高中英语2024届高考动名词和现在分词知识讲解

这是一份高中英语2024届高考动名词和现在分词知识讲解，共10页。学案主要包含了动名词的概说，动名词作介词的宾语，现在分词概说，现在分词构成复合结构等内容，欢迎下载使用。
首先，我们来整体掌握一个概念：
【动名词】v-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词。
【现在分词】v-ing形式除了起名词作用外，还可以起其他作用的，称为现在分词。
▲ 动名词顾名思义，就是动词v-ing形式在句中相当于一个名词来使用，那么动名词在句中通常可以做的成分有如下：
● 用作主语
Dancing bred him.
● 用作表语
Her hbby is cllecting stamps.
● 用作宾语
Please stp talking.
● 用作介词宾语
He was arrested fr smuggling.
● 构成合成词
Wh wn the singing cntest.
▲ 还可以在下面这类句子中：
N smking.
N litering.
N spitting.
N parking.
▲ 作为动词，它当然也可以拥有时态和语态的形式：
▲ 它也可以有它的宾语（a）或者状语（b）
a. He was fnd f playing tennis.
b. She is thinking f ging hme this summer.
▲ 它还可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语：
He disliked her wrking late.
▲ 使用名词所有格会显得比较文气，在口语中常把's省略掉：
I dn't remember my mther's talking abut it.
I dn't remember my mther talking abut it.
▲ 有些动名词已变得接近名词或干脆就是名词了，所有我们还会看到它们有复数形式（a），前面可以加冠词（b），甚至有定语修饰（c）：
a. Dickens ften gave readings f his wrks.
b. Wh did the cking?
c. I always enjy a little light reading.
▲ 我们把这些动名词称为名词化动名词（Verbal Nuns）有些以-ing结尾的词已完全变成名词：
He culd nt analyze his feelings.
Take gd care f yur belngings.
动名词作主语和表语：
▲ 动名词可用作主语：
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
Talking t him is talking t a wall.
Finding wrk is difficult these days.
Smking may cause cancer.
T her, windsurfing is t dangerus.
Talking mends n hles. (谚) 空谈无济于事。
▲ 有时，可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后面，作表语的可以时形容词（a），也可以时名词（b）：
a. It's nice seeing yu again.
It's hpeless arguing abut it.
Is it wrthwhile quarreling with her?
b. It's a wnder meeting yu here.
It's n gd cming befre that.
It's n use asking me. I dn't knw any mre than yu d.
▲ “There is+n”后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法...”：
There was n knwing what he culd d.
There was n telling when this might happen again.
He's selfish, there's n denying it.
▲ 动名词还可以用作表语：
Seeing is believing. (谚) 眼见为实。
Her jb was tending the sheep.
One f her duties is keeping the department files.
动名词作宾语：
▲ 有许多动词可用动名词作宾语：
I suggested bringing the meeting t an end.
He admitted taking the mney.
D yu enjy teaching?
Avid ver-eating.
【归纳】常见的用动名词作宾语的动词：
suggest admit enjy avid fancy culdn't help cnsider detest dread lve like hate stp finish keep risk practice deny prefer prpse advise cntinue lath mind mean recall recllect resist need want
▲ 许多动词短语也可以用动名词作宾语：
He has given up playing ftball.
They will put ff ding it until next year.
Even then she carried n talking.
Prices keep n increasing.
Ned left ff talking abut the film.
She waved t me and went n sketching.
He burst ut crying like a child.
She decided t cut ut smking.
▲ 在（be）wrth 后也可以跟动名词作宾语：
His suggestin is wrth cnsidering.
It's wrth making an effrt.
That's wrth watching, isn't it?
▲ 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语，有时两者意思不同：
▲ 有时两种结构只有细微的差别，例如在like，lve，prefer，hate，dread等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况，不定式多表示即将发生的事：
▲ 在begin，start，intend，cntinue和cause后跟动名词或不定式都可以，有时候意思上没有什么区别，例如：
It has started raining (t rain).
The band began playing (t play).
He intended cming (t cme) back sn.
▲ 有时有点细微的差别，在begin，start和cease后，不定式多表示情况发生变化（a），而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止（b）：
a. Suddenly it started t rain.
Philip began t cry.
