专题15 完形填空（复习课件）（全国通用）2026年中考英语二轮复习讲练

这是一份专题15 完形填空（复习课件）（全国通用）2026年中考英语二轮复习讲练，共45页。PPT课件主要包含了析·考情目标，二轮·讲练测，析·考情目标，筑·专题框架，攻·重难考点，测·预测闯关等内容，欢迎下载使用。
真题动向 核心提炼 易错警示/技巧点拨
解读中考考情，研究命题规律，预测考试方向
构建专题框架，强化整体感知，建立系统思维
真题动向 洞察中考命题情境，探究命题内在规律核心提炼 提炼必备知识技能，筑牢应试能力根基易错警示/技巧点拨 警示易错点，点拨解题技巧， 提升复习效率，巩固知识掌握。
Passage1:人与自我——励志成长与自我突破
这篇文章属于“人与自我”主题范畴中的“个人成长”与“职业理想”子主题。它通过讲述王浩泽从普通家庭出身，到成为航天工程师，再到通过层层选拔成为航天员的完整历程，展现了坚持、努力与自我超越的核心价值观。
（2025·四川乐山·中考真题）Tday, we are ging t talk abut Wang Haze, a member f the Shenzhu-19 crew (神舟十九号乘组). In 2024, Wang Haze became the third Chinese 1 t travel t space.She was brn in 1990 in Hebei Prvince. Her mther is a middle schl teacher and her father is a pliceman. 2 in a family like that, she learned the imprtance f wrking hard frm an early age.
1．A．manB．wmanC．studentD．plice2．A．Grwing upB．Waking upC．Caught upD．Taken up
During her time at university, she shwed great 3 ability, s she was always at the tp f class. In additin t studying, she was als a sprts lver and ften tk part in sprts cmpetitins.In 2015, Wang finished her studies and started wrking as a rcket engineer (工程师) in Beijing. One day, she heard abut the selectin (选拔) f 4 and decided t try fr it. Abut 2,500 peple tk part in it. Finally, Wang 5 all the tests and became the nly wman amng 18 astrnauts.
3．A．sprtsB．paintingC．musicD．learning4．A．engineersB．astrnautsC．teachersD．scientists5．A．failedB．fundC．passedD．lst
Frm then n, Wang Haze faced many new challenges (挑战). She went thrugh 6 times at sea and in deserts. And ne test was that she culdn’t sleep fr 72 hurs. Hwever, 7 culd make her give up. “I kept ging and after nearly 1,000 times f practice, I finally met the training standards,” Wang said. On Octber 30th, 2024, she was 8 sent int space with tw ther astrnauts, and realised her lifelng dream f travelling t space.6．A．relaxingB．cmfrtableC．freeD．difficult7．A．everythingB．anythingC．nthingD．smething8．A．successfullyB．nearlyC．usuallyD．awfully
（2025·河南·中考真题）核心主旨：“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”——帮助他人应着眼于赋予其独立生存的能力。先通读短文，掌握其大意，然后从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个可以填入相应空白处的最佳答案。A lng time ag, there lived tw wdcutters called Barry and Kent in a village. Every mrning, they went ut int the frest and cut wd t sell at a nearby market.One ht day, the wdcutters were eating their lunch under a tree 1 a beggar (乞丐) came walking twards them.“My name is Clark, and I’m very 2 ,” said the beggar, as he walked up t the tw wdcutters. “Can yu 3 a little f yur lunch fr me?”
1．A．whenB．thughC．unlessD．after2．A．shyB．sleepyC．hungryD．thirsty3．A．cllectB．heatC．checkD．spare
Passage2:人与社会
Barry felt great 4 fr Clark, and he tk frm his bag sme fd that he 5 fr later, and wanted t give it t the pr man. But t his surprise, Kent, wh was a 6 man t, stpped him frm ffering the fd.Kent said t Clark, “We bth wrk all day lng and we nly have enugh fd t get us thrugh the day. But if yu wish, I can lend yu my ax (斧子) and 7 yu t cut wd. Then yu can sell the wd. And yu will have a gd 8 f buying yurself fd.”Clark lked a bit unhappy because he had been s lking frward t the fd. But after a secnd thught, he tk Kent’s ax, and then watched 9 as Kent explained hw t cut wd. Clark was 10 at first, but hurs later, he began t cut mre quickly.
