第11讲 定语从句(课件)-2024年高考英语一轮复习讲练测(新教材新高考)
展开1. 掌握关系代词的用法2. 掌握关系副词的用法3. 掌握介词+关系代词的用法4. 掌握定语从句中的易错点
2023年新高考语法填空未考查定语从句, 2024年高考定语从句留下更多空间。
定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子,叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句的位置:定语从句常置于被修饰词之后;as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中,也可置于主句之后。
知识点1 定语从句的基础知识
定语从句的功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语。
定语从句的类别:定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
N. 1 限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词作宾语是可以省略。
知识点2 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
Paper cuts f animals have been fund in tmbs which date back t the time f the Nrthern and Suthern Dynasty.早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。
Thse wh are fr the plan raise yur hands, please.请支持这个计划的人举手。
N. 2 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用,先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。如果省略不会影响主句的意思,主句也可以独立存在。
He was generus with his time, fr which I was grateful.他十分慷慨地给予我时间,为此我非常感激。
There are 30 students in this class, wh are frm the nrth f China.这个班里有30名学生,他们来自中国北方。
使用关系代词时,应当注意两点:
1.先行词是“人”还是“物”;2.关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,且在从句中作宾语时可以省略。(非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略。)
知识点3 关系代词的用法
N. 1 wh, whm的用法
wh, whm代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词,wh在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等;whm在定语从句中作宾语,在现代英语中,可以用wh代替;但是从句中的介词提前到关系代词前,whm直接在介词后作宾语时,不可用wh代替。
They talk t the fld f internatinal visitrs and t visiting Chinese zkeepers wh ften cme t check n the pandas, which are n lan frm China.(2023年新高考II卷)
I've made gd friends with several f the students in my schl wh/whm I met in the English speech cntest last year.我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
In ur class there are 38 students, f whm half wear glasses.我们班有38个学生,其中有一半戴眼镜。
N. 2 which用法
which所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。作宾语,且不直接跟在介词后时可以省略which。
He was reading a bk which was abut war.他正在读一本关于战争的书。
本句中which引导的非限制性定语,which在从句中充当主语,指代先行词pandas.
N. 3 that 的用法
指物时,关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用,但以下几种情况下一般用that,而不用which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, smething, anything, nthing, nne, few, little, much等不定代词,或先行词被all, every, sme, any, n, few, little等修饰时。
I have read all the bks (that) yu gave me.你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。
(1)当smething确指某物或某事时,用that或which都可以。
This is smething that/which yu might have frgtten.这事你可能已经忘记了。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如:the first,the secnd, ...,the last等)修饰时。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the nly, the very, the right等修饰时。
The nly thing that matters is t find ur way hme.唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。
(4) 先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked abut the persns and things (that) they remembered in the schl.他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中,如果从句中缺少主语或宾语,并指物,只能用which。
Our ftball team wn the final, which made us excited.我们的足球队赢得了决赛,这使我们非常兴奋。
(2) 关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前时,只能用which。
The huse in which I used t live has becme a she shp.过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。
当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”,且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时,引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。
I dn't like the way (that/in which//) he lks at me.我不喜欢他看我的方式。
N. 4 whse的用法
whse既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作定语。指物时,“whse+名词”可用“the+名词+f which”或“f which+the+名词”来代替。
D yu knw the by whse handwriting is very beautiful?你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗?
I'd like a rm whse windw lks ut ver the sea.→I'd like a rm, the windw f which lks ut ver the sea.→I'd like a rm, f which the windw lks ut ver the sea.我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
N. 5 as 的用法
a:as作为关系代词,在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用,通常先行词由the same, as, such, s等修饰时,关系代词用as。
These huses are sld at such a lw price as peple expected.(as作宾语)这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
This is the same knife as I lst.(as作宾语)这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
b:such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句,而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时,as在从句中一般作主语或宾语,而that引导结果状语从句时,that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult prblem as mst f us can't wrk ut.这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。(从句中的wrk ut缺少宾语,前面的as是关系代词,用作wrk ut的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。(状语从句是完整的句子,前面的that只起引导从句的作用,在从句中不作成分。)
c:关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
位置不同:as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后,而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
As is ften the case, he is late again.他又迟到了,这是常见的情况。Einstein, as is well knwn, is a famus scientist.众所周知,爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
The air quality in the city, as is shwn in the reprt, has imprved in the past tw mnths.正如报告中所表明的,城市空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到改善。He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考试没及格,这是意料之外的。
意义不同:as常译作“正如,像”,多用于下列习惯用语中:
as anybdy can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”;as is well knwn=as is knwn t all “众所周知”;as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”; as ften happens “正如经常发生的那样”;
as is ften the case “正如经常发生的那样”;as has been said befre “如上所述”;as is mentined abve “正如上面提到的”; as I remember “正如我所记得的那样”。
which常译作“这一点,这件事”,此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。
He ppsed the idea, as culd be expected.不出所料,他反对这个意见。Tm has made great prgress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆进步很大,这使他父母很高兴。
a.当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时,只能用which。
b.当as在句中作主语时,后常接动词的被动语态,如:be knwn, be said, be reprted等。如果从句中动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时,要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
We will put ff the picnic in the park until next week,when the weather may be better.我们将把在公园里的野餐推迟到下个星期,那时候天气可能会更好。
知识点 4 关系副词的用法
D yu knw the reasn why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday?你知道他昨天为什么没有出席会议的原因吗?
