高考英语二轮复习讲练测专题11：阅读理解微技能之主旨大意（含解析）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习讲练测专题11：阅读理解微技能之主旨大意（含解析），共24页。

►专题11 阅读理解微技能之主旨大意题
考点精讲








【思维导图】



【主旨大意题微技能】

一、文章大意题
每一篇文章都有其大意，获取大意的方法是找主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有时候也出现在文章中间段落。阅读的过程中应该对每段的主题句给予特别的关注。“主题句定位法”是解答主旨大意题的一种行之有效的方法。有些文章有明确的主题句，对于这类文章，寻找主题句多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不用逐句细看，只要选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句等，重点搜索与主题相关的信息。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：
(1)主题句出现在文首。文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。
(2)主题句出现在文末。文章先表述细节，之后在文末归纳概括出主题。
(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次升华主题。
(4)主题句出现在文章的中间。文章首先提出问题，对问题进行描述，讨论之后在文章的中间部分给出主题句，而后又做进一步的解释。
【典例剖析】
For some people, music is no fun at all. About four percent of the population is what scientists call “amusic.” People who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes (音调). Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs. Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale.
As a result, songs sound like noise to an amusic. Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other. Life can be hard for amusics. Their inability to enjoy music set them apart from others. It can be difficult for other people to identify with their condition. In fact, most people cannot begin to grasp what it feels like to be amusic. Just going to a restaurant or a shopping mall can be uncomfortable or even painful. That is why many amusics intentionally stay away from places where there is music. However, this can result in withdrawal and social isolation. “I used to hate parties,” says Margaret, a seventy-year-old woman who only recently discovered that she was amusic. By studying people like Margaret, scientists are finally learning how to identify this unusual condition.
Scientists say that the brains of amusics are different from the brains of people who can appreciate music. The difference is complex, and it doesn’t involve defective hearing. Amusics can understand other nonmusical sounds well. They also have no problems understanding ordinary speech. Scientists compare amusics to people who just can’t see certain colors.
Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed (诊断). For years, Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone. There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to explain. “When people invite me to a concert, I just say, “No thanks, I’m ‘amusic,’” says Margaret. “I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy.”
What is the passage mainly concerned with?
A. Amusics’ strange behaviours. B. Some people’s inability to enjoy music.
C. Musical talent and brain structure. D. Identification and treatment of amusics.
答案　B
[解析]　主旨大意。整篇文章主要讲述―一些人没有欣赏音乐的能力.要准确深刻地理解一篇文章，则必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉。文章的第一段告诉读者：大约4%的人音乐对于他们而言，没有任何乐趣可言，他们没有辨别与再现音调的能力；第二段讲述歌曲对于没有乐感的人来说听起来像噪音，以及由此给他们的生活带来的不便；第三段分析了原因，是因为他们的大脑与能欣赏音乐的人的大脑不同造成的，但这又不同于有听力障碍的人；最后一段以Margaret为例，说明他们的这种状况最终得以诊断。因此，可以排除A项―没有乐感的人奇怪行为C项―音乐才能与大脑结构以及D项―没乐感的人的区别与治疗，锁定答案B项。


二、标题归纳题
标题归纳类题目应该注意其醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些贯穿整篇文章始终的关键词。干扰项特点：以偏概全；.断章取义；主题扩大；张冠李戴；无中生有。
【典例剖析】　
Much information can be clearly conveyed，purely through our eyes，so the expression “eyes also talk” is often heard.
Can you recall any experience that further proves this statement？On a bus you may quickly glance at a stranger, but not make eye contact. If he senses that he is being stared at, he may feel uncomfortable.
It is the same in daily life. If you are looked at for more than necessary, you will look at yourself up and down to see if there is anything wrong with you. If nothing goes wrong, you will feel angry about other's stare at you that way. Eyes do speak, right?
Looking too long at someone may seem to be rude and aggressive. But things are different when it comes to staring at the opposite sex. If a man looks at a woman for more than 10 seconds and refuses to avert his gaze, his intentions are obvious. That is, he wishes to attract her attention, to make her understand that he is admiring her.
However, the normal eye contact for two people engaged in conversation is that the speaker will only look at the listener from time to time, in order to make sure that the listener does pay attention to what the former is speaking, to tell him that he is attentive.
If a speaker looks at you continuously when speaking, as if he tries to dominate you，you will feel disconcerted. A poor liar usually exposes himself by looking too long at the victim，since he believes the false idea that to look straight in the eye is a sign of honest communication.
In fact，continuous eye contact is confined to lovers only，who will enjoy looking at each other tenderly for a long time, to show affection that words cannot express.
Evidently, eye contact should be done according to the relationship between two people and specific situation.
What may be the best title for the text?
A．Eyes Can Speak.
B．Eye Contact Matters.
C．Don't Stare at Others.
D．Use Your Eye Contact.
答案　A
[解析]　标题归纳题。根据文中第一段的相关内容再结合下文对“眼睛会说话”这一观点进行举例说明可知，文章的标题就是“眼睛会说话”，故选A项。


