2025年中考英语一轮复习 第28讲 阅读理解之说明文 课件+练习+讲义

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阅读说明类文章重在把握被说明事物各因素之间的联系，如因果、条件、从属、并列等；以及说明方法，如定义、例释、类比等。考生应加强此类文章的阅读训练，不断提高判断、归纳、分析和解决问题的能力。首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，在阅读时要注意实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
4. 主旨大意题
1.分析说明文的框架结构解题
2. 掌握说明文命题的主要特点
3. 逻辑分解长难句
4. 定位重点逻辑标志词
快速把握文章主旨关注首尾段说明文常开篇点题，首段直接点明文章要说明的对象及核心主题尾段则往往总结全文，重申或升华主题，进一步强调说明对象的重要性、影响等分析段落首句各段落首句通常是该段的主题句，概括了该段的主要内容。这些内容共同支撑文章主旨。
精准剖析细节信息定位关键词根据题干中的关键词，如事物名称、特性描述词等，在文中迅速定位相关信息。对于一些数字、专有名词等特殊关键词，定位会更加容易和准确。对比选项与原文仔细对比选项与原文对应信息，注意表述上的细微差异。有的选项可能偷换概念，需加注意。关注修饰词的变化，如程度副词、频率副词等，这些词的改变可能导致选项意思与原文不符。
深入推理隐含意义基于文本逻辑依据文章所给的事实、数据、观点等进行逻辑推理。并列等逻辑关系词。“but”“therefre” 等词，能帮助理解句子之间、段落之间的逻辑联系，从而进行合理推理。结合常识辅助结合已有的生活常识、科学知识等辅助推理。
准确猜测词义利用上下文语境通过生词所在句子的上下文推测词义。如果前后句是解释关系，会对生词进行说明。若上下文存在对比关系，可通过相反的表述猜测词义。借助构词法了解常见的前缀、后缀和词根的含义。如，“un -” 表否定，；“-tin” 常构成名词。根据这些规律，猜测词意。
分析近年中考阅读真题可知，说明文都具备客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体特征。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多。
题材分布：选材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。说明顺序：时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。说明方法：常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。
结构分析：总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述；现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。命题分布：分析近年中考真题可知，科普类文章是高中阅读理解中的难点题材，其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。命题常见的推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题、词义猜测题，其中以推理判断题为主。难度分析：中考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材，文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高，解题的难度相对较大。句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。
（1）善于分析说明文的框架结构解题总分式。在说明事物或事理时，段落(层次)之间有一个总分关系，表现为由总到分、由分到总。 承接式。各层之间按照事物的发展过程，或者按时间、因果、条件等关系安排，前后相互承接。递进式。后边在前边的基础上进一步说明，各层之间的关系是由浅入深。文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外，还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法。
（2）掌握说明文命题的主要特点文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。纵观整篇文章可以明显看出，它没有文学英语中常采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修饰手段，一词多义的现象也不多见。2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。3. 文中常使用被动语态，强调动作的承受者。4. 文中常使用双重否定句。
（3）逻辑分解长难句说明文中的长难句常会出现命题点。在分析长难句时应采用“主干提取法”。即首先找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语，这样就抓住了句子的主干，也就从整体上把握了句子的结构。再分析句子主干以外的从句或短语的功能以及和主干的相互关系。例如：非谓语动词的成分是什么，其逻辑主语是哪个，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，介词短语修饰哪个词，and 连接的是哪些并列成分等。
（4）定位重点逻辑标志词定位标志句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段的词，不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。表示列举的词:fr example, fr instance;表罗列的词:first，secnd, third表转折的词: hwever, but；表示原因的词: because, since，as;表示结果的词:s，therefre, thus, as a result; 表示对照的词:n the cntrary, by cntrast;表示目的的词: s that， in rder that等。标志词就像指路牌一样，指明作者思路发展的方向和思路之间的逻辑联系。标志词前后的信息往往都是命题和答题的主要线索或依据，因此，识别标志词对考生更快、更好地理解文章具有举足轻重的作用。
说明文中的推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题，要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。进行推断时,要据文推理、不可脱离原文主观臆断。
选项一般具有以下特征：1. “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。2.选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如nly, never, all等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如ften, usually, smetimes, sme, may, might, can, culd, pssibly, prbably等。
2.细节理解题说明文的细节理解题常在下列处命题，列举处：如first(1y)、secnd(1y)、third(1y)finally、nt nly，but als、then、in additin等表示顺承关系的词处常命题。2. 例证处：如as、such as、fr example、fr instance等词处常命题。3. 在转折或对比处：如hwever、but、yet、while、in fact、unlike、until、nt s much…as等词处常命题。4.在长难句处：主要考查考生对复杂句中的语法关系、指代关系和整体句意的理解能力。
3.词义猜测题 说明文常出现一些反映现代科技的生词，常以科学新发明、新创造、人们对社会热点话题名词的理解态度等为题点命制试题，解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析画线词上下句围绕对该科学新发明、新创造、 热点话题所给的是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上根据长难句的逻辑意义推理概括出生词词义。
