高考英语一轮复习高分突破练习专题25阅读理解之议论文类（含解析）

这是一份高考英语一轮复习高分突破练习专题25阅读理解之议论文类（含解析），共23页。试卷主要包含了 要先看题目，后读文章， 常见问题等内容，欢迎下载使用。

考向分析
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。
议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。
议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and, als, cupled with等；
②表示转折关系：but, yet, hwever, by cntrast等；
③表示因果关系：therefre, thereby, cnsequently, as a result等；
④表示递进关系：in additin t, even, what’s mre, furthermre等；
⑤表示重要性的词：prime, abve all, first等。
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), bjective(客观)等。
4. 常见问题：
(1)读不懂怎么？
问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。
uncnscius incmpetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；
cnscius incmpetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；
cnscius cmpetent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；
uncnscius cmpetent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。
从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
(4)做题用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些。
在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。
考点导航
议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。
议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。
SKIPIF 1 < 0
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体说来：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项 可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。
干扰项 可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。
干扰项 可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。
正确答案 根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, wh, which, where, hw, why 等。
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：prbably, pssibly, may, usually, might, mst f, mre r less, relatively, be likely t, nt necessary, althugh, yet, in additin, tend t等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, nly, cmpletely, nne, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。
查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与wh, what, when, where问题有关的细节上。
(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，hwever，therwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，hwever，therwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The wrd ＂…＂ in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase ＂…＂ suggests…
(3)Frm the passage, we can infer that the wrd/phrase /the sentence ＂…＂ is/refers t /means…
(4)The wrd ＂…＂ is clsest in meaning t …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如ht and cld, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：
【分析】
After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.
Tgether, these deep human urges (驱策力) cunt fr much mre that ambitin. Galile was nt merely ambitius when he drpped bjects f varying weights frm the Leaning Twer at Pisa and timed their fall t the grund. Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Frtunately, curisity and discntent dn’t have t be learned. We are brn with them and need nly recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd. And the crwd desires restful average. It encurages us t ccupy ur wn little crner, t avid flish leaps int the dark, t be satisfied.
Mst f us meet new peple, and new ideas, with hesitatin. But nce having met and liked them, we think hw terrible it wuld have been, had we missed the chance. We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
Hw shuld yu start? Mdestly, s as nt t becme discuraged. I think f ne friend wh culdn’t arrange flwers t satisfy herself. She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.
One way t begin is t answer yur wn excuses. Yu haven’t any special ability? Mst peple dn’t; there are nly a few geniuses. Yu haven’t any time? That’s gd, because it’s always the peple with n time wh get things dne. Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts f Uncle Tm’s Cabin while cking. Yu’re t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.
Hwever yu start, remember there is n better time t start than right nw, fr yu’ll never be mre alive than yu are at this mment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the authr aims t ________.
A. prpse a definitin
B. make a cmparisn
C. reach a cnclusin
D. present an argument
52. What des the example f Galile tell us?
A. Trial and errr leads t the finding f truth.
B. Scientists tend t be curius and ambitius.
C. Creativity results frm challenging authrity.
D. Greatness cmes frm a lasting desire t explre.
53. What can yu d t recapture curisity and discntent?
A. Observe the unknwn arund yu.
B. Develp a questining mind.
C. Lead a life f adventure.
D. Fllw the fashin.
54. What can we learn frm Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps yu becme an expert.
B. The genius tends t get things dne creatively.
C. Lack f talent and time is n reasn fr taking n actin.
D. Yu shuld remain mdest when appraching perfectin.
55. What culd be the best tile r the passage?
A. Curius Minds Never Feel Cntented
B. Reflectins n Human Nature
C. The Keys t Achievement
D. Never T Late t Learn
【答案】51. D 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。
51.推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。
52.推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。
53.细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。
54.推理判断题。根据第六段中的Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.及第七段中的Yu haven’t any special ability? Mst peple dn’t; there are nly a few geniuses. Yu haven’t any time? That’s gd, because it’s always the peple with n time wh get things dne.以及列举了Thmas Cstain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Mses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。
55.主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys t Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。
检测训练
1、
Fr sme reasn we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need lve. Kim Bard f the University f Prtsmuth in England and her clleagues carried ut a study n 46 baby chimpanzees rphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lst their mthers.The study shwed that primate babies that have tight relatinships with mther figures d much better n cgnitive(认知的) tests than babies wh nly grew up with peers(同伴), but this is nt breaking news. In fact, it's ld news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlw did a series f experiments with baby mnkeys that shwed, that lack f lve and cmfrt makes fr a crazy mnkey.