三、段落大意题
每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。一般说来，采用归纳法写的段落主题句出现在段尾；采用演绎法写的段落主题句出现在段首；若文章按照“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式来写，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，文章中没有出现主题句，要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。主题句的把握：开门见山：提出主题——细节论述——阐明主题；段末点睛：细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题；段中点旨：细节描述——归纳主题——解释说明。
【典例剖析】
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”
What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A．The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.
B．Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D．One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
答案　B
[解析]　段落大意题。根据本段内容尤其是第一句可知，本段主要讲“研究孩子的游戏可以让人们更好地理解科学”，故选B。

四、写作意图题
一般来说，写作意图题也是主旨大意题的一种(也有人把它归为推理判断题)，写作目的可以是段落的写作目的，也可以是文章的写作目的，对于文章写作目的而言，主要有以下几种：
广告 推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过影片、图书、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等
说明文 向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程
议论文 论述一个道理或表达一个观点
记叙文 向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达情感等

【典例剖析】
In 1812，the year Charles Dickens was born，there were 66 novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字)rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors，often with something like “By a lady”.Novels，for the most part，were looked upon as silly，immoral or just plain bad.
How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories，literature is a numbers game，and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age，from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.It’s partly true that Dickens’style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social，political and scientific progress.But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches，it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A.To remember a great writer.
B.To introduce an English novel.
C.To encourage studies on culture.
D.To promote values of the Victorian age.
答案　A
[解析]　本题为写作意图题。本文为夹叙夹议文，根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。

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真题演练








1. 标题归纳类
【例】(2021·全国乙卷·C篇)You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re­examine their relationship to single­use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10­foot­tall plastic waves, frozen mid­crash. Made of 168，000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10，000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】D　
【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong(本杰明·冯·王)用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选D。

2. 文章大意类
【例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇)With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother­in­law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three­storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother­in­law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25­34­year­olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.
31．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyles in different countries.
B．Conflicts between generations.
C．A housing problem in Britain.
D．A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】D　
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。由此可知，文章主要讲述了聚居在英国是一种呈上升趋势的生活方式。故选D。

3. 段落大意类
【例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·B篇)The creative team behind “Apes” used motion­capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic­looking ape.
25．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.”
B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.”
D．The performance of real apes.
【答案】B　
【解析】段落大意题。 根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B。

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好题必测





2022年6月新高考I卷D篇
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
【答案】 A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。

2021年6月新高考2卷C篇
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution. “We are going to make a change,”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”（伦敦北部中学教师安德里亚·扎菲拉库(Andria Zafirakou)表示，她想掀起一场课堂革命。“我们将做出改变，”她说。“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的艺术教学。”）”可知，文章讲述了Andria Zafirakou用自己的奖金启动了一个项目，将艺术家带进学校，促进艺术教学。故选A。

2021年6月全国甲卷D篇
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world."
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
【解析】主旨大意题。A项（天才的想法相同）文章没有涉及；C项（天才和智力）只是文章的一个细节不能作为文章的主旨； D项（天才和运气）也只是在文章的最后稍微提起，也只是文章的一个小细节。根据文章的最后一句As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with "intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有 "智慧、创造力和毅力" 的人和简单的好运，那些能改变世界的人。纵观全文可知，天成具有多样性，故选B项。

2021年6月全国乙卷C篇
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called  "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, " Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【解析】主旨大意题。本文围绕环保话题，介绍了一位叫本杰明的艺术家，试图用塑料垃圾创作雕塑作品，唤起公众对塑料垃圾的重视。故选D。

2021年6月浙江卷B篇
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
"Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference, " David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond: A Role Model for Children
【解析】.主旨大意题。文章首段阐述现状，即孩子们花太多时间在电子屏幕上，紧接着提到了作者为呼吁孩子们走进大自然拍摄了纪录片，希望孩子们能多花些时间在户外运动上。因此本篇文章主要内容为：向孩子们 "推销" 自然，故选C。

2021年3月天津卷C篇
A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of medical hypnosis （催眠）can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.
"During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing," said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia （麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist—also a hypnotist—was invited to train a few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.
"The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story—an injection （注射）becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings becomes a police car passing nearby.
"The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. "It spread like wildfire that someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of staff at her door wanting to take the training
6.What is the passage mainly about?
A.An easy way to communicate with patients.
B.The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C.An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D.The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段 "A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital…and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging （医学影像） procedures.(蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工)" 可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中的应用。故选：D。