4.主旨大意题说明文文章大意题考查考生对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。通常说明文的主旨大意会在第一关开篇点题或者第一段抛砖引玉，第二段点题。或者在文章结尾段点明主旨。
When yu build a huse, yu use a blueprint. What’s a blueprint? In general, a blueprint is a drawing that shws hw t put a huse tgether with many different parts. DNA is the blueprint f life.But building a living thing is far mre cmplex (复杂) than building a huse. It takes millins f years fr nature t change the DNA in living things t make them fit the wrld they live in.Hw tall are yu? What clur are yur eyes? What size are yur feet? All these things are strngly influenced by yur DNA befre yu are brn!DNA is fantastic.* Except fr sme twins, every living thing has its wn unique (独特的) DNA．* Sme health prblems can be caused by prblems in yur DNA．Scientists can lk fr these prblems and, smetimes, help yu befre yu becme sick. In the future, scientists might be able t change yur DNA．* There are cpies f yur DNA in every part f yur bdy. Fr example, yur finger has the same DNA as yur hair.* Yu have yur unique DNA．But frm yur DNA, scientists can identify (识别) nt nly yu, but als peple wh are related (有关系的) t yu. Yur parents are related t yu, and yu have their DNA．When yu have a grandsn r granddaughter, he r she will have yur DNA．
1．The underlined wrd blueprint means “________” in Chinese?A．蓝牙 B．3D 打印 C．蓝图 D．蓝光2．Cpies f yur DNA can be fund ________ f yur bdy.A．in every partB．nly in fingers C．nly in hair D．nly in yur eyes3．Befre yu are brn, ________ CAN’T be influenced by yur DNA．A．yur hair lengthB．yur heightC．yur eyes clrD．yur feet size4．Frm yur DNA, yur ________ can be identified by scientists.A．friend B．teacher C．wife r husbandD．grandsn5．Which is NOT true accrding t the passage?A．Scientists are sure t be able t change yur DNA． B．It takes millins f years fr nature t change the DNA in living things.C．DNA is ne f the mst amazing things n the earth. D．The DNA in yur hair is the same as that in yur ft.
Yur DNA has billins f instructins that explain why yu are the way yu are. It’s ne f the mst amazing things n the earth.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．D 5．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章为我们介绍了DNA，以及研究DNA的作用。1．词句猜测题。根据“a blueprint is a drawing that shws hw t put a huse tgether”可知，蓝图是一种展示如何将房子与许多不同部分组合在一起的图纸，因此blueprint是指“蓝图”，故选C。2．细节理解题。根据“There are cpies f yur DNA in every part f yur bdy.”可知，DNA存在于身体的每一个部分，故选A。3．细节理解题。根据“Hw tall are yu? What clur are yur eyes? What size are yur feet?”可知，身高、眼睛的颜色和脚的大小是受DNA影响的，但未提及头发长度，故选A。4．细节理解题。根据“scientists can identify nt nly yu, but als peple wh are related t yu”及“When yu have a grandsn r granddaughter, he r she will have yur DNA.”可知，科学家通过DNA能识别出孙子或孙女，故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据“In the future, scientists might be able t change yur DNA.”可推知，科学家对改变DNA不确定，选项A错误，故选A。
①Taking ntes is a cmmn but useful study skill. But if yur ntes are messy and unclear, yu’re nt ging t get much use ut f them. Nw we’ll shw yu hw t make yur ntes as effective (有效的) as pssible.
④What yur ntes lk like is als imprtant. If yur ntes are messy and difficult t read, yu will be less likely t g back t studying them. S make sure yur ntes are clear and easy t read. Many peple like t add sme clrs t the ntes t make the infrmatin easier t read. This is because clrs make yur ntes lk mre interesting and clearer.
②First, yu shuld be an active listener. When taking ntes, many students write dwn every wrd, but they dn’t really understand its meaning. This is ttally wrng. While yu’re in class, the mst imprtant thing is t listen carefully and understand what yur teacher is saying instead f just writing it dwn.