The matter has ceased t be mystery t us.
b. Then the little girl started singing.
We began making preparatins fr the trip.
The factry has ceased making bicycles.
▲ 在以-ing结尾的动词后不易再用动名词，以避免-ing的重复：
He was beginning t miss her.
It's starting t rain.
二、动名词作介词的宾语
▲ 有许多由介词构成的动词短语后可以跟动名词作宾语：
She insisted n writing at nce.
Why d yu persist in writing such things?
Rbbie culdn't keep frm laughing.
They bjected t leaving the mtel.
He thught f writing t her.
The yung man dreamed f becming a surgen.
I've always believed in being brad-minded.
The plant must aim at increasing prductin.
Andrew set abut writing his reprt.
▲ 还有不少“be+形容词+介词”的结构后也常常可以选择用动名词作宾语：
Are yu interested in ging with us?
I was afraid f making them uneasy.
He was fnd f speaking French.
She is awfully gd at lking after peple.
He wasn't keep n buying a car.
I was angry abut missing the film
He was excited at hearing the news.
▲ 在“及物动词+宾语+介词”这类结构后，也常可以跟动名词作宾语：
They accused him f playing his radi t ludly.
He charged them with receiving stlen gds.
They suspected him f being the thief.
Thank yu fr ding this jb fr us.
Excuse me fr nt answering yur letter earlier.
Frgive (Pardn) me fr interrupting yu.
▲ 许多介词可以跟动名词构成状语：
Bass waited a little while befre making up his mind.
After standing in the queue fr an hur, we gt tw tickets.
And, in ding s, he fell int cntradictins.
On reaching the city, he called up Lester.
I dn't blame yu fr being cautins.
▲ 还有一些由介词构成的短语，后面可以跟动名词作宾语：
Instead f ging t New Yrk, we gt ff a Bstn.
Guests can relax in the lunge prir t entering the theatre.
He was afraid f t speak fr fear f making errrs.
He is studying with a view t ging t university.
I called in the hpe f finding her at hme.
▲ 有些介词可以和动名词构成定语:
He is gd at the art f making friends.
I admired his skill at driving.
He had the chance (pprtunity) f visiting Beijing.
It's a device fr pening bttles.
He invented a new prcess f dyeing.
She desn't have much experience in dealing with children.
She culdn't invent a reasn fr nt ging.
What's the advantage f using muclear pwer?
He advcated a new methd f teaching English.
▲ 偶尔介词也可以和动词一道构成表语：
I‘m fr ding nthing till the plice arrive.
I'm in the habit f reading the newspaper at breakfast.
Father was against selling the prperty.
动名词被动形式和完成形式：
▲ 动名词有时需要被动形式，可作动词的宾语（a）或介词的宾语（b）：
a. He hates being interrupted.
He narrwly escaped being run ver.
I appreciate being given this pprtunity.
I remembered being taken t Paris as a small child.
Grace resented being called a baby.
b. I bjected t being spken t like that.
He hped t get ut withut being seen.
All laws have t be submitted t Parliament fr ratificatin befre being put int frce.
He ran away fr fear f being hurt.
Wh can prevent their plans frm being carried n.
▲ 动名词有时需要完成式，可作动词的宾语（a）或介词的宾语（b）：
a. He denied having been there.
I culd nt recall having heard anyne say that befre.
I dn't recllect having seen him befre.
I regretted having left Mntreal.
He reprted having met nly a cyclist.
b. He accused me f having brken my wrd.
We cngratulated him n having passed the examinatin.
He was ashamed f having failed t pass the test.
Dn't be angry with me fr nt having written t yu.
动名词的逻辑主语：
▲ 动名词的逻辑主语多用一个物主代词或名词所有格表示，可用在：
a. 主语前：
Yur cming t help is a great encuragement t me.
Her ging ff in such a hurry is very risky.
Jane's nt having received prper training was t her disadvantage.
Yur denying everything will get yu nwhere.
It has been a great hnur yur cming t visit us.
b. 宾语前：
I hate yur ging away.
Frgive my (me) ringing yu up s early.
Yu can't prevent his (him) spending his wn mney.
I appreciate yur giving me s much f yur time.
I dn't remember my mther's cmplaining abut it .
She suggested his sending it t Tagre.
c. 介词宾语前：
I strngly bject t yur saying that.