Harlw made a cage that included a wire mnkey “mther” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mther” with a milk bttle.The cage als had anther wire “mther” wh was cvered with sft clth.The baby mnkeys spent all their time with the clth “mther” and nly went t the wire “mther” t feed.
Harlw's mnkey experiment was imprtant, because at the time, child care experts, and everybdy's grandmther had a “n tuch, n cmfrt” plicy(方针) tward children. They advised parents nt t respnd t crying babies. They thught that babies shuld sleep alne t becme independent, and put that kid dwn.
But Harlw's wrk changed that plicy. Mthers were sn allwed t have their babies next t them in the hspital.
The current chimp research(研究) based n Harlw's wrk shws that mther's lve desn't just make fr a psychlgically(精神上地) healthy child, it als makes fr a smart child.
The highly raised chimps d better than thse that are nt lved, and the well-raised chimps d even better than human kids n IQ tests.
We are primates, scial animals which need lve.We need t be held and talked t and made t feel that at least ne persn wants t be with us all the time.
1. The study Kim Bard and his clleagues did ________.
A. included 46 baby and mther mnkeys
B. is nthing new t peple abut the findings
C. shwed that many chimpanzees lack f lve when they were yung
D. shwed many chimpanzees had gd relatinship with their mthers
2. The underlined part “makes fr” in the third paragraph means ________.
A. d smething fr B. head fr C. bring abut D. cnnect t
3. Harlw built tw “mthers” fr baby mnkeys t ________.
A. make them live cmfrtably B. let them have mre chices
C. give them mre lve D. make cmparisn well
4. Which f the fllwing can we infer frm the passage?
A. Well-raised chimps are better than peple in IQ.
B. Smetimes it's nt wrng t have n tuch and n cmfrt t babies.
C. Chimps grwing up in cages are less smarter than chimps grwing up in wild.
D. Babies wh sleep with mthers tend t be cleverer than babies sleep alne.
语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。文章主要是通过对灵长目动物的两个实验说明，母爱对于小孩的成长有着非常重要的作用。因此父母亲应该多给孩子们一些爱，以让小孩们健康地成长。
解析：
1.B 细节理解题。第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A项错误；根据文章第二段最后一句可知B项正确；C项没有事实依据；文章第二段第二句提到和母亲关系好的小猴认知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是这不能说明D项。
2.C 猜测词义题。缺少母爱的小猴和成为疯狂的猴子是一种因果关系，因此答案选C。
3.D 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知制造两个假母猴的目的是更好地比较缺乏母爱与否与小猴后来发展的关系。因此D是正确答案。
4.D 推理判断题。文章第四、五段提到自从Harlw做了那个实验后，人们就认为母亲和婴儿睡在一起对婴儿的成长好一些，因此可知D项正确。
2、
The idea f lw material desire, lw cnsumptin and refusing t wrk, marry and have children, cncluded as a “lying dwn” lifestyle, recently struck a chrd with many yung Chinese wh are eager t take pause t breathe in this fast-paced and highly-cmpetitive sciety.
Many millennials (千禧一代) and generatin Zs cmplained t the Glbal Times that burdens, including wrk stress, family disputes (纷争) and financial strains, have pushed them “against the wall”. They said they hate the “invlutin (内卷),” jking that they wuld rather give up sme f what they have than get trapped in an endless cmpetitin against peers.
“Instead f always fllwing the ‘virtues’ f struggle, endure and sacrifice t bear the stresses, they prefer a temprary lying dwn as catharsis (宣泄) and adjustment,” said a schlar. “It is n wnder that sme yung peple, under the grwing pressures frm child-raising t paying the mrtgage (按揭) tday, wuld try t live in a simple way and leave the wrries behind.”
Interestingly, the majrity f millennials and Gen Zs reached by the Glbal Times, wh claim t be big fans f the lying dwn philsphy, acknwledged that they nly accept a temprary lying dwn as a shrt rest. It is true that with the great imprvement f living cnditins, sme Chinese yuth have partially lst the spirit f hardship and are nt willing t bear t much hard wrk. But in fact, lying dwn is nt entirely cmfrtable. Yung peple wh lie dwn always feel guilty abut their cnstant lss f mrale (士气) far beynd their reach.
