet is transforming the way we live our lives.
　　6. The Internet is playing an important role in people's daily life.
　　7. The Internet is playing an important part in people's daily life.
　　关键句型二：表示"与他人取得联系"的句型
　　1. I will call you once I get there.
　　2. I keep in touch with my old friends via e-mail.
　　3. Please write to Mr. White to ask for some advice.
　　4. You can make telephone calls to me if you miss me.
　　5. I sent e-mail to my father when he was traveling in London.
　　关键句型三：表示"利用某物做某事"的句型
　　1. We can listen to music using our computer.
　　2. Many people now use the Internet for study.
　　3. Many students read different kinds of articles via the Internet.
　　4. We can take advantage of the Internet to learn foreign languages.
　　5. I can use the Internet to get information about this ever-changing world.
　　6. Make good use of the Internet, you'll find that you can get a lot of benefits from it.
 Lesson 44
关键句型一：谈论梦想的句型
　　1. I'm going to be / become a teacher.
　　2. My dream is to be a teacher.
　　3. I dream of becoming a teacher.
　　4. My goal is to become a teacher.
　　5. I want to be / become a teacher in the future.
　　6. I would like to be a teacher in the future.
　　7. I wish to be / become a teacher in the future.
　　8. I hope I will become a teacher in the future.
　　9. I've decided to be a teacher in the future.
　　10. I've made up my mind to become a teacher in the future.
　　11. I'm determined to become a teacher in the future.
　　12. I have a dream and that is to become a teacher in the future.
　　关键句型二：表示"浪费时间"的句型
　　1. It's a waste of time persuading him to give up his idea.
　　2. Why are you wasting your time on that stuff?
　　3. I think watching TV is a waste of time.
　　4. I don't want to waste your time.
　　5. No one can afford to waste time.
　　  【一定要珍惜一分一秒！最大限度地利用你的零碎时间来练习英语吧！】
　　  【李阳老师额外奉献】
　　   Any spare moment can be a great opportunity to exercise your English skill. One minute is enough to read a sentence 20 times. Remember, one minute can also produce miracles. Never say that you don't have enough time to learn English!
　　任何零碎时间都是训练英语技能的好机会！一分钟足以将一个句子读20遍。记住：一分钟也可以创造奇迹。永远都不要说你没时间学英语！
关键句型三：表示"献身于……"的句型
　　1. I will devote myself to the cause of education.
　　2. I will give all my life to the cause of education.
　　3. I will dedicate my life to the cause of education.
　　4. I will make the cause of education my life's work.
　　5. I will work for the cause of education my whole life.
　　6. I will work with all my heart and soul for the cause of education.
　　  【heart and soul: 全心全意地】
Lesson 45
　　关键句型一：表示"构成危害"的句型
　　1. Pollution has become a serious problem to all the nations of the world.
　　2. Pollution has become a great risk to our earth.
　　3. Pollution is a danger to us all.
　　4. Pollution is a threat to mankind.
　　5. Pollution has threatened our lives greatly.
　　6. Pollution has brought great to human beings.
　　7. Pollution troubles / vexes / irritates us no end.
关键句型二：表示"采取措施"的句型
　　1. Something must be done to tackle the problem.
　　2. We've got to do something about pollution right away.
　　3. We must take action now to control pollution.
　　4. We have to take effective measures to solve this problem.
　　5. We should adopt some measures to fight against pollution.
　　6. It's time to take steps to control the increasingly serious pollution.
Lesson 46
关键句型一：表示"成立；建立"的句型
　　1. The Children's Center was set up in 1994.
　　2. The Children's Center opened was built in 1994.
　　3. The Children's Center opened ten years ago.
　　4. The Children's Center was founded ten years ago.
　　关键句型二：表示"接待参观者"的句型
　　1. The Children's Center has had 10 million guests since it opened a decade ago.
　　2. The Children's Center has received over 10 million visitors from all over the country.
　　3. 10 million visitors from all over the country have visited the Children's Center since it opened ten years ago.
　　4. 10 million visitors from all over the country have paid a visit to the Children's Center since it opened ten years ago.