2021年3月天津卷D篇
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排除）of others can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise（专长）. The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D.Ways to Become a Generalist
【解析】主旨题。文章第一段第一句提出观点 "There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. （作者提出即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才）" 。根据文章第二段第三句 "The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less." 可知，成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深。根据文章第四段第一句 "Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections." 可知，当通才的优点往往对广泛的学科了解得很多，并从整体上来看其中的所有的联系。根据上述内容可知，作者的观点是应该当一个通才。因此文章的标题应为 "Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist（做一个通才，而不是专家）" 。故选A。

2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【解析】主旨题。 通读全文可以判断出这篇文章主要介绍了黑猩猩可以使用手势去传递信息的相关研究以及一些研究人员的看法。对应的就是选项D。 选项A犯了主旨大意题典型的易错选项特征：以偏概全。文章中只有前半部分在将这个新研究的突破性，但是后半部分介绍了其局限性。选项BC都是与原文相关性不大。故答案为D。

2021年1月浙江卷C篇
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees（黑猩猩）use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5, 000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures, " she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect."
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: "Climb on me." The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species（物种）out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans, " said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions, " she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains."
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【解析】.主旨题。 通读全文可以判断出这篇文章主要介绍了黑猩猩可以使用手势去传递信息的相关研究以及一些研究人员的看法。对应的就是选项D。 选项A犯了主旨大意题典型的易错选项特征：以偏概全。文章中只有前半部分在将这个新研究的突破性，但是后半部分介绍了其局限性。选项BC都是与原文相关性不大。故答案为D。

