2021届人大附中高中英语语法基础复习讲义18被动语态
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高中英语语法基础复习讲义18
被动语态
一、被动语态与各种时态的结合形式
动词的将来进行时、过去将来进行时以及4种完成进行时在句中通常使用主动语态，而不使用被动语态。这是为了表达的简洁和直接，但并不意味着它们没有被动语态。
各种时态的被动语态形式如下：
| 一般时 | 进行时 | 完成时 | 完成进行时 |
现在 | am/is/are done | am/is/are being done | have/has been done | have been being done |
过去 | was/were done | was/were being done | had been done | had been being done |
将来 | will/shall be done | will/shall be being done | will/shall have been done | will/shall have been being done |
过去将来 | would/should be done | would/should be being done | would/should have been done | would/should have been being done |
二、主动语态转化为被动语态的三种主要形式
最常见的转化为被动句的主动句主要有三种类型：主谓宾句型，主谓+双宾句型，主谓宾+宾补句型。
1.主谓宾句型转被动
I eat the apple. 这个句子中，an apple是宾语。这种类型的句子变为被动非常简单，直接将宾语提前作主语即可。即：The apple is eaten by me.
2.主谓双宾句型转被动
I give him an apple. 这个句子中，him是间接宾语，an apple是直接宾语。这种类型的句子转化为被动句有两种方式：间接宾语提前作主语，或者直接宾语提前作主语。即：He is given an apple by me./ An apple is given（to）him by me.
3.主谓宾宾补句型转被动
I call him Jack. 这个句子中，him是宾语，Jack是宾语补足语，作为对him的补充。这种类型的句子变为被动句时，将宾语提前作主语，宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。即：He is called Jack by me.
三、不可转化为被动句的四种主要情形
1.谓语动词是表状态的动词。常见的表状态的动词有：拥有（have，own，possess），属于（belong to），缺乏（lack），加入（join），适合（suit，fit）等。如：I have three apples. 不可转化为被动句Three apples are had by me. 后者为错误句。
2.宾语是反身代词（oneself等）或相互代词（each other，one another）。如：You should help yourself. 不可转化为被动句Yourself should be helped by you. 后者为错误句。
3.宾语是动词不定式或动名词。如：He likes to eat apples. 不可转化为被动句To eat apples is liked by him. 后者是错误句。
4.宾语是谓语动词的同源宾语。如：She smiles a sweet smile. 她甜甜地一笑。这句话的宾语中心语是smile，谓语动词也是smile，也即宾语是谓语动词的同源宾语，此时句子不可变为被动句A sweet smile is smiled by her. 后者是错误句。
四、形式上是主动、实际表被动含义的两种主要情形
1.某些系动词，如feel（感觉）、smell（闻起来）、taste（尝起来）、look（看起来）、sound（听起来）等，经常使用主动形式，实际表示被动含义。如：The apple tastes sweet. 这个苹果尝起来很甜。苹果被品尝，但taste采用主动形式，此类句子无需变被动，也无法变被动。
2.need、require等动词后接动名词的主动形式表被动含义。如：The garden needs watering. 这个花园需要浇水。这个主动句相当于被动句The garden needs to be watered.