4．A．pityB．fearC．hateD．pride5．A．servedB．keptC．tastedD．wasted6．A．funnyB．lazyC．braveD．kind7．A．leaveB．teachC．frceD．warn8．A．chanceB．gameC．excuseD．place9．A．cldlyB．secretlyC．dubtfullyD．carefully10．A．slwB．silentC．crazyD．serius
At the end f the day, the three men walked t the market, 11 the wd that they had cut. Very sn, all f their wd was 12 .“Lk at this!” Clark said with 13 . “It’s amazing! I have never had s much mney in my life!”“Yu have dne well. After all, it was yur first 14 ,” said Kent, and then he tk Clark t a shp in the twn and helped him 15 an ax.“Thank yu fr everything yu did fr me,” Clark said t Kent and walked away happily.
11．A．passingB．carryingC．stringD．thrwing12．A．sent ffB．given awayC．used upD．sld ut13．A．attentinB．shameC．excitementD．patience14．A．tripB．tryC．planD．rder15．A．returnB．repairC．chseD．clean
1．A．myselfB．yurselfC．himselfD．herself2．A．fight B．waitC．callD．ask3．A．easyB．pssibleC．difficultD．imprtant4．A．carefullyB．successfullyC．quicklyD．slwly
核心主旨：陌生人之间的善意与互助，构建温暖的社会环境。（2025·重庆·中考真题）The sunlight came thrugh the windws, bringing in the ht summer air. I saw a lng line f peple at the medicine pickup cunter (取药处). I tk a deep breath t cl 1 dwn. I jined the line t 2 fr my turn. The weight f my cming baby made it 3 fr me t stand straight, and my legs felt heavy. I raised my head and saw there were still quite a few peple ahead. Sme were playing with their phnes and sme were talking quietly. The line mved s 4 .
Passage3:人与自然
I began t feel weaker in my 5 . I culdn’t stand fr lng. “Shuld I ask the ne at the frnt fr help? What if he 6 ? He’s been waiting fr a lng time, t. Will the ther peple agree?” I thught t myself, “But I …” My frehead was starting t sweat (冒汗). I knew I culdn’t wait. I walked up t the 7 persn in the line and asked in a lw vice, “Excuse me, culd I g first? I am nt feeling s well.”The yung man lked at me in surprise 8 he saw my belly (肚子). He agreed. Almst n ne nticed what happened. I thught he wuld remain behind me. Instead, he mved straight t the end.
5．A．stmachB．legsC．armsD．head6．A．agreesB．smilesC．refusesD．cries7．A．firstB．secndC．thirdD．furth8．A．ifB．unlessC．untilD．thugh
The secnd persn 9 her phne. She lked at me and lked back at the yung man. Then she mved t the back, t. Then the third ne, then the furth…until the yung man came right 10 me. I felt a gentle wind blwing acrss my face, and the summer heat was gne with the wind.