I'm fed up with yur grumbling.
I'm nt surprised at yur misunderstanding me.
I never dreamt f its hurting yu.
I have made n bjectin t his ding it.
▲ 在口语中，有时用名词或人称代词宾格表示动名词的逻辑主语：
He didn't mind Flra (her) leaving hme.
I dn't remember my mther cmplaining abut it.
I can't understand him (his) leaving his wife.
动名词构成的合成名词：
▲ 许多合成名词由“动名词+名词”构成：
swimming pl swimming suit
bxing cmpitetin speaking cntest
sleeping bag sleeping pill
writing desk writing paper
diving suit diving bard
watering can filling statin
drawing bard drawing pin
washing machine washing pwder
fishing ple fishing line
drinking water drinking funtain
waiting rm waiting list
parking lt parking meter
checking accunt banking system
sewing machine printing-press
hearing aid perating table
▲ 还有一类合成词由“形容词（名词）+动名词”构成：
deep-plughing clse-planting
physical training jb-hunting
weight lifting sight seeing
windw-shpping tap dancing
air cnditining shadw bxing
zebra crssing data prcessing
fd pisning family planning
water-skiing huse-warming
三、现在分词概说
动词-ing的形式，除了作动名词外，还可以起到其他的作用，称为现在分词，它在句中可用来：
▲ 构成谓语（主要是构成各种进行时）：
They are ding sme pattern practice.
She is seeing a friend ff.
I'll be waiting fr yu at the entrance.
They have been designing a new jet plane.
▲ 构成不定式的进行形式：
He seems t be wrrying abut smething.
Walter happened t be wrking in the next rm.
They're said t be making an immprtant experiment.
I dn't want yu t be wasting yur time like this.
▲ 作表语：
The situatin is quite encuraging.
▲ 作定语：
He fund her a charming girl.
▲ 构成复合宾语：
I watched the children flying kites.
▲ 作状语:
We spent all day lking fr yu.
▲ 作为动词，它也可以有自己的宾语（a）或状语（b），构成现在分词短语：
a. He std there fr tw hurs watching the game.
b. I saw her speaking t a neighbur.
偶尔还可以跟表语：
Feeling tired, I went t bed.
现在分词可有下面这些形式：
现在分词作表语：
▲ 现在分词常可用作表语，特别是那些表示情绪的词：
The dirty street is disgusting.
It's amazing that yu shuld knw that.
The reprt is mst alarming.
He was very amusing.
This interruptin is very annying.
It's astnishing t me that he shuld be absent.
The plight f the starving natives is appalling.
The bk was rather bring.
The day was s charming.
Sme freign press reprts are quite cnfusing.
T us all this was peculiarly distressing.
This was very disappinting.
The test results have been very discuraging.
The sight had nt been encuraging.
It is frightening even t think f the hrrrs f nuclear war.
▲ 一些表示状态，品质的现在分词也可以用作表语：
The phtgragh is missing.
She is always very bliging.
The reasn he gave was nt very cnvincing.
These develpments were rather disturbing.
The article was imsleading, and the newspaper has applgized.
In a way, teaching is rewarding.
The tea smells inviting and tastes fresh.
The breeze was cl and refreshing.
这样用的现在分词很多都已经称为了形容词。
现在分词作定语：
▲ 上节提到的这类现在分词几乎都可以作定语，修饰一个名词：
Mary is an appalling ck.
Thse relatins f his are bring peple.
The experiment was an amazing success.
That is the least cnvincing excuse yu culd ffer.
It was an astnishing perfrmence.
That's a frightening thught.
There is a page missing frm this bk.
He's a prmising new painter.
That must have been a terrifying experience.
I fund nthing amusing in the streets.
I fund him a charming persn.