　　关键句型三：表示"挤满了……"的句型
　　1. The children crowd the park's facilities. 【facilities n. (pl.)设备】
　　2. The park is full of children on weekends.
　　3. A great number of children gather at the park every weekend.
　　4. The children throng the park on Sunday. 【throng v. 群集】
　　5. Children fill the park to capacity on weekends.
　　6. The park is jam-packed with children on Sunday.
关键句型四：表示"洋溢着……"的句型
　　1. The children fill the park with their laughter.
　　2. The park is always full of children's laughter.
　　3. The park resonates with the laughter of children.
　　4. The park is always filled with children's laughter.
　　5. All across the park you can hear the sound of children's laughter.
　　6. The park is turned into a sea of children's laughter every weekend.
 
Lesson 47
关键句型一：表示演讲主题的句型
　　1. We are all here today to hold a farewell party for Mr. Green.
　　2. We are gathered here today to say goodbye to Mr. Green, our best teacher.
　　3. The reason why we are here today is to give our best wishes to Mr. Green who will leave us soon for his motherland.
　　4. I am very honored to be here on behalf of all of you to send our best wishes to Mr. Green who will leave us soon for his motherland.
　　关键句型二：表示"爱戴"的句型
　　1. All the students love and respect him very much.
　　2. Mr. Green was such a good teacher that he was respected by all of us.
　　3. We all have the utmost respect for him because he's such a great teacher.
　　4. All of us hold him in high regard, for he's an excellent teacher.
　　5. We hold him in high esteem, for he's an excellent teacher.
　　  【esteem n. 尊敬；尊重】
　　关键句型三：表达谢意的句型（
　　1. We will express our gratitude to him.
　　2. We would like to extend our gratitude to him.
　　3. Words can't tell how much his teaching meant to us.
　　4. I'd like to say "thank you " to him on behalf of all the students.
关键句型四：表达祝福的句型
　　1. May every success go with him.
　　2. Have a happy journey and good luck!
　　3. We wish him the best in everything he does!
　　4. We wish him a pleasant journey and good health.
　　5. We hope everything goes well with him in all of his days
Lesson 48
　　关键句型一：表示"申请职位"的句型
　　1. I want to apply for a post in your company.
　　2. I would like to work for you as a sales assistant.
　　3. I'm really interested in the post you advertised in today's newspaper.
　　4. I'm looking for a job like that kind you offer. Could you please give me a chance?
　　5. I heard that you were looking for a sales assistant. Do you still have that vacancy?
　　  【vacancy n. 空缺；空职】
　　6. I wish that I could be so fortunate to have the opportunity to work in your company as a sales assistant.
　　关键句型二：表示教育背景的句型
　　1. I have got the high school diploma.
　　2. I majored in accounting in university.
　　3. I have been learning English for 8 years.
　　4. I began to study in this high school in 2001.
　　5. I graduated from Beijing University in 2002.
关键句型三：表达期望的句型
　　1. I await your response.
　　2. I'm waiting for your reply.
　　3. Hope to hear from you soon.
　　4. I am eagerly anticipating your reply.
　　5. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
　　6. I'm expecting to get your reply in the not too distant future.
　　7. I would appreciate your prompt reply.
　　8. An early reply will be appreciated.
Lesson 49
关键句型：表示"击败某人"的句型
　　1. The Italian team beat Germany three to one.
　　2. The Italian team defeated Germany three to one.
　　3. The Italian team won the game against German team by a score of three to one.
　　4. The Italians dominated the Germans three to one.
　　5. The final score was three to one in the Italians' favor.
　　  【in one's favor: 对某人有利】
　　6. The Italian team triumphed over Germany three to one.
7. The Italians walloped the Germans, with the final score three to one.
Lesson 50
　　关键句型一：描述天气的句型
　　1. The weather is very good / lovely / terrible / too bad.
　　2. The weather is neither too hot nor too cold.
　　3. It's sunny / cloudy / windy / rainy / snowy.
　　4. There's not a cloud in the sky.
　　5. There's not a cloud in the sky.
　　6. There's plenty of sunshine today.
　　7. It's hot / warm / cool / cold / chilly.
关键句型二：表示"忙着做某事"的句型
　　1. Some farmers were busy picking the apples from the trees.
　　2. Some farmers were tied up with work in the field.
　　3. Some farmers were absorbed in their apple picking.
　　4. Some farmers were busy with work in the field.
　　5. Some farmers were occupied with work in the field.
关键句型三：赞美风景的句型
1. It was extremely beautiful!
　　2. The scene was so charming!
　　3. What a beautiful scene it was!
　　4. How beautiful the scene was!
　　5. I have never been to such a lovely place!
　　6. It was really a wonderful place!
7. It was a picturesque scene!
8． The scene was as beautiful as a painting!
