2019版二轮复习英语练酷版练习：专题一 习题讲评 课十(含解析)

词义猜测题增分点(三)——“根据上下文指代关系”猜测

[典例]　(2017·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C节选)

...

Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.

...

29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Jazz becoming more accessible.

B．The production of jazz growing faster.

C．Jazz being less popular with the young.

D．The jazz audience becoming larger.

[解析]　选C　根据选文第一段中的“...the music has failed to connect with younger generations”可知，爵士乐未能受到年轻人的欢迎。选文第二段首句提到杰森·莫兰的工作就是要帮助改变这一现象，由此可知that指代“爵士乐不受年轻人欢迎”这一现象，故选C项。

[干扰项分析]　A项是杰森·莫兰希望做到的事情，可排除；原文没有信息支撑B项，可排除；D项与原文的意思相反，可排除。

[增分技巧]

1．“就近原则”判指代

此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one等)究竟指代什么。具体方法：

(1)返回原文，找出指代词(it, they, them, this ...)。

(2)向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。

(3)将找到的词、短语或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。

2．“逻辑原则”找指代

理清人物及事物间的逻辑关系是解答代词指代题的关键。考生可利用上下文语境，采用逻辑关系梳理法，使人物或事物的关系明朗化。要记住代词通常出现在原词之后，根据这条原则可快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇，锁定答案，最后代入原句中进行验证。

A(2017·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B节选)

...

We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.

...

26．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?

A．Their belief.

B．Their care for children.

C．Their success.

D．Their support for each other.

解析：选A　根据选段第一句“We shared the belief that if ...”以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，画线处是指共同拥有这种“信念”使“我们”两人更近了，that指代上文中的belief。

B(2016·全国卷Ⅱ阅读C节选)

...

Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.

...

30．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．The book.　　 　　 B．An adventure.

C．A public place.  D．The identification number.

解析：选A　根据it所在的句子“the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”可知，主人把书留在公共场所，希望这本书会跟找到“它”的每个新读者一起旅行。由此可知，此处it指前面提到的“the book”。

C(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B节选)

...

Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big­city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion (团聚)．

“My friend said：’Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”

...

26．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty’s         .

A．readers  B．parties

C．friends  D．stories

解析：选D　根据画线词上文内容可知，朋友们相信韦尔蒂的故事是真实的，正是在现实生活中从这些陌生人的口中得到的信息才让她写出这些故事。由此可推出，them指代的应该是前面的stories。故选D。

D(2016·四川高考阅读C节选)

...

His black­and­white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self­supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary  state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.

31．What does the underlined world “it” in the last paragraph refer to?

A．The modern French lifestyle.

B．The self­supporting hunting.

C．The uncivilized world.

D．The French Republic.

解析：选A　此处which brings with it ...是which引导的非限制性定语从句。意为：伴随这种生活方式的不仅仅有必不可少的国家福利，还有酗酒、背叛，甚至自杀。可知此处it即指前面的“the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic”。

(加★的题目可根据上下文指代关系解题)

A

Ask anyone who lives in an apartment in a crowded city and they’ll likely tell you space is their biggest problem.Those living in even smaller rooms know the headache well.Boston­based start­up Ori is out to solve it with a system that uses robotics and apartment furniture to change small spaces in seconds.

The company’s new system is also called Ori, which is named for the Japanese word “origami”， the art of folding paper.The new system makes your furniture change small space from living rooms into bedrooms and even workspaces with the push of a button.

Ori comes from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab, which  helps companies create a better future for people. Ori is working with developers Boston Properties, Skanska and Samuels Associates to install (安装) the furniture in high­end apartments in Boston.It is working with designer Yves Béhar on the furniture designs.

The Boston models are being rented on Airbnb, an online company offering people rentals, so Ori can collect information about what users think of the system and improve it in the  future.“The system will be put on the market in the near future，” said founder and CEO Hasier Larrea.

All of Ori’s product is made in the United States, and the furniture is actually more expensive to make than the robotics.Assembly (组装) is simple — the units can be put together in just a day.The biggest challenge for this team is making the system feel and look personal.

“We have created these amazing robots with amazing abilities，” Larrea said.“But when you bring a system into a home, it can’t look like a robot.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种名为Ori的新型机器人家具，能够把屋子随意变成客厅、卧室和办公室。

★1.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A．The pain in the head.

B．Crowdedness in cities.

C．The poor housing condition.

D．Space shortage in the house.

解析：选D　代词指代题。根据第一段的内容可知，此处it指代的是在拥挤的城市中，人们缺少足够的居住空间这一问题。

2．How does Ori help its  users?

A．By keeping their apartments clean.

B．By making their rooms functional.

