专题13 霜降习俗-高中英语时文阅读外刊精选精练

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专题13
霜降习俗
【原文·外刊阅读】
Eight things yu need t knw abut Frst's Descent
（文章来源：China Daily）
The traditinal Chinese slar calendar divides the year int 24 slar terms. Frst's Descent, (Chinese: 霜降), the 18th slar term f the year, begins this year n Oct 24 and ends n Nv 7. Frst's Descent is the last slar term f autumn, during which time the weather becmes much clder than befre and frst begins t appear. Here are eight things yu shuld knw abut Frst's Descent.
Frsty autumn
Frst cnsists f white ice crystals f frzen water vapr near the grund. During Frst's Descent, frst begins t appear. But in the lwer reaches f the Yellw River regin, frst first appears in late Octber r early Nvember. As Frst's Descent cmes, the wrld is filled with the atmsphere f late autumn.
Eating persimmns
Eating persimmns during Frst's Descent can help peple resist the cld and prtect their bnes. In the cuntryside, peple believe that their lips will crack if they dn't eat persimmns during this perid.
Eating apples
The apple is ne kind f recmmended fruit during Frst's Descent. There are many sayings abut apples' benefits in China, such as "Eat an apple after meals, even ld men can be as strng as yung men," just as the Western prverb ges, "An apple a day keeps the dctr away." Apples can misten the lungs, quench ne's thirst and help ne's digestin.
Eating pears
The pear is anther recmmended fruit during Frst's Descent, which can prmte the secretin f bdy liquids, clear away heat and reduce sputum.
Eating duck
It's a custm t eat duck n the first day f Frst's Descent in suth Fujian prvince and Taiwan. There is a saying in Fujian which ges, "Even nurishing all year is nt as gd as nurishing the human bdy n the first day f Frst's Descent." Eating duck is a way fr peple there t gain weight.
Eating chestnuts
Eating chestnuts during Frst's Descent is beneficial fr ne's health. Chestnuts have a warm nature and sweet flavr, and are gd fr nurishing the spleen and stmach, invigrating the circulatin f bld, relieving cughs and reducing sputum.
Eating dates
The date is ne f the fruits n the market during Frst's Descent. Nutritius with a great number f vitamins, dates can nurish the bld, decrease bld pressure, and imprve ne's immunity. But eating t many culd be harmful. Rtten dates can cause headaches and dizziness r even put peple's lives in danger.
Frst's Descent Festival
Peple in areas such as Daxin cunty in Guangxi Zhuang autnmus regin celebrate the first day f Frst's Descent. In the Frst's Descent Festival, the Zhuang peple ffer sacrifices, dance and sing flk sngs. With a histry f mre than 360 years, the festival is t cmmemrate Cen Yuyin, a herine in battles against freign aggressin.
【原创·阅读理解】
1. Hw lng will Frst's Descent last?
A. One mnth.
B. Half a mnth.
C. Twenty days.
D. One week.
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“Frst's Descent, (Chinese: 霜降), the 18th slar term f the year, begins this year n Oct 24 and ends n Nv 7.”可知，霜降是一年中的第18个节气，从10月24日开始，到11月7日结束，总共15天。故选B项。
2. What d "Eating chestnuts" and "Eating pears" have in cmmn?
A. Relieving cughs.
B. Clearing away heat.
C. Nurishing the spleen.
D. Reducing sputum.
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据文章两个部分的句子，“... clear away heat and reduce sputum.”及“... relieving cughs and reducing sputum”可知，霜降吃栗子和梨可以达到清热化痰的效果。
3. Which part f the magazine may this article appear in?
A. Science and technlgy.
B. Traditinal educatin.
C. Cultural custms.
D. News reprting.
【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据文章讲述内容可知，主要介绍了中国的24节气之霜降的习俗，属于文化习俗板块，故选C项。
【精选·名校好题】
Ⅰ
（2016·高一中国科大附中期中）April 15th is a tax(税) day fr Americans. It is the last day t pay federal(联邦的) incme taxes fr the year befre. Mst taxpayers have enugh incme taxes cllected all year lng thrugh their emplyers. S they d nt we much. In fact, mst get sme mney back.
Incme tax rates increase as incme increases. Peple wh earned mre than three hundred nineteen thusand dllars last year had the highest rate, thirty-five percent. But there are different ways fr peple t reduce their incme taxes.
The Cnstitutin gives Cngress the pwer t build federal taxes. State and lcal gvernments can als tax. But the idea f natinal taxes tk time.
In 1790 Cngress passed a tax n whiskey and ther alchlic drinks. Farmers in western Pennsylvania wh prduced alchl refused t pay. They attacked fficials and burned the hme f a tax cllectr.