下面我们就提供一些关键词语，希望对同学们今后的写作有所帮助。请同学们疯狂朗读、反复狂读，争取把它们都烂熟于心！这样，写作文时就能得心应手！
　　一、表示递进关系的关键词语
　　Additionally                    加之；又
　　besides                       此外；除……之外
　　equally important               同样重要的是
　　furthermore                     此外；而且
　　in addition                     另外
　　in other words                   换句话说
　　last but not least                 最后但同样重要的是
　　moreover                      而且；此外
　　that is say                      即；就是；换句话说
　　二、表示转折关系的关键词语
　　although                       虽然；尽管
　　at the same time                   同时；但是
　　despite                          不管；尽管；不论
　　even if                           即使
　　even though                       即使
　　however                          然而；可是
　　in spite of                         不管
　　instead                            代替；而不是
　　nevertheless                        然而；不过
　　on the contrary                      正相反
　　otherwise                           另外；不同地
　　regardless of                        不管；不顾
　　still                               依然；仍然
　　though                              虽然；可是
　　while                              而
　　yet                                然而；但是；仍
　　三、表示选择关系的关键词语
　　either…or…                         ……或……
　　instead of…                         ……，而不是……
　　neither…nor…                   ……和……都不……
　　not…but…                          不是……而是……
　　rather than…                        宁可；胜过
　　whether…or not                      是否
　　四、表示比较关系的关键词语
　compare with / to               与……比较
　equally                     相等地；平等地
　in comparison with            与……比较
　　in contrast                            相反；大不相同
　　in contrast to                         和……对比
　　in the same way                        同样地
　　instead                               代替；改为
　　on the contrary                         正相反
　　while                                 而
　　五、表示因果关系的关键词语
　　accordingly                            因此；从而
　　as a result of                           作为结果
　　because (of)                            因为
　　consequently                           从而；因此
　　due to                           由于；应归于
　　hence                               因此；从此
　　in that                  由于；因为；既然
　　now that                           因为；既然
　　on account of                           由于
　　owing to             由于；因……的缘故
　　so                                     所以
　　so that                                  所以
　　thanks to                                由于
　　therefore                          因此；所以
　　thus                                    因此
　　六、用于表示总结的关键词语
　　above all                        最重要的是
accordingly                              于是
as a consequence                       因此
as a result                                结果
as has been noted                    如前所述
as I have said                         如我所述
　　at last                                   最后
　　briefly                            简单扼要地
　　by doing so                             如此
　　certainly                  当然地；无疑地
　consequently                             因此
　　eventually                                最后
　　hence                                     因此
　　in a word                                 总之
　　in brief                                    简言之
　　in conclusion                      总；最后
　　in short                              简而言之
　　in summary                        简要地说
　　in sum                       总之；简而言之
　　obviously                                显然
on the whole  总体来说；整个看来
to conclude                        总而言之
to speak frankly                 坦白地说
to sum up                            总而言之
to summarize                     总而言之
初中英语词组总结50个
　　1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+ do
　　eg :I like watching monkeys jump
　　2 (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越怎么样
　　3 a piece of cake =easy 容易
　　4 agree with sb 赞成某人
5 all kinds of 各种各样
a kind of 一样
　　6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界
　　7 along with 同……一道，伴随……
　　eg : I will go along with you 我将和你一起去


　　the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树
　　8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样
　　9 as you can see 你是知道的
　　10 ask for ……求助 向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book
　　11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么
　　12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事
　　13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen
　　14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初;……的开始
　　15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day
　　16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候
　　17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信
　　eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test
　　18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时
　　19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原) 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing
　　20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing
　　21 be afraid to do (of sth 怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog
　　22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么
　　eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视
　　23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me
　　24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气
　　25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高
　　26 be ashamed to
　　27 be away from 远离
　　28 be away from 从……离开
　　29 be bad for 对什么不好 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好
　　30 be born 出生于
　　31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……
　　32 be careful 当心;小心
　　33 be different from…… 和什么不一样
　　34 be famous for 以……著名
　　35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好
　　36 be from = come from 来自
　　eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?
　　37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water
　　38 be glad+to+do/从句
　　39 be going to + v(原) 将来时
　　40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……
　　41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English
　　42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事
　　43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处
　　eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处
　　Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处
　　44 be in good health 身体健康
　　45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble
　　46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
　　47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到
　　48 be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother
　　49 be mad at 生某人的气
　　50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)
英语常见的几种特殊替代用法　
替代词，就是在日常学习中所用的代词或量词。针对学生们常见的一些练习和考题， 总结了一下几种特殊替代用法：
it 在句中作形式主语或形式宾语的替代用法
1. it作形式主语可以代替句中的动词不定式、动词-ing分词或一个句子。
It is important for us to learn English well. (it替代不定式to learn English)
It is no use making such an apology to us Chinese. ( It 替代动词-ing分词 making such an apology)
It is happy for her parents that she is well now. (it 替代句子that she is well now)
2. it作形式宾语可以代替句中的动词不定式，此时句中的谓语事由某些特殊动词 (如：findthinkfeel等)充当的。
I find it impossible to finish so much work in such a short time. (it 替代不定式to finish so much work)
that this在句中的替代用法
1、 that
A: I’m going to wear my new jeans to her party.
