语法专题05 名词【考点精讲精练】-最新中考语法一点通讲义

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中考总复习一般分为三轮：
1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。
通过第一轮的复习，使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法，形成明晰的知识网络和稳定的知识框架。我们从双基入手，紧扣中考知识点来组织单元过关。
2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。
第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档，而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。复习的主要任务及目标是：完成各部分知识的条 理，归纳，糅合，使各部分知识成为一个有机的整体，力求实现基础知识重点化，重点知识网络化，网络知识题型化，题型设计生活化。
3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。
复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主，回扣教材，查缺补漏，进行强化训练。同时，要教给学生一些必备的应试技巧和方法，使学生有足够的自信从容地面对中考。
语法专题五、名词（必考）
考点精讲
名词即表示人或物名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示人、地方、事物、组织等名称的词，如：Lucy, China, the Great Wall.
考点1 可数名词的复数形式
名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词（Cuntable Nuns）与不可数名词（Uncuntable Nuns），可数名词有单数与复数两种形式，
名词复数构成形式部分规则如下：
2.某国人变复数
（1）中国人 a Chinese-Chinese; （2）日本人 a Japanese- Japanese
（2）英国人 an Englishman-Englishmen;（3）法国人 a Frenchman-Frenchmen
（4）美国人 American- Americans （5）德国人 German-Germans
可用口诀记忆这一点，即：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。
3.以-结尾的名词，有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。如：
Negr-Negres her-heres tmat-tmates ptat-ptates
而一般在词尾后加-s。如：z-zs radi-radis
4.复合名词前面的名词是man, wman变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。
如：man teacher-men teachers 男老师 by student-by students 男生
5.字母、数字、引语或缩略语的复数形式是在其后面加’s或-s.如:
There are tw f’s in the wrd “ffice”. Many VIPs are cming t ur city.
6.有些以-f或-ef结尾的词直接加-s变复数。如：
rf-rfs belief-beliefs prf-prfs chief-chiefs
7.一些名词加-s后，读音会发生变化。如：bath [bɑ:θ]-baths [bɑ: ðz]
题组训练---可数名词变复数
1. Japanese ___________ 2. Frenchman ___________ 3. American ____________
4. Egyptian ___________ 5. German _____________ 6. Australian ____________
7. pht ______________ 8. tmat ______________ 9. ptat _______________
10. pian _____________ 11. kangar ____________ 12. knife ____________
13. wman driver ________________ 14. apple tree _______________
考点2 不可数名词的数
表示方法：不可数名词需要计量时，用“数词或冠词+量词+f+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示，量词可以是单数也可以是复数，但f后的名词只能用原形。如：a piece f paper一张纸 tw pieces f paper 两张纸；a piece f bread一片面包；a glass f milk一杯牛奶，等等。

(2015·西藏自治区·历年真题)Mr．Black gave us_________ n hw t keep healthy．
A. sme piece f adviceB. sme pieces f advice
C. sme piece f advicesD. sme pieces f advices
考点3 名词所有格
名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式：一种是’s所有格，另一种是f所有格。如：
Beijing is China’s capital. 北京是中国的首都。
Beijing is the capital f China. 北京是中国的首都。
用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：This is Mary and her sister’s bedrm.
用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系，如：These are Tm’s and Mary’s bags.
以-s结尾的名词，在s后加“’”；不以s结尾的词在词尾加’s。如：
教师节 Teachers’ Day 儿童节 Children’s Day
f所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。如: the dr f the rm.
双重所有格（当物主代词不可与a, an, this, that, these, thse, sme, any, each, every, such, anther等词一起前置修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格）有两种形式：f+名词所有格；f+名词性物主代词。如：
He is a friend f my brther’s.
Is she a daughter f yurs?
表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上’s代表全称。如：at the dctr’s
由sme-, any-, every-与-ne/-bdy结合起来的复合名词，如smene, everybdy等和else连用时，’s应加在else后。如：smebdy else’s pencil
表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”来构成所有格。如：an hur’s ride
(2022·广西壮族自治区·历年真题)The wman in a hat is_____________aunt.
A. Jack and JhnB. Jack’s and Jhn
C. Jack’s and Jhn’sD. Jack and Jhn’s
考点4 名词的转化
某些名词后面加-y构成形容词表示“充满……的”。如:
clud-cludy 多云的 sun-sunny 晴天的
某些名词后面加-ful构成形容词表示“具有……性质的”。如：
use-useful 有用的 care-careful 小心的
部分表示人的名词后加-ly构成形容词，这种形容词常具有赞美的意味。如：
friend-friendly 友好的 lve-lvely 可爱的
某些名词后加-less构成形容词，表示“没有……的”。如：
care-careless 粗心的 use-useless 没用的
考点5 易混淆点
有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。如：
wrk（工作）-a wrk（著作） glass（玻璃）-a glass（玻璃杯）
paper（纸）-a paper（报纸；文件；试卷） tea（茶）-a tea（一种茶，表示种类）
wd（木头）-a wd（小树林） rm（空间）-a rm（房间）
有些名词虽以-s结尾，但它们不是复数。如：
physics 物理， maths 数学， plitics 政治，news 新闻
三、“数词-名词单数-形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如：She is a five-year-ld girl.