③Take dwn nly key wrds t help yu review what yu have learned after class. Usually, yur writing speed falls far behind f yur teacher’s speaking speed. It’s unrealizable fr yu t write dwn every wrd the teacher is saying. Taking dwn just key wrds helps yu save time and keep up with the teacher.
⑤Having gd class ntes will help yu t be better prepared fr tests.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案。6．Accrding t the writer, what is the mst imprtant in class?A．Ding hmewrk carefully.B．Answering questins actively.C．Writing dwn the teacher’s wrds.D．Understanding the teacher’s wrds.7．What des the underlined wrd “unrealizable” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?A．Smart. B．Simple. C．Impssible.D．Necessary.8．Why d many peple like t add clrs t the ntes?A．T make the ntes beautiful.B．T imprve nte-taking skills.C．T develp creativity in nte-taking.D．T make the infrmatin easy t read.9．What wuld be the best structure f the text?A． B． C． D． 10．What is the passage mainly abut?A．Hw t be an active listener.B．Hw t review ntes effectively.C．Hw t take effective ntes.D．Hw t develp gd study habits.
【答案】6．D 7．C 8．D 9．B 10．C 【导语】本文介绍了如何使课堂笔记更有效的方法。6．细节理解题。根据“While yu’re in class, the mst imprtant thing is t listen carefully and understand what yur teacher is saying instead f just writing it dwn.”可知，在课堂上，最重要的事情是仔细听，并理解老师在说什么。故选D。7．词句猜测题。根据“Usually, yur writing speed falls far behind f yur teacher’s speaking speed.”可知，通常，你的写作速度远远落后于你老师的口语速度，因此要写下老师说的每一个词是不可能的；因此“unrealizable”表示“无法实现的，不可能的”，与impssible同义。故选C。8．细节理解题。根据“Many peple like t add sme clrs t the ntes t make the infrmatin easier t read. This is because clrs make yur ntes lk mre interesting and clearer.”可知，许多人喜欢在笔记上添加一些颜色，这样使得信息更容易阅读。故选D。9．篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段表明记笔记是一种常见且有用的学习技巧，并点明本文是关于如何让笔记尽可能发挥效用的；第二到四段进行了具体介绍；第五段是总结拥有好的课堂笔记的重要性，即能帮助学生更好地备考。因此本文是总-分-总结构。故选B。10．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了如何使课堂笔记更有效的方法，强调了积极听讲、记录关键词和保持笔记整洁的重要性。好的课堂笔记有助于更好地备考。故选C。
D yu want t grw plants in yur hme during the cld weather? If s, yu may want t use sme plants t make yur hme smell nice. We are talking abut rsemary (迷迭香) and bay laurel (月桂). Bth plants have gd smell and it’s easy fr yu t plant them inside yur hme. Yu just put them near a windw in the cld weather. As lng as the temperature (温度) is warm in yur huse and yu keep watering them, they will grw well. Bth rsemary and bay laurel cme frm the warm places f the wrld. The area is cl but nt cld during winter because it gets lts f sunlight. Fr rsemary, water level is very imprtant. Yu can’t water it t much. The plant needs a little wet sil (土壤). But t much water will injure the plant. It will grw slwly r even die. Yu can plant rsemary in the sil with sme sand. The sand desn’t keep much water, s this kind f sil will be the best place fr rsemary t grw. If yu want t grw bay laurel inside, yu can cut unwanted branches (枝杈) frm the plant as it grws and make it lk like a small tree. The plant will nt die if yu d this. Bay laurel has dark green leaves. It prduces a nice smell when yu cut its leaves. When yu add them t the sup, it will taste better.
11．Rsemary and bay laurel can ________.A．grw withut water B．make yur huse warmC．live in the sil with iceD．make yur rm smell nice12．What des the underlined (划线的) wrd “injure” mean in Paragraph 3?A．Prtect. B．Save.C．Hurt.D．Hit.13．What can yu d t help bay laurel grw better like a small tree?A．Mve it t a warm rm. B．Give it a lt f water every day.C．Plant it in sand withut sil. D．Cut ff sme f its lng branches.14．Accrding t (根据) the passage, which f the fllwing is right abut bay laurel?A．It can make dishes taste better.B．It is just a kind f decratin.C．We can use it t draw pictures.D．It is a plant and has n ther use.
Remember t wash the leaves befre yu put them int yur dishes. S bay laurel is nt nly a plant, but als a kind f fd.