_____
题型组合练

1.【安徽省皖江名校2022-2023学年高三上学期开学摸底考】
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Why do people find it so hard to concentrate while studying or working? Perhaps it’s because the distractions (干扰) around are too much to resist. I remember those days before my school exams, when I showed no interest in lessons or assignments. This is because we feel that our work or studies are boring. ____36____
Make the work exciting. Now the general assumption is that the one work in hand is worth a lot less than two other in the bush. ____37____ Psychologists believe that if you are really interested in what you are doing, you will refuse to see the distractions around you! So, to learn to concentrate on work, you first need to make the world exciting.
____38____ The target might be pretty long shot. So try to set a short-term goals, and you get a feeling of achievement each time. Effective goal-setting is a good way to break up your target into shorter goals and ensure that the progress is according to the plan. The drive to achieve the targets and goals set for yourself will keep you focused.
Keep all the distractions away. When you’re working, anything can distract you. So, keep them all away. Tell your friends to call later, and keep the phone away. ____39____ Turn the TV and music player off, and stay as far away from them as possible. Namely, keep all the distracting stuff out of sight.
Reward yourself. Rewards are just as important as anything else! If you have completed your goals, give yourself more than just a pat on the back. Treat yourself to something you feel you deserve. ____40____
A. Pay attention to your future.
B. Set long and short-term goals.
C. But why don’t you make it exciting?
D. Tell the people around you to talk softly.
E. Hence, it’s time to get rid of this idea altogether.
F. It is essential that you maintain your focus, so that it gives you an edge over them!
G. This will help you feel compensated for your efforts and push you to realize your goals.
【答案】36. E 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. G
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是如何在学习或工作时集中注意力。
【36题详解】
空前说“This is because we feel that our work or studies are boring.(这是因为我们觉得我们的工作或学习很无聊。)”，空后讲了一些在学习或工作时集中注意力的方法，E选项“Hence, it’s time to get rid of this idea altogether.(因此，是时候彻底摆脱这种想法了。)”中的“this idea”指的是前面的“we feel that our work or studies are boring(我们觉得我们的工作或学习很无聊)”，说明了我们不该有前面的想法，而应该按照下文的方法做，因此E选项承上启下，符合语境，故选E。
【37题详解】
本段主题句是“Make the work exciting.(让工作令人兴奋。)”，C选项“But why don’t you make it exciting?(但你为什么不让它更令人兴奋呢？)”和主题句一致，且和后文的“So, to learn to concentrate on work, you first need to make the world exciting.(所以，要学会专注于工作，你首先需要让世界变得令人兴奋。)”中的“make the world exciting(让世界变得令人兴奋)”相一致，因此说明了要让工作变得令人兴奋，因此C选项承上启下，符合语境，故选C。
【38题详解】
空格处是本段的主题句，根据空后的“The target might be pretty long shot. So try to set a short-term goals, and you get a feeling of achievement each time.(目标可能是长远的。所以试着设定一个短期目标，每次你都会有成就感。)”可知，B选项“Set long and short-term goals.(设定长期和短期目标。)”概括了本段的主要内容，可作为主题句，故选B。
【39题详解】
空前说“When you’re working, anything can distract you. So, keep them all away. Tell your friends to call later, and keep the phone away.(当你工作的时候，任何事情都可能让你分心。所以，把它们都赶走。告诉你的朋友待会再打来，把电话放远。)”，这是远离干扰的方法，D选项“Tell the people around you to talk softly.(告诉你周围的人轻声说话。)”也是远离干扰的方法，因此D选项承接上文，符合语境，故选D。
【40题详解】
空前说“If you have completed your goals, give yourself more than just a pat on the back. Treat yourself to something you feel you deserve.(如果你已经完成了你的目标，不要只给自己一些鼓励。用你觉得你值得的东西犒劳一下自己。)”，G选项“This will help you feel compensated for your efforts and push you to realize your goals.(这会让你觉得自己的努力得到了补偿，并推动你实现目标。)”说的是犒劳自己的好处，因此G选项承接上文，符合语境，故选G。
2.【河南省豫东名校2022-2023学年高三上学期开学摸底联考】
Color can affect moods, emotions and even actions. This includes sleep and health. In ancient cultures, color therapy is even used as a method of healing.
The color blue has been thought to stimulate (促进) a sleep state. Exposure to blue light can help lower body temperature and blood pressure. A decrease in blood pressure and body temperature is the preparation that signals to the body that it’s time to sleep. Therefore, seeing the color blue when you are ready to rest may cause the response and help you fall asleep more easily.
While there is much evidence that blue is the best choice for your bedroom walls, it’s really the tone that influences your sleep, not the color itself. Deep blue or other neutral (中性的) tones will even make a small bedroom seem more spacious.
While soft colors and earth tones are the most calming and restful bedroom colors for sleep, bright colors prevent your brain activity. These colors stimulate brain activity and stop you from falling asleep. While many parents paint their children’s rooms with bright colors, it’s better to choose fun, playful colors in gentle tones to encourage their kids to go to sleep. Light yellow, green and blue are all amazing choices to paint your children’s bedroom.
What you should remember is that never paint your bedroom walls purple! Purple stimulates creative thought and can lead to extremely vivid nightmares. Other bad choices for bedroom colors include bright reds and bright oranges. These colors stimulate the brain and increase energy. For example, red causes passion, increases energy and may even help you move more quickly. It may be a better choice for your home gym than for your sleep space.
Regardless of the size of your room, there are a few tones that we suggest for creating a healthy space for deep sleep. The most important factor is that you feel relaxed, calm and restful in the room. You should also keep your bedroom free from mess as much as possible and keep it clean. In your bedroom, sleep should be your main focus.
8. What is the effect the color blue has on people?
A. It can cause high blood pressure. B. It can keep the brain active.
C. It can adjust the sleep state. D. It can cool the body down.
9. Which color can help make the room look larger?
A. Light grey. B. Deep pink. C. Deep red. D. Orange.
10. What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Ways to make sure of good sleep. B. Bad colors for the bedroom.
C. Color and brain activities. D. The advice on health.
11. What plays a key role in sleep?
A. The room is decorated well. B. The room is free from rubbish.
C. The room makes you feel at ease. D. The room shows different tones.
【答案】8. D 9. A 10. B 11. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了房间颜色对睡眠的影响，以及如何选择房间的颜色。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Exposure to blue light can help lower body temperature and blood pressure.(接触蓝色光有助于降低体温和血压)”可知，蓝色可以帮助降低体温和血压。故选D。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“Deep blue or other neutral tones will even make a small bedroom seem more spacious.(深蓝色或其他中性色调甚至会让小卧室看起来更宽敞)”可知，中性色调能够让房间看起来更加宽敞。再结合选项所给颜色可知，浅灰色属于中性色调，由此推知，这种颜色可以让房间看起来更大。故选A。
【10题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段“What you should remember is that never paint your bedroom walls purple! Purple stimulates creative thought and can lead to extremely vivid nightmares. Other bad choices for bedroom colors include bright reds and bright oranges. These colors stimulate the brain and increase energy. For example, red causes passion, increases energy and may even help you move more quickly. It may be a better choice for your home gym than for your sleep space.(你应该记住的是永远不要把卧室的墙壁漆成紫色！紫色能激发创造性思维，并能导致极其生动的噩梦。卧室颜色的其他不好选择包括亮红色和亮橙色。这些颜色刺激大脑，增加能量。例如，红色可以激发激情，增加能量，甚至可以帮助你更快地行动。这可能是一个更好的选择，为您的家庭健身房，而不是为您的睡眠空间)”可知，本段要介绍了一些不利于睡眠的颜色。故选B。
【11题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“The most important factor is that you feel relaxed, calm and restful in the room.(最重要的因素是你在房间里感到放松、平静和宁静)”可知，一个让人感到轻松自在的房间是保持良好睡眠的最重要的因素。故选C。