▲ 还有一些不及物动词的现在分词，不能用作表语，却可用作定语：
the ailing ecnmy a bming twn
dwindling prfits increasing demand
grwing dubts diminishing returns
the exsiting cnditins the prevailing fashin
the remaining days lasting peace
a shining example the leading newpapers
develping cuntries the rulling class
a fallling star the ageing ppulatin
living things the reigning champin
▲ 这类定语和构成合成词的动名词是有区别的。现在分词往往表示所修饰名词的动作，而动名词表示目的，用途等。我们一起来看看下面的内容，做个比较：
▲ 现在分词还可以构成合成形容词作定语：
lng-lasting effects lng-standing plicy
clse-fitting clthes a man-eating beast
a gd-lking girl a hard-wrking teacher
far-reaching designs never-ending wrk
a time-cnsuming jb an easy-ging man
a recrd-breaking jump an epch-making event
earth-shattering news labr-saving device
▲ 现在分词（短语）还可以用在名词后作宾语，作用接近一个定语从句：
a. Here is a leaflet giving (=that gives) full particulars f the plan.
This village is made up f 490 families belng (=wh belnged) t five natinalities.
China stretches acrss a vast area cvering (=which cvers) the cld, temperate and trpical znes.
We are brthers sahring (=wh share) weal and we.
They plan t build a highway leading (=which lead) int the muntains.
b. Wh is the wman talking (=wh is talking) t Jim?
There were 220 children studying (=wh were studying) in the art schl.
There are a few bys swimming (=wh are swimming) in the stream.
There is a car waiting (=which was waiting) utside.
The girl sitting (=wh was sitting) next t me was my cusin.
在把分词短语改为定语从句时，从句谓语可以是一个一般时态的动词（a）也可以是一个进行时态的动词（b），这从上面的举例中都能看出。
四、现在分词构成复合结构
▲ 现在分词可在某些动词后面构成复合宾语：
I see him passing my huse every day.
Did yu hear the clck striking?
I smelt smething burning.
He watched them rehearsing her apples.
I fund a man standing at the dr.
I culd feel the wind blwing n my face.
She nticed him carrying a bag.
He kept them wrking all day.
She sn had them all laughing.
My clumsy mistake set all the girls giggling.
▲ 在某些动词后，复合宾语可由现在分词或不带t的不定式构成，表示动作正在进行时用现在分词，表示动作完成时用不定式，试试比较下面的句子：
●
He saw her wrking in the garden.(She was wrking in the garden.)
He saw her enter the rm.(She entered the rm.)
●
I heard a bell ringing.(The bell was ringing.)
I heard smene knck at the dr.(He kncked at the dr.)
●
She felt her heart beating fast.(It was beating fast.)
She felt smene tuch her shulder.(He tuched her shulder.)
有时两者都可以使用：
I saw the train cming/cme int the statin.
Did yu ntice him leaving/leave the huse?
▲ 上述结构很多可变为被动形式，这时句中可说包含了一个复合谓语：
He was fund lying n the flr.
She was ften heard humming this sng.
He was seen sitting in a cafe.
I have been kept waiting fr ver an hur.
The man was caught selling drugs.
The papers were left lying arund.
▲ 有些介词后有时也可以包含现在分词的复合宾语：
This is a picture f an ld wman kneeling in a temple.
He was like an ld tree blssming again.
The stry is abut several bys hunting fr treasure in the muntains.
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blwing.
I can't mve abut in the city withut everybdy knwing.
▲ 下面这类“名（代）词+现在分词”结构也可以说是一种复合宾语：
I can't imagine Grandma riding a mtr-bike.
I can't stp him (my father) telling me abut it.
Excuse me nt having cme earlier.
He bjected t peple wrking fr such lw wages.
He insisted upn a secnd message being sent.
I shuld ask yu instead f yu asking me.
现在分词作状语：
▲ 在某些动词（a）或复合谓语（b）后可用现在分词（短语）作状语：
a. He spent a lt f mney mdernizing the huse.
We wasted a whle afternn trying t repair the car.
She's ging shpping this afternn.
The by came running int the huse.
He rde away whistling.
Sphia sat waiting n the sfa in the sitting-rm.
I std watching her, nt knwing what t d.
She was lying in bed crying.
He pretends t busy himself writing.
Sme left the hall still weeping.
He ran ut f the huse shuting.
b. The girls are busy making artificial flwers.
She was in the kitchen preparing supper.
Many vehicles there are idle awaiting repairs.
Over 20,000 peple were there watching the ftball match.
Have yu been arund seeing places.
▲ 在很多情况下，现在分词（短语）可表示一个同时发生的次要的（或者说时伴随的更准确更好理解）动作，这时常有一个逗号把它和句子的主要部分分开，分词短语可以放在句首（a），也可以放在后面（b），偶尔也会插在句中（c）：
a. Opening the drawer, he tk ut a bx.