9．A．lked ut atB．lked up frmC．lked dwn nD．lked arund fr10．A．far frmB．befreC．acrss frmD．behind
完形填空的解题技能要求较高，考试应当具有较强的聚合思维并保持注意力高度集中。在具体的解题中，还需掌握以下解题方法：一、锁定首句，整体预判。完形填空的首句一般不设空。首句往往开宗明义，是文章的主题。通过首句往往能确定文章的体裁、背景、写作意图或中心思想。二、利用复现，寻找答案。在完形填空中，同一个单词在上下文中重复出现的情况很常见，我们把这种情况称为词汇复现。词汇复现包括原词复现，同义复现，反义复现，代词复现等。复现词汇的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整而又有机的整体。因此要学会充分利用这些词汇提供的有效信息进行合理推断，选出正确答案。
三、结合语境，进行推断。完形填空必须通篇理解，从整体角度考虑，结合上下文语境才能判断出最佳答案。上下文信息可以出现在同一句、前后句、前后段中，或者出现在文章的开头或结尾部分，因此答题时要联系上下文，结合首尾，进行句内推断或句间推断。四、分析逻辑，判断答案。完形填空中的题目侧重考查学生对文章前后逻辑关系的精准判断。解答此类题目时要关注连词的功能，关注词汇的多义性，从具体语境入手，顺着文章的思路，依据给出的上下文信息进行分析。逻辑关系包括并列、原因、结果、让步、转折、时间顺序、目的、条件、选择等，依靠不同的连词来表达，如and，but，s，hwever，since，because，first f all，then，finally，fr example，r等，它们在文章中起着“篇章纽带”的作用，可以作为做完形填空题的路标。
五、夯实词汇，辨析词义。完形填空题对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在固定搭配和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量和较好的词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力，特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用词汇的能力。完形填空的四个选项形式完全相同，如都是动词原形、名词复数形式等。所以要注意他们在意义和搭配上的细微差别，形义兼顾。同时，要把这些选项放到特定的语境里进行区分，从而选出正确答案。
每空细读，分析斟酌逐句精读，逐题分析选项，有少数空格需多方面的推敲分析，如词义分析，语法结构分析，上下文推理分析等，下面是从所给四个选项角度考虑的解题思路：（1） 若考查冠词，则须依据短文空白后的单词的第一个因素，或所出现的后面名词的次序来确定a, an 或the， 或用冠词的惯用法来确定。（2） 若是介词或副词（如 up，ut， ff， away等）可先从固定搭配入手；若不属于固定搭配，则根据句子结构及介（副）词的意义及用法进行仔细推敲选择。（3） 若四个选项好似名词，则须从其所在的单复数形式、所有格形式等，根据文意进行名词辨析等。
每空细读，分析斟酌（4） 如考查形容词或副词，则须从其所在句中的作用来确定什么词性，或者考查其比较级或最高级，以及它前面的修饰语等。（5） 如果考查动词，要么考查其同义词辨析，要么考查某些固定搭配，或时态、语态以及非谓语动词形式等。（6） 若选项是连接词，泽尔应根据句子结构和上下文的意思决定是选择连接代词还是连接副词。也可以从连词的一些惯用法或固定搭配等入手。如，nt… until, as….. as, nt s… as, 或用because 不用s，用but不用thugh等。六、依据常识，确定答案。完形填空的文章内容往往与文化生活、史地知识、生活科技等相关，有些内容是我们已经掌握的生活常识。知识范围越广，越有利于文章的理解。因而答题时要充分调动相关知识帮助我们分析、推断，最终确定答案。
解题策略：三步走稳拿分面对这样的题型，光知道考点还不够，掌握科学的解题步骤至关重要：第一步：通读全文，抓主旨（3分钟）跳过空格，快速把文章读一遍。重点关注首句和尾句，它们通常会告诉你“谁，在什么时间、什么地点，做了一件什么事，结果如何”。这一遍不急着选答案，目的是建立文章的整体画面感。第二步：边读边选，找线索（8-10分钟）再次阅读，开始做题。遵循先易后难的原则，先把那些有明确线索（如固定搭配、上下文原词复现）的题目搞定。遇到难题不要死磕，先跳过，答案很可能在后面。记住，上下文是解题的唯一指南，任何一个空格，都可以在前文或后文找到依据。第三步：复读检查，通逻辑（2分钟）把所有答案填回原文，通读一遍。重点检查：故事是否通顺：情节发展是否合理，人物情感变化是否连贯。语法是否正确：时态、主谓一致、词性搭配等。
三大主题格局稳定，但“人与自我”占比持续走高从2025年真题统计来看，完形填空的主题分布呈现明显特征：
重点提示：“人与自我”主题中的职业理想类（如王浩泽航天员）和克服困难类（如Lele乒乓球赛）是2025年新增的热点，2026年将继续保持热度。
Passage1（2025·四川广元·一模）Munt Heng in Hengyang, Hunan prvince will ffer free tickets t Zhu Wei, a yung man. What did he d? Let’s have a lk!Zhu Wei is a cllege student. He 1 t climb China’s Five Great Muntains in five days during the Natinal Day hliday last year. S he bught 15 train tickets t start the 2 . His first stp was Munt Hua. Hwever, smething happened and he had t 3 his plan. Zhu met a turist named Li Han n the tur bus n Octber 1st. They decided t climb the muntain 4 . Li Han didn’t feel well that mrning. Arund 7 a.m., he 5 fell t the grund and passed ut (失去意识).