四、双重所有格与f所有格的区别。需要仔细体会语境。如：
He is a friend f yur father’s. 他是你父亲的一个朋友。（你父亲的朋友不止一个）
He is a friend f yur father. 他是你父亲的朋友。（强调他对你父亲的友好）
五、同义词辨析
1.family, huse与hme
family指“家、家庭”，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；hme作“家”讲，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住的范围和环境；huse有“住宅，家”之意，强调房屋和居住点。如：
My family are very kind. He left hme fr Beijing. They lived in a small huse.
2.jb与wrk
jb是可数名词，指一项具体的工作；wrk是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、努力。
3.prblem与questin
两个词都表示“问题”。一般老说，prblem总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、数学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与之搭配的动词是slve；questin常与“疑问、质问、询问”相关，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，常与动词answer连用。如：He asked me sme questins. There is n prblem that he is hnest.
4.vice, nise与sund
vice是“嗓音”；nise是“吵闹声”，指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sund是指人所听到的自然界的任何声音。如：
I recgnize her vice at nce.
Dn’t make s much nise.
At the ft f the hill, yu culd hear nthing but the sund f the running
message, infrmatin, news
message作“音信”解，一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”，是可数名词。
infrmatin作“信息”解，通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、资料等。它侧重内容，是不可数名词。
news作“新闻”解，一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息，它侧重一个“新”字，是不可数名词。
advice, suggestin
advice是不可数名词，如果表达几条建议可以借助量词piece，a piece f advice一条建议
suggestin是可数名词，可以直接加s。sme suggestins 一些建议
1. (2020·全国·单元测试)The three ________ upstairs are t small t have enugh ________ fr a duble bed.
A. rm; rmB. rm; rmsC. rms; rmD. rms; rms
2. (2022·新疆维吾尔自治区克拉玛依市·模拟题)—Thank yu fr the ______ yu gave me.
—I'm glad they're helpful.
A. suggestinsB. adviceC. newsD. infrmatin
考点6 词义辨析
名词还有一个重要考点就是名词的词义辨析，根据题意选择正确的名词，所以背诵单词是基础，同学们一定要坚持每天背诵单词，烂熟于心。
考点精练
中考语法—名词专项练习
（共计50小题，每小题2分，总分100分。）
—What a gd ______ yu've given me! Thanks a lt.
—My pleasure.
A. infrmatinB. newsC. suggestinD. advice
Hw much ________ d we need t make a banana milk shake？
A. bananasB. applesC. cffeeD. milk
It's sprts time. Mst ______ students in Class 1 are playing ftball n the playgrund.
A. byB. bysC. by'sD. bys'
There are fifty _________ in ur schl. They are all friendly t us.
A. wman teachersB. wmen teacherC. wman teacherD. wmen teachers
It's sprts time．Mst ________ students in Class 1 are playing ftball n the playgrund．
A. byB. bysC. by'sD. bys'
Yesterday fr dinner I had a piece f beef，vegetables and _____.
A. sme riceB. a few riceC. a little ricesD. a rice
—Culd yu tell me the ______ f making such tasty cakes?
—Well, I just fllw the instructins in the ckbk.
A. timeB. methdC. cstD. menu
I’d like sme_____and_____．
A. banana； tmatB. bananas； tmat
C. bananas； tmatesD. banana； tmates
My grandpa knws the histry and medical ______ f many plants.
A. wealthB. priceC. valueD. cst
In a cnversatin between tw persns, 65% f ______ is dne thrugh bdy language.
A. infrmatinB. prnunciatinC. intrductinD. cmmunicatin
—Where were yu brn, Michael?
—I was brn in a small village with nly three _______ peple.
A. hundredB. hundredsC. hundreds f
Shanghai is ne f _______ in the wrld.
A. the biggest citiesB. biggest cities
C. the biggest cityD. bigger cities
The nline shp sells ____________ shes at a very gd price．
A. childB. child’sC. childrenD. children’s
The pliceman give us much ____________ n hw t prtect persnal infrmatin．
A. tipB. reasnC. adviceD. suggestin
The students f Grade 7 visited Mike's farm and saw many _________ there.
A. birdB. duckC. sheepD. rabbit
—What wuld yu like, sir?
—A cup f ______, please.
A. ptatB. cffeeC. bananaD. hamburger
Mr. Wang gave me several useful _____ n hw t learn better.
A. adviseB. advicesC. suggestD. suggestins
______ fathers can't g t the class meeting because they have gne t business．
A. Jack and Mike'sB. Jack's and Mike's
C. Jack and MikeD. Jack's and Mike
It is five years since we began t enjy a ______ spring hliday each year.
A. ten-dayB. ten dayC. ten day’sD. ten-days
—Where are yu ging t spend yur summer hliday, Jenny?
—I haven't made a yet. I'm ging t talk abut it with my family tmrrw.
A. decisinB. prmiseC. jurneyD. suggestin
—Are all the students frm in yur class?
—N, there are nly 3 ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​in ur class. The thers are frm ther cuntries.