“Yung peple n campus have bth aspiratins and cnfusin abut their future, but mst f us have rejected setting urselves up in chains t waste pprtunities and challenges,” a pstgraduate student tld the Glbal Times. “It’s n use running away. I have t ‘stand up’ and face the reality sner r later.”
5. What des the underlined phrase in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Warned.B. Criticized.
C. Tuched.D. Amused.
6. What might have caused the “lying dwn” lifestyle amng the yung?
A. Imprvements in living cnditins.
B. Grwing pressure frm family and scial life.
C. Increasing material pssessins frm families.
D. Temprary adjustment t failure in cmpetitins.
7. What’s the schlar’s attitude tward the “lying dwn” grup?
A. Understanding.B. Intlerant.
C. Supprtive.D. Unclear.
8. What can be inferred abut the yung generatin frm the text?
A. They never really drp their respnsibilities.
B. They really enjy the “lying dwn” lifestyle.
C. They find their dreams far beynd their reach.
D. They wuld rather escape than take challenges.
【答案】5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在这个快节奏、竞争激烈的社会中，许多年轻人渴望暂时停下来喘口气，因此他们选择“躺平”，他们不愿总是遵循奋斗、忍受和牺牲的美德来承受压力。但他们大多数人都不想浪费了机会和挑战，也不会真正放下自己的责任。
5. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“The idea f lw material desire, lw cnsumptin and refusing t wrk, marry and have children(低物质欲望，低消费，拒绝工作，结婚和生育的观念)…”对这种生活方式和“…many yung Chinese wh are eager t take pause t breathe in this fast-paced and highly-cmpetitive sciety(在这个快节奏、竞争激烈的社会中，渴望停下来喘口气的许多年轻人)”年轻一代的生存状态的描述，可知，年轻人对这种观念是认同并受其影响的，划线词意为“触动，影响”，故选C。
6. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Many millennials (千禧一代) and generatin Zs cmplained t the Glbal Times that burdens, including wrk stress, family disputes (纷争) and financial strains, have pushed them “against the wall”(许多千禧一代和z一代向《环球时报》抱怨，工作压力、家庭纠纷和经济压力等负担把他们逼到了绝境。).”可知，来自家庭和社会生活的日益增长的压力可能是致使年轻人“躺平”的生活方式的原因，故选B。
7. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Instead f always fllwing the ‘virtues’ f struggle, endure and sacrifice t bear the stresses, they prefer a temprary lying dwn as catharsis (宣泄) and adjustment,(他们不愿总是遵循奋斗、忍受和牺牲的美德来承受压力，他们宁愿暂时躺下，作为宣泄和调整)”和“It is n wnder that sme yung peple, … wuld try t live in a simple way and leave the wrries behind.(难怪一些年轻人，……会努力过一种简单的生活方式，把烦恼抛在脑后。)”可知，学者对“躺平”群体的态度是理解的，故选A。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yung peple n campus have bth aspiratins and cnfusin abut their future, but mst f us have rejected setting urselves up in chains t waste pprtunities and challenges(校园里的年轻人既有抱负，也对自己的未来感到困惑，但我们大多数人都拒绝了，把自己束之高悬，浪费了机会和挑战 )”和“It’s n use running away. I have t ‘stand up’ and face the reality sner r later(逃跑没有用。我迟早要站起来面对现实。)”可知，他们从未真正放下自己的责任。故选A。
3、
I was in the middle f the Amazn (亚马逊) with my wife, wh was there as a medical researcher. We flew n a small plane t a faraway village. We did nt speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms, and mre ften than nt, did nt entirely recgnize the fd. We culd nt have felt mre freign.
We were raised n bks and cmputers, highways and cell phnes, but nw we were living in a village withut running water r electricity It was easy fr us t g t sleep at the end f the day feeling a little misunderstd.
Then ne perfect Amaznian evening, with mnkeys calling frm beynd the village green, we played sccer. I am nt gd at sccer, but that evening it was wnderful. Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly. As darkness came ver the field and the match ended, the gal keeper, Juan, walked ver t me and said in a matter-f-fact way, “In yur hme, d yu have a mn t?” I was surprised.
After I explained t Juan that yes, we did have a mn and yes, it was very similar t his, I felt a srt f awe (敬畏) at the pssibilities that existed in his wrld. In Juan’s wrld, each village culd have its wn mn. In Juan’s wrld. the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus. Anything was pssible.