1．A．suggestedB．plannedC．neededD．invited2．A．jurneyB．exerciseC．adventureD．practice3．A．give inB．give upC．give awayD．give ut4．A．alneB．lnelyC．tgetherD．separately5．A．quietlyB．directlyC．differentlyD．suddenly
Zhu called Li’s family and sent him t the hspital with the help f the wrkers f Munt Hua. Then Zhu paid 1,500 yuan fr him. He didn’t 6 until Li’s family came t the hspital later that afternn. He 7 the train t the next statin. S he had t stp his jurney f climbing the Five Great Muntains.After that, Li Han’s brther, Li Chun, went t Zhu’s cllege t shw his thanks. He gave Zhu a banner (锦旗) 8 saving his brther’s life. “At that mment, I didn’t think abut 9 else. I can always climb the Five Great Muntains later n. S I must save him.” Zhu said.Other areas f the Five Great Muntains have als 10 Zhu free tickets. They hpe he can finish his Five Great Muntains challenge. Zhu said he might cntinue the challenge during next hliday.
6．A．leaveB．cmeC．runD．mve7．A．enteredB．missedC．gtD．bught8．A．fB．frmC．abutD．fr9．A．nthingB．everythingC．anythingD．smething10．A．fferedB．trainedC．admiredD．picked
Passage2（2025·四川广元·一模）During the Tang Dynasty (朝代) , there was an fficer in Yunnan wh wanted t shw his respect fr the emperr Taizng, s he sent a man named Mian Bga t bring sme gifts t the emperr. One f the 11 was a beautiful white swan.Mian had t travel frm Yunnan t Chang’an. It was a lng way. He tk gd care f the swan 12 it was a very imprtant gift at that time. He kept it in a cage t make sure that it didn’t fly away.One day, Mian passed by a river and drank sme water, 13 he decided t feed sme water t the swan. But when he came clse t the cage, he fund the swan became very 14 during the trip. Its beautiful feathers weren’t 15 anymre. Mian carefully let it ut f the cage. He brught it ver t the river, s he culd quickly wash it. Hwever, as sn as he finished washing the swan, it flew away.
11．A．giftsB．animalsC．thanksD．prmises12．A．AlsB．insteadC．becauseD．althugh13．A．thenB．therefreC．meanwhileD．hwever14．A．dirtyB．cleanC．tidyD．cute15．A．blackB．whiteC．greenD．clrful
Mian tried t 16 the swan, but nly gt a feather. He was very wrried. Hwever, he didn’t run away. Instead, he decided t tell the emperr 17 happened. S he kept ging n his trip.When Mian finally 18 in Chang’an, he met Emperr Taizng and shwed him the feather. Everyne was shcked. Mian tld the emperr the whle stry and said: “The swan feather is 19 but it carries the deep respect fr yu.” Emperr Taizng was happy with Mian’s 20 and rewarded him.Tday, peple use the stry t shw that a gd gift desn’t have t be expensive. What matters is the lve it carries.
16．A．tuchB．reachC．watchD．catch17．A．whichB．whereC．whatD．that18．A．leftB．returnedC．arrivedD．reached19．A．heavyB．lightC．strangeD．silent20．A．patienceB．appearanceC．creativityD．hnesty
Passage3（2025·吉林通化·二模）The Spring Festival Gala is ne f the mst 21 TV shws in China. It is held every year during the Chinese New Year. We can see different perfrmances, such as sngs, dances and magic shws. This year, a special rbt 22 “Yung Bt” was invited t perfrm at the gala.The rbt culd mve like a human and even dance 23 the music. It perfrmed a shrt yangk dance (秧歌) with a human actr, which was bth funny 24 tuching. The rbt’s ability t express emtin (情感) made it seem almst human. Many peple in the audience culdn’t believe their 25 and kept asking, “Is that really a rbt?”