Taking ff ur shes, we crept alng the passage.
Fllwing Tm, they started t climb.
Taking a key ut f his pcket, he pened the dr.
Travelling by jeep, we visited a number f cities.
b. She went ut, slamming the dr.
He fired, wunding ne f the bandits.
Mary walked rund the twn, lking at the sights.
I gt hme, feeling very tired.
c. Thse yungsters, shuldering spades and hes, left merrily fr the fields.
An ld peasant, bringing his wn fd, vlunteered as guide fr us.
一般来说，现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作，换句话说，句子主语也是分词的逻辑主语。
▲ 分词短语有时表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句，可以放在前面（a）、后面（b）或者中间（c）：
a. Being a student (As he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums.
Nt knwing her address (As we didn't knw...), we culdn't get in tuch with her.
Seeing nbdy at hme, she decided t leave them a nte.
Calling early, I fund him at hme.
b. They sent us an pen letter, hping t get ur supprt.
They went n with their stuggle, thinking theirs was a just cause.
He never went ut in daylight, fearing that the plice wuld recgnize him.
c. Many f us, being s excited, culd nt g t sleep that night.
The dctr, nt wishing t alarm her, didn't tell her hw serius her cnditin was.
▲ 分词短语还可以表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，这有三种情况：
a. 表示一个动作一发生，另一个动作则随即发生（相当于when引导的从句）：
Turning arund (=When she turned arund), she saw an ambulance driving up.
Hearing the news (=When they heard the news), they all jumped with jy.
Returning hme, he began writing a meldy fr it.
Arriving at the wrksite, he fund them busy laying bricks.
b. 表示在做某事的过程中，发生某事或者做某事，这时前面仍保留连词when和while：
They gt engaged when travelling in Eurpe.
We wear plimslls when ding physical exercises at schl.
Dn't metin this while talking t him.
c.表示上述情况时，也有不带when和while：
Cming (=While he was cming) dwn the muntain, he met Tm n the way.
Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis.
The man slipped and fell (when) getting ff the bus.
▲分词短语偶尔也可以表示结果：
Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with 5 children.
They pened fire, killing ne f ur patrlmen.
The snw lasted a week, resulting in a serius traffic cnfusin in the whle area.
有些表示状态或条件的从句，可以省略一些词，只剩下现在分词和连词一道构成状语：
He turned rund frm time t time as if (he was) searching fr smene.
She paused fr a while as thugh (she was) waiting fr a reply
If (yu're) travelling nrth, yu must change at Leeds.
关于现在分词短语结构的几个问题：
▲ 现在分词的完成式：
现在分词有时需要使用完成式，说明它表示的动作在主要谓语表示的动作之前发生，这类短语或是作时间状语（a），或是作原因状语（b）：
a. Having fund a htel, they began t lk fra restaurant.
Having reviewed his lessns, he went t bed.
Having gt ur tickets, we drve t the ariprt t bard the plane.
Having sent the children t schl, she gt ready t g t wrk.
b. Having been ill fr tw weeks, she felt rather weak.
Having lived there fr sme time, she knew the place quite well.
Having invited s many peple, we had t prepare sufficient fd.
Nt having gt an answer, I decided t write him anther letter.
▲ 独立结构：
有时现在分词可以有自己的逻辑主语，称之为独立结构 （Abslute Cnstructin）:
The day being fine (= As the day was fine), we decided t g swimming.
It being a hliday (= As it was a hliday), all the shps were shut.
We're playing glf this afternn---weather permitting (= if the weather permits).
We explred the caves, Peter acting as guide.
There being cie n the rad, I tld the driver t slw dwn.
▲ 现在分词构成句子状语：
现在分词一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语（说明说话人的看法）时，则情况不是这样：
Strictly speaking, that schl is nt very ld.
Bradly speaking, adjectives are wrds that qualify nuns.
I think, persnally speaking, it's a gd idea.
Judging by his testimnials, I think he will suit the pst.
He leads a very active life, cnsidering his age.
Suppsing he can't cme, wh will d the wrk?
这类状语也可以称为独立成分（Independent Element）