In ur sciety, we knw that Earth has nly ne mn. We have lked at ur planet frm every angle and fund all f the wildest things left t find. I can, frm my cmputer at hme, pull up satellite images f Juan’s village. There are n mre cntinents and n mre mns t search fr, little left t discver. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thught abut Juan’s questin, I was nt sure hw much mre we culd really rule ut. I am, in part, an ant bilgist, s my thughts turned t what we knw abut insect life and I knew that much in the wrld f insects remains unknwn. Hw much, thugh? Hw ignrant (无知的) are we? The questin f what we knw and d nt knw cnstantly bthered me.
I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new mnkey, new spider…, and n and n they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species, fur hundred species f bacteria fund in the human stmach. The secnd drawer began t fill and as it did I wndered whether there were bigger discveries ut there, nt just species, but life that depends n things thught t be useless, life even withut DNA. I started a third drawer fr these big discveries. It fills mre slwly, but all the same, it fills.
In lking int the stries f bilgical discvery, I als began t find smething else, a cllectin f scientists, usually brilliant ccasinally half-mad, wh made the discveries. Thse scientists very ften see the same things that ther scientists see, but they pay mre attentin t them, and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin (穷尽), and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers. In lking fr the stries f discvery, I fund the stries f these peple and hw their lives changed ur view f the wrld.
We are repeatedly willing t imagine we have fund mst f what is left t discver. We used t think that insects were the smallest rganisms (生物), and that nthing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when smething new turns up, mre ften than nt, we d nt even knw its name.
65. Hw did the authr feel n his arrival in the Amazn?
A. Out f place. B. Full f jy. C. Sleepy. D. Regretful.
66. What made that Amaznian evening wnderful?
A. He learned mre abut the lcal language.
B. They had a nice cnversatin with each ther.
C. They understd each ther while playing.
D. He wn the sccer game with the gal keeper.
67. Why was the authr surprised at Juan’s questin abut the mn?
A. The questin was t straightfrward.
B. Juan knew s little abut the wrld.
C. The authr didn’t knw hw t answer.
D. The authr didn’t think Juan was sincere.
68. What was the authr’s initial purpse f cllecting newspaper articles?
A. T srt ut what we have knwn.
B. T deepen his research int Amaznians.
C. T imprve his reputatin as a bilgist.
D. T learn mre abut lcal cultures.
69. Hw did thse brilliant scientists make great discveries?
A. They shifted their viewpints frequently.
B. They fllwed ther scientists clsely.
C. They ften criticized their fellw scientists.
D. They cnducted in-depth and clse studies.
70. What culd be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A. The Pssible and the Impssible .
B. The Knwn and the Unknwn .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignrant and the Intelligent.
【答案】65. A 66. C 67. B 68. A 69. D 70. B
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
65.推理判断题。根据第一段“We didn’t speak the lcal language, did nt knw the custms and mre ften than nt, didn’t entirely recgnize the fd. We culdn’t have felt mre freign.”可知，我们不会说当地的语言，不了解当地的风俗习惯，而且往往我们不能完全认识食物，我们感觉非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到达亚马逊感觉格格不入。故选A项。
66.细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyne knew the rules. We all spke the same language f passes and shts. We understd ne anther perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C项。
67.推理判断题。根据第四段“In Juan’s wrld, the unknwn and undiscvered was vast and marvelus.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判断，胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B项。
68.推理判断题。根据第七段“I began cllecting newspaper articles abut new species, new spider...,and n and n they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a secnd drawer fr mre general discveries: new cave system discvered with dzens f nameless species started a third drawer fr these big discveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A项。
69.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay mre attentin t them ,and they fcus n them t the pint f exhaustin ,and at the risk f the ridicule f their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做出重大的发现。故选D项。
70.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者和妻子来到了亚马逊。一踏上这里，作者感到非常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解到一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在对这里的风土人情和多样化生物的研究过程中，作者提高了认识，意识到很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。所以短文的最佳标题为“已知和未知的事物”。故选B项。
4、
After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.
Tgether, these deep human urges (驱策力) cunt fr much mre that ambitin. Galile was nt merely ambitius when he drpped bjects f varying weights frm the Leaning Twer at Pisa and timed their fall t the grund. Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Frtunately, curisity and discntent dn’t have t be learned. We are brn with them and need nly recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd. And the crwd desires restful average. It encurages us t ccupy ur wn little crner, t avid flish leaps int the dark, t be satisfied.