3【Z20名校联盟（浙江省名校新高考研宄联盟）2022-2023学年髙三第一次联考】
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词括号内单词的正确形式。
The first domestic chickens we have found lived no earlier than 3,670 years ago, suggesting they have a far shorter history than we thought. These birds don’t seem to have been raised for their meat, ____56____ (make) it unclear what drove domestication. The chickens alive today descend from a wild bird native to South-East Asia ____57____ (call) the red jungle fowl, but exactly ____58____ domestication occurred was unclear. Some researchers have estimated that the first domestic chicken lived more than 6000 years ago, while others claim ____59____ (find) chicken bones at 10,000-year-old sites. ____60____ analysis by Ophelie Lebrasseur at the Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse in France and her team concludes that the ____61____ (early) clear evidence of domestic chickens appeared between 1,650 BC and 1,250 BC at a site called Ban Non Wat in central Thailand. Not only ____62____ (be) chicken bones superabundant at the site, but there are signs that people were buried with the birds, ____63____ Lebrasseur says makes a domestic relationship clear. Lebrasseur and her team suspect chicken domestication might have been triggered by the ____64____ (appear) of cereal fanning in South-East Asia. “This created a more open, less tree-covered environment, which is actually an environment where red jungle fowl thrive,” she says, “And they could have fed ____65____ the waste from human societies.”
【答案】56. making 57. called 58. when 59. to have found 60. An
61. earliest 62. are 63. which 64. appearance 65. on
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了家养鸡的历史。
【详解】1. 考查非谓语动词。句意：这些鸟似乎不是为了吃肉而饲养的，不清楚是什么驱动了驯化。分析可知，空处及之后的内容在句中为结果状语，所以此处用现在分词。故填making。

2. 考查非谓语动词。句意：今天活着的这些鸡是一种原产于东南亚的野生鸟类——红色丛林鸡的后代，但是确切的驯化时间还不清楚。分析可知，句中已有谓语动词descend，此处为过去分词作后置定语修饰名词a wild bird，意为“被叫做red jungle fowl的野鸟”，故填called。
3. 考查连词。句意同上。空处引导主语从句，从句成分完整，此处指究竟什么时候开始驯养鸡的还不明确，连接副词when“什么时候”，符合题意，故填when。
4. 考查非谓语。句意：一些研究人员估计，第一只家鸡生活在6000多年前，而其他人声称发现鸡骨头在10,000年前的遗址。claim to do sth“声称做某事”，是固定短语，且“发现”发生在“声称”之前，应用不定式的完成式，故填to have found。
5. 考查冠词。句意：法国图卢兹人类生物学和基因组学中心的奥菲利·勒布拉瑟和她的研究小组的一项分析得出结论，最早明确的家鸡证据出现在公元前1650年至公元前1250年之间的泰国中部一个叫 Ban Non Wat 的地方。analysis“研究”为可数名词，结合句中“analysis by Ophelie at the Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse in France and her team ”可知，此处指法国图卢兹人类生物学和基因组学中心的奥菲利·勒布拉瑟和她的研究小组的一项分析，所以表示泛指，因analysis的首个音素为元音音素，所以用不定冠词an，位于句首，首字母要大写。故填An。
6. 考查形容词最高级。句意同上。定冠词the用在形容词的最高级前面，此处指最早的证据出现在1,650 BC and 1,250 BC之间，故填earliest。
7. 考查主谓一致。句意：现场不仅有大量的鸡骨头，而且有迹象表明人们和这些鸟一起被埋葬，勒布拉塞尔说，这清楚地表明了家庭关系。主语为chicken bones，且陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；故填are。
8. 考查定语从句。句意同上。分析可知，空处及其后内容为非限制定语从句，空处指代前面整句话，从句缺少主语，所以用关系代词which，故填which。
9. 考查名词。句意：勒布拉瑟和她的团队怀疑，东南亚谷物种植的出现可能引发了鸡的驯化。结合空前定冠词可知，此处要用名词。故填appearance。
10. 考查介词。句意：它们可以以人类社会的垃圾为食。固定短语：feed on以……为食。故填on。