Gerge Washingtn, America’s first president, gathered the army. The sldiers put dwn the s-called Whiskey Rebellin f 1794. It was ne f the first times that the gvernment used its pwer t make sure a federal law within a state.
At first, the United States gvernment cllected mst f its mney thrugh tariffs(关税), which are taxes n freign trade. Then, in the late 1800s, Cngress began t tax the mney that peple earned thrugh their jbs.
The Supreme Curt was against the persnal incme tax as uncnstitutinal. S the States changed the Cnstitutin. In 1930 they passed the Sixteenth Amendment(修正案). It gives Cngress the pwer t cllect taxes n persnal incmes.
In 2004, persnal incme tax prvided the gvernment with thirty-seven percent f its mney, and incme tax n business prvided six percent.
1．Which f the fllwing taxes is NOT mentined in the passage?
A．Taxes n business.B．Taxes n incmes.
C．Taxes n alchl making.D．Taxes n huse selling.
2．Why did the US decide t change the Cnstitutin accrding t the passage?
A．Because the Supreme Curt asked them t d s.
B．Because they wanted t cllect the persnal incme tax.
C．Because they wanted t limit the pwer f the Supreme Curt.
D．Because they wanted t increase freign trade tax rates.
3．Which f the fllwing is NOT true accrding t the passage?
A．Bth the state and lcal gvernments in America have the right t tax.
B．Befre 1800, mst American gvernment’s tax mney came frm taxes n alchlic drinks.
C．Persnal incme tax has becme an imprtant tax in the States.
D．If yu haven’t paid federal incme taxes fr 2008 befre April 15, yu may break tax laws.
4．What des the underlined sentence “But the idea f natinal taxes tk time" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．It tk a lng time t realize the idea f natinal taxes.
B．Every year it takes a lng time t cllect natinal taxes.
C．The states were nt sure whether they shuld cllect natinal taxes.
D．Fr a lng time peple didn’t knw what natinal taxes were.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了关于美国税收的一些信息。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It is the last day t pay federal(联邦的) incme taxes fr the year befre.(这是缴纳上一年联邦所得税的最后一天)”、第四段中的“In 1790 Cngress passed a tax n whiskey and ther alchlic drinks.(1790年，国会通过了对威士忌和其他酒水征税的法案)”和最后一段“In 2004, persnal incme tax prvided the gvernment with thirty-seven percent f its mney, and incme tax n business prvided six percent.(2004年，个人所得税为政府提供了37%的资金，企业所得税提供了6%的资金)”可知，本文提到了关于商业的税收、关于收入的税收和关于制酒的税收，没有提到售房税收。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The Supreme Curt was against the persnal incme tax as uncnstitutinal. S the States changed the Cnstitutin.(最高法院反对个人所得税违宪。因此，各州修改了宪法)”可知，最高法院认为征收个人所得税并没有违背宪法，所以各州修改了宪法，由此可推测出，美国修改宪法是因为他们想要征收个人所得税。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“State and lcal gvernments can als tax.(州和地方政府也可以征税)”可知，州和地方政府都有权收税，所以A项正确；根据倒数第三段中的“At first, the United States gvernment cllected mst f its mney thrugh tariffs(关税), which are taxes n freign trade.(起初，美国政府通过关税征收大部分资金，关税是对外贸易税)”可知，美国政府的税收起初大部分是来自关税，并没有说明是在1800年之前，也不是酒水税收，所以B项错误；根据最后一段“In 2004, persnal incme tax prvided the gvernment with thirty-seven percent f its mney, and incme tax n business prvided six percent.(2004年，个人所得税为政府提供了37%的资金，企业所得税提供了6%的资金)”可知，个人所得税为政府提供了约三分之一的收入，所以它成为美国的重要税种，C项正确；根据第一段中的“April 15th is a tax(税) day fr Americans. It is the last day t pay federal(联邦的) incme taxes fr the year befre.(4月15日是美国人的纳税日。这是缴纳上一年联邦所得税的最后一天)”可知，人们必须要在4月15日之前缴纳联邦所得税，如果没有按期缴纳，就会违法，所以D项正确。故选B。
4．句意猜测题。句中的But表明前后之间是转折关系，根据画线句前面的“The Cnstitutin gives Cngress the pwer t build federal taxes. State and lcal gvernments can als tax.(宪法赋予国会建立联邦税收的权力。州和地方政府也可以征税)”可知，美国最开始有联邦税收、州税收和地方政府税收，画线词说“但国家税收的想法需要时间”，由此可推测出，落实国家税收的想法花费了很长时间。故选A。
Ⅱ
（2023·高三重庆八中段考）The Yurk peple have lived alng the Klamath River, which flws frm the Cascades in Oregn suthwest thrugh Nrthern Califrnia, fr thusands f years, prtecting the regin and river frm which they — and thers — draw sustenance (生计).