Mst f us meet new peple, and new ideas, with hesitatin. But nce having met and liked them, we think hw terrible it wuld have been, had we missed the chance. We will prbably have t frce urselves t waken ur curisity and discntent and keep them awake.
Hw shuld yu start? Mdestly, s as nt t becme discuraged. I think f ne friend wh culdn’t arrange flwers t satisfy herself. She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.
One way t begin is t answer yur wn excuses. Yu haven’t any special ability? Mst peple dn’t; there are nly a few geniuses. Yu haven’t any time? That’s gd, because it’s always the peple with n time wh get things dne. Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts f Uncle Tm’s Cabin while cking. Yu’re t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.
Hwever yu start, remember there is n better time t start than right nw, fr yu’ll never be mre alive than yu are at this mment.
13. In writing Paragraph 1, the authr aims t ________.
A. prpse a definitinB. make a cmparisn
C. reach a cnclusinD. present an argument
14. What des the example f Galile tell us?
A. Trial and errr leads t the finding f truth.
B. Scientists tend t be curius and ambitius.
C. Creativity results frm challenging authrity.
D. Greatness cmes frm a lasting desire t explre.
15. What can yu d t recapture curisity and discntent?
A. Observe the unknwn arund yu.B. Develp a questining mind.
C. Lead a life f adventure.D. Fllw the fashin.
16. What can we learn frm Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps yu becme an expert.
B. The genius tends t get things dne creatively.
C. Lack f talent and time is n reasn fr taking n actin.
D. Yu shuld remain mdest when appraching perfectin.
【答案】13. D 14. D 15. B 16. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足，以及如何获得这两种品质的方法。
13. 推理判断题。根据第一段“After years f bserving human nature, I have decided that tw qualities make the difference between men f great achievement and men f average perfrmance curisity and discntent. I have never knwn an utstanding man wh lacked either. And I have never knwn an average man wh had bth. The tw belng tgether.(经过多年对人性的观察，我断定有两种品质决定了成就巨大的人和表现平平的人之间的区别好奇和不满。我从来没有见过一个杰出的人缺乏这两样。我从来没见过一个普通的男人同时拥有这两种能力。这两者属于一起)”可推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”)”可推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。
15. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Like Galile, all the great names in histry were curius and asked in discntent, “Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”)”以及第四段中““The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he wh des nt lse his child’s heart.” Yet mst f us d lse it. We stp asking questins. We stp challenging custm. We just fllw the crwd.(孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流)”可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。
16. 推理判断题。根据第六段中“She was curius abut hw the experts did it. Hw she is ne f the experts, writing bks n flwer arrangement.(我想起了我的一位朋友，她连鲜花的摆放都不能满足自己。她很想知道专家们是怎么做的。她是花卉插花方面的专家之一)”以及第七段中“Harriet Stwe, mther f six, wrte parts f Uncle Tm’s Cabin while cking. Yu’re t ld? Remember that Thmas Cstain was 57 when he published his first nvel, and that Grandma Mses shwed her first pictures when she was 78.( Harriet Stwe是六个孩子的母亲，她在做饭时写了《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的部分内容。你太老了吗？记得Thmas Cstain 57岁时发表了他的第一部小说，Mses奶奶在78岁时第一次展示了她的照片)”可推知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。
5、
At the Wrld Ecnmic Frum last mnth，President Trump drew claps when he annunced the United States wuld respnd t the frum's prpsal t plant ne trillin（万亿）trees j fight climate change. The trillin tree idea wn wide attentin last summer after a study published in the jurnal Science cncluded that planting s many trees was "the mst effective climate change slutin t date".
If nly it were true. But it isn't. Planting trees wuld slw dwn the planet's warming,but the nly thing that will save us and future generatins frm paying a huge price in dllars，lives and damage t nature is rapid and cnsiderable reductins in carbn release frm fssil fuels，t net zer by 2050.
Fcusing n trees as the big slutin t climate change is a dangerus diversin（偏离）.Wrse still，it takes attentin away frm thse respnsible fr the carbn release that are pushing us tward disaster. Fr example， in the Netherlands， yu can pay Shell Grup f Cmpanies an additinal 1 eur cent fr each liter f regular gasline yu put in yur tank t plant trees t balance the carbn release frm yur driving. That's clearly n mre than disaster slightly delayed. The nly way t stp this planet frm verheating is thrugh plitical， ecnmic， technlgical and scial slutins that end the use f fssil fuels.