N. 1 when的用法
when修饰时间名词,在从句中作时间状语。其先行词通常为time, day, year, week等。
The seasn which/that they were talking abut was autumn. 他们正在谈论的季节是秋天。
当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时,关系词不用when而用that或which。
I'll never frget the day when my sn was brn.我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
N. 2 where的用法
a.where用于修饰地点名词如place, park, factry, huse等。在从句中作地点状语,相当于介词+which。
Nwadays peple are mre cncerned abut the envirnment where they live.现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
b.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如:pint, situatin, case, stage, family等时,如果引导词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where引导定语从句;如果不作状语,则用关系代词that/which。
Students shuld invlve themselves in cmmunity activities where they can gain experience fr grwth.学生应该参与社区活动,在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。
Remember that there is still ne pint that/which we must make clear at the cnference tmrrw.记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hpeless situatin,where we will keep a very clse eye n her.她处于无望的处境中,在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
c.先行词ccasin当“时刻”讲时,用关系副词when;当“场合”讲时,用关系副词where。
Please describe an ccasin where yu met real difficulties.请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasins are rare when I have the time t spend a day with my kids.我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
N. 3 why 的用法
why相当于fr which, 在从句中作原因状语,但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,定语从句要用that或which引导。
Can yu tell me the reasn why(=fr which) yu are late again?你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗?
The bss desn’t want t hear any reasn (that/which) yu might give.老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。
先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲,应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+which”引导定语从句。
注意:time后接定语从句的情况
This is the first time (that) I have talked with a freigner face t face.这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流
There was a time when I hated ging t schl.曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
知识点 5 介词+whm/which
N. 1 关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whm。如果先行词是物,引导词用which;如果先行词是人,则引导词用whm。
This is the train n which I went t Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火。
This is the student fr whm I bught the dictinary.这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
注意:介词一般放在关系代词which和whm之前,如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时,这个介词一般不前置。
My yungest brther,whm I have t lk after,is demanding.我得照看我最小的弟弟,他真是让人费神。
N. 2 关系代词前介词的确定
a.依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The fellw t whm I spke made n answer at first.我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak t)The West Lake, fr which Hangzhu is famus, is a beautiful place.西湖是一个美丽的地方,杭州因此而闻名。(be famus fr)
b.根据先行词来确定。
I'll never frget the time during which I spent my childhd in the cuntry.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
Air, withut which man can't live, is really imprtant.空气真的很重要,没有它人类就不能生存。(withut air)
N. 3 “名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“sme/many/mst/all/nne+f+which/whm”等。
Here are the questins, sme f which I think are difficult fr yu.问题都在这儿,其中一些我认为对你来说很难
He has three sns, nne f whm are dctrs.他有三个儿子,没有一个是当医生的。
N. 4 “复合介词短语+关系代词which”
从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开,且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big huse, in frnt f which std a big tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵大树
N. 5 “介词+which/whm+不定式”
The pr man has n huse in which t live.→The pr man has n huse t live in.→The pr man has n huse in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。
注意:有时为表达清楚,也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词frm/t等,平时也应掌握,但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace f kites,frm where kite flying spreads t Japan,Thailand,India and s n.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里,放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
1.(江苏省决胜新高考2023年高三4月大联考试题)1.Hngcun village features its verall design ________ resembles the shape f an x.
考向 1 关系代词
2.(重庆市第八中学校2023学年高三下学期4月试题)Althugh Wan has t stay up late________(wrk) smetimes, she thinks it’s all wrthwhile when she sees her grandpa smile mre and mre.
考向 1 关系代词
1.(广东省信宜市第二中学2023学年高三试题)And then I decided t live withut it and just enjy life. That’s the reasn ________ I’m happy nw.”
考向 2 关系副词
2.(河北省石家庄市二中2023年高三试题)“Hwever, after 2012 the number f mid-lake islands _________ the gulls made their nests kept decreasing, leading t the number f the baby gulls drpping t 2,000.
1.( 2022年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空 ) 1.The GPNP is intended t prvide strnger prtectin fr all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly imprve the health f the ecsystem in the area.
【答案】that【解析】考查关系词。设空处在从句中作主语,先行词前为all修饰,用关系代词that。(知识点:当先行词指物,且被all, every, any, the very, the nly, the just等修饰时,只使用that不用which引导。)句意:大熊猫国家公园旨在为生活在大熊猫区内的所有物种提供更有力的保护,并大大改善该地区的生态系统健康。故填that。
2.( 2022年北京卷 ) That includes cups, bttles, and bags, mst f ________ are nly gd fr ne use.
【答案】which【解析】考查定语从句。句意:这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子,其中大多数(东西)只能使用一次。分析可知,mst f ______are nly gd fr ne use在句中为非限制性定语从句;先行词为cups, bttles, and bags,在从句中作介词f的宾语,所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。
3.( 2022年天津卷) Guide bks are prepared t suit the cnvenience f the traveler, ________ rutes rund a city r a site are ften suggested.A. fr whichB. with which C. fr whmD. with whm
【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意:旅游指南是为了给游客提供方便的,里面为游客建议了参观一个城市或景点的线路。设空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词traveler;结合句意,路线是给游客提供、为了游客而给出的建议,故需要用介词fr表示“给……”,先行词为人,故fr后用whm。故选C项。
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