21．A．persnalB．ppularC．pssible22．A．namedB．rememberedC．guessed23．A．inB．tC．fr24．A．butB．rC．and25．A．earsB．eyesC．nses
One f the mst interesting parts f the perfrmance was when the rbt interacted (互动) with children n stage. It played games with them and even 26 their questins. The children were s excited that they culdn’t stp laughing. The rbt’s friendly nature made everyne feel 27 and happy.Hwever, creating such a smart 28 was nt an easy task. A team f scientists wrked hard fr years t 29 the rbt culd understand human language, recgnize faces, and perfrm actins. They als prgrammed it fr different situatins, making it seem mre lifelike.After the perfrmance, many peple shared their thughts nline. Sme said it was the mst creative part f the gala, while thers hped t see mre rbts like Yung Bt in the future. One netizen (网民) wrte, “This is what technlgy can d! It brings us clser t the 30 .”
26．A．actedB．answeredC．added27．A．wrriedB．nervusC．relaxed28．A．rbtB．alienC．man29．A．make sureB．make upC．make ut30．A．pastB．presentC．future
Passage4（2025·陕西渭南·一模）阅读下面短文，理解大意，然后从各小题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，使短文连贯完整。As a British exchange student in China, I wanted t get int the lcal culture. One f the activities my schl 31 was a calligraphy club, and I chse t jin it t learn mre abut this traditinal Chinese art.The calligraphy rm was a quiet and peaceful place, which was 32 the pleasant smell f ink and the sft sund f brushes tuching paper. Our calligraphy teacher, Mr. Li, was knwn fr his 33 and skill.On my first day, I watched carefully as Mr. Li 34 the art f calligraphy. He mved the brush with grace (优雅) and 35 , and the characters he created lked like beautiful paintings. I was amazed and culdn’t wait t try it myself.
31．A．enteredB．fferedC．stleD．marked32．A．filled withB．cvered withC．set upD．dressed up33．A．businessB．chiceC．patienceD．handbag34．A．requestedB．mailedC．daredD．shwed35．A．shynessB．careC．heightD．anger
Mr. Li intrduced the 36 f calligraphy: the brush, ink, paper, and inkstne. He explained that these were nt just tls but the fundatin (基础) f this ancient art. He taught us hw t hld the brush 37 and hw t mve ur hands t create smth flwing lines.When it was my turn t try, I fund it harder than it lked. My first characters were far frm 38 and I felt embarrassed (尴尬的), but Mr. Li patiently encuraged me and gave me supprt.Frm then n, I 39 t attend the calligraphy club every week. Slwly I felt my skills imprving. I learned nt nly hw t write the characters but als the meaning behind them. Calligraphy was mre than just 40 . It was a way t express myself and cnnect with Chinese culture.
36．A．grammarsB．sentencesC．tlsD．custms37．A．happilyB．plitelyC．widelyD．crrectly38．A．cnvenientB．perfectC．lifelngD．secret39．A．packedB．failedC．decidedD．educated40．A．paintingB．smkingC．plishingD．writing
Passage5（2025·辽宁抚顺·一模）阅读短文，理解其大意，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。It was a busy weekend fr English learning. I planned t practice Unit 1 skills and learn abut Unit 2 festivals. On Saturday mrning, I used the “Sund Lab” app t practice 41 , but I culdn’t get the “th” sund right. I felt upset and wanted t give up.Just then, my cusin Lily called. She is gd at English and 42 wn a natinal English cmpetitin. She asked me t jin her at the city’s 2025 Mid-Autumn Tech Fair. I agreed 43 .At the fair, we first went t a “3D Mncake Making” area. The guide taught us t make mang ygurt 44 and said sme English sentences like “This mncake is made f mang”. I tried t repeat them, and Lily helped me 45 my prnunciatin. It was much easier than practicing alne with the app!
41．A．grammarB．prnunciatinC．vcabularyD．spelling42．A．neverB．hardlyC．evenD．almst43．A．quicklyB．slwlyC．angrilyD．sadly44．A．cakesB．mncakesC．piesD．pizzas45．A．imprveB．frgetC．breakD．lse
Then we visited a “Festival English Shw” area. A student was describing Dragn Bat Festival custms in English. She used Unit 1 “by+ding” structure, like “Peple celebrate it by hlding races”. I 46 tk ntes in my ntebk.In the afternn, we jined a “Wrd Link” game. We needed t cnnect Unit 2 festival wrds with pictures—like “zngzi” with a picture f rice dumplings. I wn a small prize: a “Write Right” app membership. 47 I gt hme, I wrte an English diary abut the fair. I used the “Write Right” app t check it, and it nly fund 2 mistakes. I felt 48 .This weekend taught me that English learning desn’t have t be bring. 49 cmbining (结合) it with festivals, I can learn in a fun way. Nw I’m mre cnfident in Unit 1 & Unit 2, and I’m 50 the next English learning activity.