B: You can’t do that. (that替代to wear my new jeans to her party这一事情)
2. this
this 在介绍某人或某物时，指的是靠近自己的一方。
A: Hi, Mr. Smith, This is my friend, Bill.
B: Nice to meet you, Bill.
C: Nice to meet you, Mr. Smith.
This 在电话用语中指的是自己。
A: Hello, may I speak to Miss Li?
B: This is Miss Li speaking. (我就是李女士)
which、that 、who、whom在定语从句中的替代用法
1. which 在句中放指物的先行词后或整个句子后，引导限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句。
She said I was lazy, which isn’t true.( which替代句子 She said I was lazy)
This is the pen which was bought by my father. (which替代的是 the pen)
2. that在句中放先行词后，引导限定性定语从句。既可指物，也可指人。
The book that she borrowed from the library was lost. ( that替代的是The book)
The man that with a knife in his hand is a murderer. (that替代的是The man )
The pants are too small for me, Can you show me another pair? (因为another后面只能跟单数可数名词，故而这里用pair代替，意为a pair of pants)
如果没有another时，则可用ones替代。
The red pants are too small for me. Can you show me the blue ones. (此处ones替代的是pants)
同样，当遇上不可数名词时，也要用相应的一些量词来代替one 的概念，或用相应的量词复数来代替ones的概念。
The paper is too small for the little girl to paint on, please give her another piece.(因为有a piece of paper)
I’m so hungry that this slice of chicken isn’t enough. Could you give me 3 more slices?(代替的是3 more slices of chicken.)
更多例句(请注意下面两句的细微差别)
1) A: Look! There are many bottles of milk on the desk.
B: Yes, and which one do you like best? (此处用one的原因是A句中已经出现bottles of milk, 所以可以代替one bottle of milk)
2) A: There is much milk on the desk.
B: Yes, but which bottle bag do you like best? (此处A句中心词为milk,因为milk 前面不能用one 来直接修饰，而只能用bottle或bag 来代表数量，可以说a bottle of milk a bag of milk)
某些名词所有格也可以作替代词
如：
1) A: Where is Jeanie?
B: Oh, she is at Mary’s. (这里的Mary’s代替的是Mary’s house)
2) Yesterday Tom’s father was ill, now he is at the doctor’s. ( 这里的doctor’s代替的是doctor’s room 或doctor’s clinic)
倒装
I.要点
按"主语+谓语"这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为"谓语(或谓语的一部分)+主语"，就是倒装语序。
1、全部倒装
(1)there be 句型
There is going to be a meeting.
There is a book on the table.
(2)here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如，Here comes the bus.
Here he comes.
(3)直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，如，"What he said meant nothing", said the teacher.
(4)为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，如，In front of the house sat a small boy.
2、部分倒装
(1)so, neither, nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如，
I like swimming, so does my brother.
(2)only +状语放在句首，如，Only through this method can we win.
Only in this way can we do the work well.
(3)含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如，Never had I heard that.
Little did I know about this.
(4)以often, so +形容词或副词开头的句子，如，
So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it
(5)用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前，如，
Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
Had he come, we would have won.
(6)用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，
May you be happy for ever.
定语从句用法
一、定语从句的概念
　　在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
　　二、定语从句的关系词
　　引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
　　三、定语从句的分类
　　根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
　　四、关系代词的用法
　　1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
　　Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
　　The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
　　2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
　　The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
　　The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
　　3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：
　　The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
　　Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
　　注意：(1)当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
　　This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
　　Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
　　(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
　　This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
　　(3)that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
　　The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
　　(4)关系词只能用that的情况：
　　a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
　　He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
　　b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
　　Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
　　c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
　　This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
　　d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如
　　I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
　　e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
　　Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
　　f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
　　There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
　　(5)关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
　　a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：
　　What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
　　b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
　　This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
　　c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：
　　Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
　　五、关系副词的用法
　(1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
　　This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
　　(2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
　　This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
　　(3)why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
　　Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。