C．By offering them a big place to work.

D．By increasing storage space at home.

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第二段的内容可知，这种新家具系统可以让房间实现多功能性。

3．What do we know about the new system Ori?

A．It is being tested now.

B．It can be ordered on Airbnb.

C．It has been popular in Boston.

D．It was designed by Yves Béhar.

解析：选 A　推理判断题。根据第四段的内容可知，这种新型的机器人家具还处于试验、改进阶段，不久的将来将会投入市场。

4．What will the company focus on in the future?

A．Lowering the cost as much as possible.

B．Simplifying the units of its product.

C．Making Ori more human­friendly.

D．Developing more advanced robots.

解析：选C　推理判断题。根据文章最后两段的内容可知，该公司正在努力让这种机器人家具变得更个性化、人性化。

B

Chinese scientists have cloned monkeys using the same technique used in cloning Dolly the sheep two decades ago, breaking a technical barrier to the door to copying humans.

Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, two long­tailed macaques (猕猴), are exactly the  same.They were born eight and six weeks ago, making them the first primates (灵长目动物) to be cloned, which include monkeys, apes and humans.It was achieved through a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)．

Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Neuroscience in Shanghai said their work should be a contribution to medical research by making it possible to study diseases in populations of cloned monkeys.But it also brings the possibility of cloning to the doorstep of our own species (物种)．

“Humans are primates.So for the cloning of primate species, including humans, the technical barrier is now broken，” Muming Poo, who helped direct the program, told reporters in a conference call.“The reason why we broke this barrier is to produce animal models that are useful for medicine, for human health.There is no intention to apply this method to humans.”

Since Dolly was born in Scotland in 1996, scientists have successfully used SCNT to clone more than 20 other species, including cows, pigs, dogs, rabbits, cats and mice.Similar work on primates, however, had always failed, leading some experts to wonder if primates were resistant.

The new research, published on Wednesday in the journal Cell, shows that is not the case.The Chinese team succeeded, after many attempts, by switching on or off certain genes that were concerned with embryo (胚胎) development.

语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。2018年1月25日两只克隆猴登上国际权威学术杂志《细胞》，克隆猴“中中”和“华华”在中国诞生。中国科学家成功克隆猴子，在克隆领域取得重大突破。

5．Why is it a big breakthrough to have monkeys cloned?

A．It is more difficult to clone monkeys than other species.

B．More advanced techniques have been used in the process.

C．Cloning monkeys makes it far more likely to clone humans.

D．Monkeys are the first species to be cloned after Dolly the sheep.

解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第一段的“breaking a technical barrier to the door to copying humans”，第三段最后一句和第四段第一、二句可知，中国科学家克隆出灵长目动物使得克隆人类成为可能。

6．What’s the aim of their new research according to Chinese researchers?

A．To learn more about primates.

B．To contribute to medicine.

C．To help rare animals survive.

D．To prepare for cloning humans.

解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第四段的“The reason why we broke this barrier is ...apply this method to humans.”可知，中国科学家克隆猴子的目的是让这一技术更好地服务于医学和人类健康。

★7.What does the underlined word “that” in the last paragraph refer to?

A．Primates can’t be cloned at all.

B．Dolly the sheep can’t be cloned again.

C．Research on primates failed many times.

D．Scientists have cloned many species.

解析：选A　代词指代题。此处that指上一段中所说的“由于克隆灵长目动物的多次失败，导致部分科学家怀疑灵长目动物是不能被克隆的”这一说法。

8．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A．More species will be cloned in the future

B．Animal models are useful for human health

C．New findings about primates are quite unexpected

D．Chinese scientists break a key barrier by cloning monkeys

解析：选D　标题归纳题。通读全文可知，中国科学家成功克隆了猴子，在克隆领域取得重大突破，这将为人类医学做出更大的贡献。

C

“You’ll be blind by the time you’re twenty­five，” a doctor at Children’s Hospital predicted.“Your blood sugars are much too high.” It consumed me.No matter where I was or what I was doing, it was overhead like a dark cloud, waiting for just the right opportunity to break open and destroy my world.

I liked painting. Losing myself in painting filled me with peace.Painting provided me with the only place where I could escape from those threatening words.

When I was twenty­one, my right eye went blind.Precisely three months after my twenty­fifth birthday, I had a massive hemorrhage (大出血) in my left eye because of an accident.For the next twenty years, vision came and went.I went through many eye operations in an attempt to keep my vision.But after one final operation, I lost the battle and all remaining vision.And I buried all dreams of painting.

Desperate, I enrolled in (注册) a sixteen­week program for the blind and visually impaired (损伤的)．I learned personal adjustment and the use of a computer with adaptive software.A whole new world opened up to me through this program.