【答案】11．D 12．C 13．D 14．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了迷迭香和月桂这两种适合在寒冷天气于家中种植的植物，详细地介绍了它们的气味特点、适合在家种植的条件、种植时需要注意的要点以及月桂的食用价值等内容。11．细节理解题。根据第一段“yu may want t use sme plants t make yur hme smell nice. We are talking abut rsemary and bay laurel.”可知，迷迭香和月桂可以让房间闻起来很香。故选D。12．词义猜测题。根据第三段“But t much water will injure the plant. It will grw slwly r even die.”可知，过多的水会使植物生长慢甚至死亡，据此可以推断划线单词“injure”意为“伤害”，与“hurt”同义。故选C。13．细节理解题。根据最后一段“If yu want t grw bay laurel inside, yu can cut unwanted branches frm the plant as it grws and make it lk like a small tree.”可知，为了让月桂长得像小树一样，可以剪掉它一些不需要的枝杈。故选D。14．细节理解题。根据最后一段“When yu add them t the sup, it will taste better.”可知，月桂能让菜肴尝起来更美味。故选A。
The cld is kncking at ur drs. We again find urselves deciding what t wear t prtect us against the cld. Animal furs? Of curse nt. A ppular chice in recent years is the fleece (摇粒绒). But where did the material cme frm? And hw did it take ver ur wardrbes (衣橱)? In fact, fleece wasn’t sld t the public until 1981. Befre fleece, there was wl. Peple wh lived arund the Alpine Lakes in Switzerland used wl fr clthing as far back as the 7th century BC． Histrians believe that it has been keeping ur bdies warm befre recrded histry. But wl has sme disadvantages. First, it takes in water. And when it des, it smells funny. It’s als slw t dry and difficult t clean. Dn’t even mentin that it makes yu feel itchy (痒的). And peple began t search fr a better substitute. The ideal material wuld have nne f thse prblems but wuld still be able t keep us warm. In the early material prduced by Patagnia, a clthing cmpany, a fleece f pr quality was used. The idea came frm a fabric (布料) fund in a stre in Canada. Frm there, the search fr the perfect fabric cntinued. The chice fell n a material fund in a warehuse in Ls Angeles. The fabric was being used t make table cvers. It lked nthing special but had an interesting
texture (质地). Patagnia then turned t fabric factry Malden Mills. Engineers at Malden Mills tested it. They turned plyester yam (聚酯纤维纱线) int a fabric with high quality. In 1981, Plar Fleece was successfully develped. The fabric culd d what wl culd, and mre. It quickly became a must-have fr utdr prtectin. Sn after, the wrld fell in lve with the light yet strng fleece. It als started getting fashinable as mre clthing cmpanies created their wn kinds. It even became a ppular material fr pet clthing!
15．What is a ppular material t keep warm recently?A．Furs. B．Wl. C．Fleece.D．Plyester.16．Which statement is TRUE abut wl accrding t Paragraph 2 & 3?A．Wl was first used by peple in Switzerland. B．Wl des nt smell s gd after it gets wet.C．Wl is the perfect chice t keep peple warm.D．Wl can’t be washed because getting dry isn’t easy.17．What des the underlined wrd “substitute” mean in Chinese?A．替代B．织法C．产地D．纺锤18．What is Paragraph 4 mainly abut?A．Hw ppular fleece is. B．What fleece is used fr.C．What texture fleece has. D．Hw fleece was prduced.19．What can be the best title fr the text?A．The Cmpany’s Ideal MaterialB．Hw Fleece Tk Over the WrldC．Fleece r Wl, Which d Yu PreferD．The Must-have fr Outdr Prtectin
【答案】36．C 37．B 38．A 39．D 40．B【导语】本文主要介绍了摇粒绒的产生以及其用于制作服装的优点。15．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A ppular chice in recent years is the fleece (摇粒绒).”可知，最近流行的保暖材料是摇粒绒。故选C。16．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But wl has sme disadvantages. First, it takes in water. And when it des, it smells funny.”可知，羊毛吸水后有异味。故选B。17．词句猜测题。根据“And peple began t search fr a better substitute. The ideal material wuld have nne f thse prblems but wuld still be able t keep us warm.”可知，人们开始寻找更理想的材料来代替羊毛，所以划线部分的含义是“替代 ”。故选A。18．主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“In 1981, Plar Fleece was successfully develped.”并通读本段可知，本段主要介绍了摇粒绒是如何产生的。故选D。19．最佳标题题。根据第一段中的“A ppular chice in recent years is the fleece (摇粒绒). But where did the material cme frm? And hw did it take ver ur wardrbes (衣橱)?”并通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了摇粒绒的产生以及其用于制作服装的优点，所以B项“摇粒绒是如何征服世界的”最符合。故选B。