46．A．carelesslyB．clearlyC．ludlyD．carefully47．A．WhenB．IfC．BecauseD．Althugh48．A．bredB．interestedC．happyD．upset49．A．FrB．ByC．WithD．Thrugh50．A．lking upB．lking frC．lking afterD．lking frward t
立足考情考法，聚焦热点难点，强化知识记忆
（2026·河北沧州·一模）阅读下面短文。从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。On my first trip t Paris, I filled the days with things t see and d. I nly had tw and a half days, s I visited ne place 1 and then hurried t the next, just t check them ff my list. This was a big mistake. Thugh I tk lts f wnderful pictures and smiled in them, I didn’t really enjy the trip r make any 2 memries either. I realized I needed t 3 hw I travel.Nw, befre a trip, I still d a lt f 4 . I read abut the histry and imprtant places. I 5 the “must-see” spts n my map. I als ask ther travelers fr 6 n what t see, d and eat.
1．A．quicklyB．suddenlyC．recentlyD．plitely2．A．shrtB．safeC．ldD．special3．A．prepareB．prtectC．changeD．accept4．A．exerciseB．researchC．shppingD．business5．A．leaveB．createC．guessD．mark6．A．suggestinsB．frmsC．secretsD．skills
But I als leave time t explre withut a plan. I walk arund and 7 whatever catches my attentin. I nly check the map at the end t 8 I haven’t missed anything imprtant.I als start smething called “slw traveling”. This means staying in ne place lnger 9 I can really experience lcal life. When I went back t Paris, it was cmpletely 10 . I stayed there fr eight days. I enjyed breakfast while watching peple at Île de la Cité (西岱岛). I walked t Belleville fr the best view f the city. I enjyed my stay in Mntmartre and spent the evening talking with lcals. I fell in lve with Paris and I als learned that if yu slw dwn, yu may find mre arund yu.
7．A．frgetB．fllwC．refuseD．plan8．A．pick upB．g verC．make sureD．make up9．A．sB．unlessC．ifD．but10．A．wrngB．rightC．easyD．different
（2026·广东佛山·一模）Luen, a student frm China, was learning English in Canada. One day, his Canadian friend had him buy sme green nins. Luen did it right away. He knew what an nin was—a rund 46 with layers. Hw hard culd it be?But n the way t the stre, he started t think. “What is a green nin? It must be an nin that is green.” When he gt t the stre, he lked at all the nins. There were red, white, and purple nins—but n green nes. He felt 47 .Then he had an idea. “Maybe the inside is green.” He 48 a white nin and tk ff the skin. Inside, he saw a light green clur. “Yes! I fund it!” he thught 49 . He bught the nin and tk it hme.
46．A．leafB．fruitC．flwerD．vegetable47．A．excitedB．angryC．surprisedD．sick48．A．picked upB．put dwnC．lked frD．dealt with49．A．freelyB．deeplyC．suddenlyD．happily
When he gave it t his friend, his friend lked puzzled. “Why did yu buy a white nin? I asked fr green nins.”Luen 50 , “Lk—the inside is green!”His friend laughed. Then he said, “A green nin is 51 . It has lng green leaves and a small white end. Peple use the green part fr 52 . It’s nt just an nin that is green.”His friend 53 , “In English, sme wrds are made f tw wrds. They’re called cmpund wrds. But the 54 isn’t always what yu might expect. Fr example, an eggplant desn’t have eggs. A ht dg isn’t a dg.”Luen felt a little embarrassed, but he als felt happy. He 55 smething new frm this experience. And he wuld never frget what green nins really are!
50．A．dubtedB．explainedC．shutedD．ndded51．A．simpleB．strangeC．cmmnD．different52．A．ckingB．sharingC．saleD．shw53．A．cntinuedB．warnedC．stppedD．repeated54．A．frmB．histryC．meaningD．spelling55．A．managedB．learnedC．caughtD．started