A. Germany；GermenB. Germany；Germans
C. German；GermansD. German；Germany
If yu wrk harder, yu’ll have anther______ t play the vilin at a cncert.
A. sleepB. chanceC. mistakeD. prblem
Three fifths f the teachers in ur schl are ______.
A. man teachersB. men teachersC. wman teachersD. wmen teacher
A ______ player set a new recrd at the sprts meeting.
A. 16-years-ldB. 16 year ldC. 16-year-ldD. 16 years ld
Mr Liu is a wise man, and he ften gives us a few ______.
A. suggestinsB. adviceC. hbbiesD. knwledge
After playing ftball fr mre than half an hur, the students tk ______ rest.
A. a few minute’sB. a little minute’s
C. a few minutesˈD. a little minutesˈ
With the intrductin f the "duble reductin" plicy （双减政策），ne f the_____ _____ that the students have less hmewrk.
A. changes；isB. change；isC. changes；are
If yu want t be a dctr like Zhng Nanshan, hard wrk is the key t ________.
A. treasureB. beautyC. successD. health
—What d yu think f ur htel?
—Gd! I’m especially satisfied with the high ______ f yur service.
A. levelB. speedC. praiseD. price
Nbdy thught it is easy t finish s much wrk in ______.
A. tw days' timeB. tw-days timeC. tw day's timeD. tw days time
—Can I help yu?
— Please give me ______ abut the trains t Daqing.
A. a few infrmatinsB. a little infrmatins
C. a little infrmatinD. a few infrmatin
Uncle Li has a farm, there are sme ______ n the farm.
A. chicken and sheepB. chickens and sheeps
C. chickens and sheepD. chicken and sheeps
—Are yu thirsty?
—Yes, please give us .
A. three bttle waterB. three bttle f water
C. three bttles f waterD. three bttles f waters
34. A candle des nt prduce as ​​​​​​​ light as a light bulb.
A. manyB. muchC. fewD. little
35. The prblems are difficult t slve. Please give me _______.
A. many adviceB. sme adviceC. an adviceD. sme advices
36. —Can I help yu, Madam?
—Yes. ______, please.
A. Tw pair f scksB. Tw pairs f scks
C. Tw pairs f sckD. Tw pair f sck
37. Abut 200 ______ went t see the Asian Fashin Shw last night.
A. GermanB. AustralianC. ChineseD. American
38. We believe that China will becme ne f ______ in the wrld.
A. the strng cuntriesB. the strngest cuntry
C. the strngest cuntriesD. the strng cuntry
39. Chinese fd is s delicius that ______ freigners are learning t ck it.
A. manyB. muchC. fewD. little
40. T ur jy, China has made much ______ in scientific research in the past 20 years.
A. peaceB. trubleC. prgressD. nise
41. —Hw far is yur hme frm the train statin？
— It's abut 20__________walk．
A. minuteB. minutesC. minute'sD. minutes'
42. —Wuld yu like smething t drink?
—Yes, ______ please.
A. sme meatB. sme cakesC. sme dumplingsD. sme cffee
43. —Peter, hw far is it frm yur hme t schl?
—It's nly five ______ walk.
A. minuteB. minutesC. minute'sD. minutes'
44. These tw schlbags are ______.
A. Jack's and PaulB. Jack's and Paul's
C. Jack and Paul'sD. Jack and Paul
45. Our hspital needs tw ______, yu can ask yur daughter t have a try.
A. wmen dctrsB. wman dctrsC. wman dctrD. wmen dctr
46. All received fresh flwers n Wmen's Day.
A. wman teacherB. wman teachersC. wmen teachersD. wmen teacher
47. —Yu have a nice huse! Whse rm is this？
— It's ___________.
A. Jack and Peter'sB. Jack's and Peter's
C. Jack's and PeterD. Jack and Peter
48. There are _____ teachers in ur schl and ______ f them are _______ teachers.
A. three hundreds; tw thirds; wmen
B. three hundred; tw third; wman
C. three hundreds; tw third; wman
D. three hundred; tw thirds; wmen
49. In mst hmes, peple ck meals in the ________.
A. bathrmB. gardenC. bedrmD. kitchen
50. Mari peple in New Zealand tuch when they meet.
A. treesB. nsesC. capsD. desks
情况
构成方法
读音
例词
一般情况
加-s
在清辅音后读/s/
在浊辅音和元音后读/z/
在t后读/ts/
在d后读/dz/
cake-cakes
day-days
student-students
bed-beds
以-s, -x, -sh, -ch等结尾的词
加-es
读/IZ/
bus-buses,
bx-bxes
watch-watches
以辅音字母加y结尾的词
变y为i，再加-es
读/z/
baby-babies,
city-cities
cuntry-cuntries
以元音字母加y结尾的词
加-s
读/z/
ty-tys
mnkey-mnkeys
以f(fe)结尾的词
变f(fe)为ves
读/vz/
leaf-leaves,
life-lives
wlf-wlves
不规则变化
改变单数名词中的元音字母；
单复数形式相同；
其他形式
man-men,
wman-wmen,
ft-feet,
sheep-sheep
muse-mice