2020高考英语新创新大一轮复习人教全国版讲义：语法突破专题化第一部分第四讲词性转换（构词法）
展开第四讲词性转换(构词法)
英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词；转化是指一个单词的词形不变而由一种词性转化为另一种词性；派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性，后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。将构词法置于此处讲解，一是对前面基础词法的汇总，二是为攻克后面的重难动词做铺垫。
动词、形容词转换为名词 |
[全析考法]
单句语法填空/单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析：pollution decrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，故填名词pollution。
2．(2018·6月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in ________(weigh) problems.
解析：weight 根据语境可知，此处表示体重方面的问题，故此处填名词作定语。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate)．
解析：education 前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ________ (attract)．
解析：attraction 此处作表语且前面由its top修饰，应该用attract的名词形式attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。
5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the __________ (develop) of chopsticks.
解析：development 根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需填develop的名词形式development。
6．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.________________
解析：honest→honesty 根据句意和结构可知，此处应该使用名词形式。
[谨记规则]
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例 词 |
ion/tion/ sion/ation | correct→correction 改正 celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会 attract→attraction 吸引 conclude→conclusion 结论；结束 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation 邀请 explain→explanation 解释 graduate→graduation 毕业 expect→expectation 期望 |
er/or | drive→driver 司机；驾驶员 gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者 teach→teacher 老师 announce→announcer 广播员 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 |
ment | punish→punishment 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 argue→argument 辩论；论据 treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 |
ance/ ence | appear→appearance 出现；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指导 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考；查阅= |
ing | hear→hearing 听力；听觉 begin→beginning 开始 |
ure/ture | fail→failure 失败；倒闭 press→pressure 压力 depart→departure 离开；出发 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 |
y | recover→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 |
其他 | choose→choice 选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 |
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例 词 |
age | short→shortage 不足；短缺 |
cy | efficient→efficiency 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 |
dom | free→freedom 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 |
ence | different→difference 差异 silent→silence 沉默 |
ness | weak→weakness 虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 |
th | strong→strength 力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 |
y/ty/ity | honest→honesty 诚实 difficult→difficulty 困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility 责任 |
名词、动词转换为形容词 |
[全析考法]
单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it's always ________ (energy)．
解析：energetic 根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________ (globe) fertilizer consumption.
解析：global 此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用其形容词形式global作定语。
3．(2018·6月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
解析：affordable 根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。
4．(2014·全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint)．
解析：disappointed 和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。
[谨记规则]
后缀 | 例 词 |
able | accept→acceptable 可接受的 comfort→comfortable 舒适的 fashion→fashionable 时髦的 suit→suitable 合适的 reason→reasonable 有道理的 |
al | music→musical 音乐的 origin→original 最初的 person→personal 个人的；私人的 centre→central 中央的；中心的 nature→natural 自然的；天生的 |
ful | doubt→doubtful 怀疑的 forget→forgetful 健忘的 harm→harmful 有害的 hope→hopeful 有希望的 peace→peaceful 和平的 |
ed | scare→scared 感到恐惧的 confuse→confused 感到困惑的 underline→underlined 下划线的 |
ing | surprise→surprising 令人惊异的 convince→convincing 令人信服的 satisfy→satisfying 令人满意的 |
ible | access→accessible 容易取得的 horror→horrible 可怕的；恐怖的 terror→terrible 可怕的 |
ive | act→active 积极的；活跃的 effect→effective 有效的；生效的 attract→attractive 有吸引力的 impress→impressive 给人深刻印象的 |
ous | continue→continuous 不断的；持续的 anxiety→anxious 忧虑的 caution→cautious 小心的；谨慎的 curiosity→curious 好奇的 humor→humorous 幽默的 |
some | tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的 trouble→troublesome 麻烦的 |
y | taste→tasty 美味的；可口的 health→healthy 健康的 wealth→wealthy 富裕的；丰富的 |
ern | east→eastern 东方的；向东的 |
ish | child→childish 孩子气的 fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的 self→selfish 自私的 |
[特别注意] ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。
形容词转换为副词 |
[全析考法]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
解析：actually 此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。
2．(2018·11月浙江高考)________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.
解析：Recently 此处考查时间副词作状语，故填Recently。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The title will be ________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.
解析：officially 此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ______ (regular)．
解析：regularly 此处需要用副词修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。
5．(2015·广东高考)________ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
解析：Luckily 此处为副词用于句首修饰整个句子，表示状态。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.________________
解析：happily→happy 动词felt在此处是系动词，意为“觉得，感觉”，其后应该使用形容词happy作表语。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.________________
解析：suddenly→sudden 此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。
3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.________________
解析：steady→steadily 谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。
4．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.________________
解析：freely→free 此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them “摆脱他们”。
5．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)Dad and I were terrible worried.________________
解析：terrible→terribly 此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。
[谨记规则]
类 别 | 例 词 |
直接加ly | clear→clearly 清楚地 great→greatly 很，大大地 |
以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加ly | happy→happily 高兴地 heavy→heavily 沉重地 |
词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加y | terrible→terribly可怕地；极度地 gentle→gently 轻轻地 |
词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加ly | true→truly 真实地 |
词尾为ll的形容词，直接加y | full→fully充分地；完全地 dull→dully 迟钝地 |
词尾为ic的形容词，加ally | basic→basically主要地，基本上 scientific→scientifically 合乎科学地 |
语法填空解题“2策略”
1．利用句子成分确定词性
(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式。
(2)如果要填的词作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到用形容词；如果作状语，要想到用副词。
2．根据修饰词或被修饰词确定词性
(1)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰，此时要考虑用名词形式。
(2)如果要填的词修饰名词，要想到用形容词；如果修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，要想到用副词。
据第1条解题
1．This gives the paintings deeper meaning (mean) and more elegance.
2．Grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms come into being affecting distant_(distance) cities.
3．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully.
4．After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart.
5．Therefore, let's take the responsibility (responsible) to build up a lowcarbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us!
据第2条解题
6．However, behind his physical appearance (appear), Carry is a warm, funloving, intelligent person.
7．Your ideas are very interesting, but we need practical (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble.
8．During that time a number of productive (product) poets turned out as many as 50,000 classical poems.
9．It was always a pleasure (pleasant) to visit these two sisters.
10．They all come from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶树), and are simply (simple) processed in different ways.
短文改错解题“2视角”
1．看被修饰词或平行成分
(1)如果修饰名词，要用形容词；
(2)如果修饰动词、形容词、副词和分词应用副词；
(3)修饰人，表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”， 用ed形容词；修饰物或事，表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”， 用ing形容词；
(4)注意其平行成分的词性。
2．看句子成分
(1)作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到应用形容词。
(2)作状语要想到应用副词。
据第1条解题
1．I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certain help me do the job better.certain→certainly
2．It was when I brought them in at the dusk that I found something terribly happened._terribly→terrible
3．“Today is my father's birthday？” Zhangwei was a little puzzling. puzzling→puzzled
4．At this moment, I found the city was so interested. interested→interesting
5．Everyone praised Ah Bao for his brave and kindness.brave→bravery
据第2条解题
6．I restarted to pick up my confident again. confident→confidence
7．The next morning when he was out, the hotel worker hammered a nail exact where the “fly” had been.exact→exactly
8．I was lost in happy because I did a little for a stranger but I gained a lot._happy→happiness
9．To my joyful, he replied that he gave it to a homeless man. joyful→joy
10．To conclude, I am readily to take on the job.readily→ready