“Jaws and Window­Eyes are leading software for the blind，” my instructor told me.“You can use the Internet, E­mail and Microsoft with all its tools and features.” It’s amazing! Hope went up for the first time in years.“By learning how to use hot keys to control the mouse, you can use Microsoft Access, Excel and Powerpoint，” my instructor added.

For the next several years, I learned that when one door closes, another door opens. There are plenty of choices available for the blind and visually impaired through the gift of technology.Not only do I have a speaking computer, but I have a speaking watch, alarm clock, and calculator.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者通过自己的亲身经历告诉我们：面对人生困境时不要悲伤，天无绝人之路，我们一定会找到新的出路。

★9.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A．The right opportunity.

B．The children’s hospital.

C．Consuming too much sugar.

D．Losing my sight in the future.

解析：选D　代词指代题。结合画线词前面医生的话“You’ll be blind”和画线词后面的“like a dark cloud, waiting for just the right opportunity to break open and destroy my world”可以推知，it指代医生所说的“你会失明”。

10．What happened when the author was 25 years old?

A．He gave up painting.

B．He went blind completely.

C．He injured one of his eyes.

D．He picked up a new hobby.

解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Precisely three months after my twenty­fifth birthday, I had a massive hemorrhage (大出血) in my left eye because of an accident.”可知，25岁时，作者的左眼在一场事故中受伤大出血。

11．What brought a turning point to the author?

A．A special course.

B．A meaningful event.

C．An inspiring speech.

D．An important interview.

解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“I enrolled in (注册) a sixteen­week program ...A whole new world opened up to me through this program.”可知，作者在彻底丧失视力之后，参加了一个针对视力障碍者的课程，这个课程给作者开辟了一个全新的世界。

12．What does the author intend to tell us?

A．No pains, no gains.

B．Every man has his price.

C．Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.

D．Be optimistic in the face of life’s difficulties.

解析：选D　写作意图题。根据作者的经历和最后一段中的“when one door closes, another door opens”可知，作者想通过这篇文章告诉大家，一定要乐观面对困境。

D

(2018·合肥市质量检测)In today’s society, language plays a key role in defining gender (性别) by vocabulary, and also the non­verbal (非语言的) vocabulary.Each one of these different types of ways of communicating is obviously different between men and women.

Many different studies show that men tend to talk much more than women.It has also been proven that women tend to  speak faster than men; this is due to the fact that women tend to be interrupted more often than men are, and also have the ability to speak more clearly, precisely, and more quickly than men.In one study it was found that women spoke for an average of three minutes describing a painting, as opposed to the thirteen­minute average it took men to describe it.

Men and women also tend to have a very different nonverbal way of communicating, which can also make it very hard for one another to understand what  the opposite sex is trying to say.Men’s body language is much more reserved when they are talking to women.Men tend not to make as much eye contact and they generally stay farther away from women when talking to them.Men avoid other people’s body space while talking, and they also tend to sit back when talking.All of these have given off the impression of disinterest or boredom.Women are by far  better listeners and much more enjoyable to talk with and they tend to raise more topics for conversation.

Women also make it clearer whether or not the conversation is going somewhere or just stuck in neutral.After learning about our styles of communicating with each other, I have decided that although men have not quite mastered communicating, what fun would it be if we all spoke the same “language”？ The little games men and women play with each other while conversing would be lost. The question everyone asks himself or herself after talking with someone of the opposite sex, “I wonder if there’s something there？” would no longer exist.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了男性和女性因性别差异而导致在沟通方式上也有所不同的现象。

★13.What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．The differences between men’s and women’s languages.

B．The different speed of men’s and women’s speech.

C．The ability of men’s and women’s spoken language.

D．The non­verbal vocabulary of men and women.

解析：选B　代词指代题。由this承接第二段中的“It has also been proven that women tend to speak faster than men”可推知，此处的this指代女性比男性说话快的现象，故选B。

14．In what way do men and women differ according to the third paragraph?

A．Speed of understanding.

B．Understanding of speech roles.

C．Politeness of communication.

D．Application of body language.

解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第三段的整体内容，尤其是该段第二句“Men’s body language is much more reserved when they are talking to women.”可推知，本段主要讲的是男性和女性在非语言表达方式上的不同，即肢体语言使用上的差异，故选D。

15．What is the best title for the text?

A．Women, born excellent talkers

B．Men’s and women’s social roles

C．Vocabulary and communication

D．Opposite gender, different language

解析：选D　标题归纳题。根据第一段的话题导入，并结合全文的整体内容可推知，本文主要讲的是男性和女性因性别差异而导致在沟通方式上也有所不同，故选D。