But as develpment and pllutin cntinue t reduce the number f fish in the river and the quantity and quality f its waters, the Yurk Tribe is legalizing (合法化) the tribe’s lngstanding care by granting the Rights f Persnhd t the Klamath, the first river in Nrth America t have such rights declared.
The Yurk Tribal Cuncil’s May 2019 reslutin means the river has the same legal rights as a human under tribal law. This rder allws peple t bring law cases n behalf f the river when its rights are vilated. Accrding t the reslutin, the tribe’s intentin is t prvide a legal basis fr safeguarding the river and its ecsystem, especially in the face f water diversin, industrial pllutin, and climate change impacts, amng ther threats. In a testimny (证词) delivered t the U. S. Huse f Representatives in Octber 2019, Yurk Tribe Vice Chairman Frankie Myers said this legal framewrk culd create a path t ward a mre thughtful view f the rights f nature in ther cmmunities and curts, and that any mney awarded by the Yurk curts will fund cleanup and restratin prjects t remedy the litigated harms.
The Yurk Tribe’s reslutin draws lessns frm the United Natins Declaratin n the Rights f Indigenus Peples, and eches the effrts f ther Indigenus tribes, including the White Earth Band f Ojibwe, which adpted the Rights f wild rice, in December 2018. “This is a very imprtant step frward in the Rights f Nature mvement,” Mari Margil, Assciate Directr f the Cmmunity Envirnmental Legal Defense Fund cmmented.
5．Which f the fllwing can be used t describe Yurk peple?
A．A cnquerr.B．A guardian.
C．A gvernr.D．A cnsumer.
6．What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．The prcess f legalizatin.
B．The traditin f Yurk tribe.
C．The reasn behind the legalizatin.
D．The imprtance f the Klamath River.
7．What des the law aim t d?
A．Win an award in cleanup prjects.
B．Prtect the persnhd f the river.
C．Fight against glbal water pllutin.
D．Imprve the gvernment legal system.
8．What can we learn frm Yurk Tribe accrding t the last paragraph?
A．Time and tide wait fr n man.
B．Birds f a feather flck tgether.
C．Past experience is a guide fr the future.
D．All things are difficult befre they are easy.
【答案】5．B 6．C 7．B 8．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一直生活在克拉马斯河沿岸的尤洛克人为了保护他们赖以生存的地区和河流，为该河流通过法案，使其与人类享有同等的法律权利。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段“The Yurk peple have lived alng the Klamath River, which flws frm the Cascades in Oregn suthwest thrugh Nrthern Califrnia, fr thusands f years, prtecting the regin and river frm which they — and thers — draw sustenance (生计).(几千年来，尤洛克人一直生活在克拉马斯河沿岸，这条河从俄勒冈州西南部的喀斯喀特山脉流过北加州，保护着他们和其他人赖以生存的地区和河流)”可知，几千年来，尤洛克人一直生活在克拉马斯河沿岸，保护着他们和其他人赖以生存的地区和河流，由此可知，他们扮演着“守护者”的角色。故选B项。
6．主旨大意题。根据第二段“But as develpment and pllutin cntinue t reduce the number f fish in the river and the quantity and quality f its waters, the Yurk Tribe is legalizing (合法化) the tribe’s lngstanding care by granting the Rights f Persnhd t the Klamath, the first river in Nrth America t have such rights declared.(但是，随着开发和污染不断减少河中鱼类的数量，以及河水的数量和质量，尤洛克部落通过授予克拉马斯河人格权利，将部落长期以来的照顾合法化，这是北美第一条宣布拥有这种权利的河流)”可知，随着开发和污染的持续，尤洛克部落将部落长期以来的照顾合法化，由此可知，本段主要讲述了这一举措的背景。故选C项。
7．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The Yurk Tribal Cuncil’s May 2019 reslutin means the river has the same legal rights as a human under tribal law. This rder allws peple t bring law cases n behalf f the river when its rights are vilated.(尤洛克部落理事会2019年5月的决议意味着，根据部落法，这条河与人类拥有同样的法律权利。该命令允许人们在河流权利受到侵犯时代表河流提起法律诉讼)”可知，颁布法律的目的是使这条河与人类拥有同样的法律权利，这样河流的个性才能得以保护。故选B项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Yurk Tribe’s reslutin draws lessns frm the United Natins Declaratin n the Rights f Indigenus Peples, and eches the effrts f ther Indigenus tribes, including the White Earth Band f Ojibwe, which adpted the Rights f wild rice, in December 2018.(尤洛克部落的决议吸取了《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的教训，并呼应了其他土著部落的努力，包括于2018年12月通过野生水稻权利的奥吉布韦白色地球带)”可知，尤洛克部落的决议吸取了《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的教训，并呼应了其他土著部落的努力，由此可推知，过去的经验是未来的指南。故选C项。