There is n way that planting trees， even acrss the size f the United States， can absrb the huge amunts f fssil carbn released frm industrial scieties. Trees d take up carbn frm the atmsphere as they grw. But this uptake merely replaces carbn lst when frests were cleared in the first place， usually lng ag. Regrwing frests where they nce grew can und sme damage dne in the past， but even a trillin trees can't stre enugh carbn t head ff dramatic climate changes this century.
In a sharp cunter argument t last summer's Paper in Science, Justin Gillis wrte in the same jurnal in Octber that the study's findings were incnsistent with the dynamics f the glbal carbn cycle. He warned that "the claim that glbal tree restratin is ur mst effective climate slutin is simply scientifically incrrect and dangerusly misleading".
5. What d we knw abut the trillin-tree idea?
A. It was published in a jurnal.
B. It was prpsed last summer.
C. It was put frward by Trump.
D. It drew lts f public attentin.
6. What paragraph 3 mainly abut?
A. A drawback f the tree planting strategy.
B. An example f balancing carbn release.
C. An anecdte f making a purchase at Shell
D. A respnsibility fr pliticians and ecnmists.
7. What was Justin Gillis's attitude twards glbal tree restratin?
A. ReservedB. OppsedC. HesitantD. Supprtive
8. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Cntradictry Ideas n Tree Planting
B. A Trillin Trees Cme t the Rescue
C. Planting Trees Wn't Save the Wrld
D. The Best Slutin t Climate Change
【答案】5. D 6. A 7. B 8. C
【解析】本文是议论文。作者不赞成“种一万亿棵树”来对抗气候变化的倡议。作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放。
5. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The trillin-tree idea wn wide attentin last summer after a study published in the jurnal Science cncluded that planting s many trees was "the mst effective climate change slutin t date. ”可知，去年夏天，《科学》杂志上发表的一项研究得出结论说，种植这么多树是“迄今为止最有效的气候变化解决方案，“一万亿棵树”的观点因此受到了广泛关注。故选D。
6. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“Fcusing n trees as the big slutin t climate change is a dangerus diversin (偏离）. Wrse still, it takes attentin away frm thse respnsible fr the carbn release that are pushing us tward disaster.”可知，作者认为，把植树作为解决气候变化的主要办法不是好的方法，因为这会将人们的注意力从那些应该为碳排放负责的人身上转移开来。由此可知，该段主要论述了以植树来解决气候问题的不足之处。故选A。
7. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段首句提到“In a sharp cunter argument （尖锐的反驳）”，和“the claim that glbal tree restratin is ur mst effective climate slutin is simply scientifically incrrect and dangerusly misleading”. Justin Gillis发出警告：全球树木恢复是我们应对气候变化最有效的解决方案的说法在科学上是不正确的，而且是危险的误导。由此可以推断，Justin Gillis 对全球植树的提议是持反对态度的。故选B。
8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章第一段提到美国总统Trump响应“种一万亿棵树”来对抗气候变化的倡议；第二段提到“the nly thing …is rapid and cnsiderable reductins in carbn release frm fssil fuels…”作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放；第三段也提出观点“The nly way t stp this planet frm verheating is thrugh plitical,ecnmic, technlgical and scial slutins that end the use f fssil fuels.” 作者认为阻止地球变暖的唯一方法是停止使用化石燃料；第四段提到观点“There is n way that planting trees… can absrb the huge amunts f fssil carbn released frm industrial scieties.” 植树是不可能吸收工业社会释放的大量的碳；最后一段提出Justin Gillis的观点“glbal tree restratin is ur mst effective climate slutin is simply scientifically incrrect and dangerusly misleading”，认为全球树木恢复是最有效的解决气候问题的方法这一说法在科学上是不正确的，而且是危险的误导。由此可知，作者认为植树是不能解决全球气候问题的。文章标题应为“植树不能拯救世界。故选C。
议
论
文
文
章
类
型
演绎论证议论文
是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。
归纳论证议论文
是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。
比较论证议论文
是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。
命题
要点
由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。
解
题
技
巧
1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。
2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。
3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。
做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。