高中英语2024届高考复习语法知识讲解（基本句型+主谓一致）
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句子成分知识讲解
一、主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词前面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
如：During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.(名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词）
Two swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词）
The rich should he lp the poor.(名词化的形容词）
When me are going to have an Eaglish test has not been decided.(主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
二、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
（一）简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.
（二）复合谓语
⒈ 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You make the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
⒉ 由系动词加表语构成。
如：We are students.
三、表语
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,becone,get,look,grow, turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
如：Our teacher of English is an American.(名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.(分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?(数词）
His job is to teach Eaglish.(不定式）
His hobby(爱好）is playing football.(动名词）
The machine must be out of order.(介词短语）
Time is up.The class is over.(副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句）
四、宾语
（一）宾语的位置
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
如：They went to see an exhibition(展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语）
I think (that）he is fit for his office.(宾语从句）
（二）宾语种类
⒈ 双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）
如：Lend me our dictionary, please.
⒉ 复合宾语（宾语+宾补）
如：They elected hin their monitor.
五、定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分表示：
如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a develceing country;America is a develcged country.(分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn Eaglish.(介词短语）
六、状语
（一）状语的作用
状语用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或者全句。
⒈ 修饰形容词
His performance is pretty good.他的表现非常好。
⒉ 修饰副词
The leopard runs very fast.美洲豹跑得非常快。
⒊ 修饰动词
The professor introduce himself briefly.教授简单地介绍了他自己。
⒋ 修饰全句
The accident happened last night.事故发生在昨天晚上。
（二）状语的分类
⒈ 地点状语：动作或状态所处于的地点
The students are doing their homework in the classroom.学生们正在教室里做作业。
⒉ 时间状语：动作或状态所处于的时间
I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside.我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。
⒊ 目的状语：动作的目的
They set out early so that they might arrive on time.他们早点动身，以便准时到达。
⒋ 原因状语：动作或状态所处于的原因
She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting.因为要开会，所以她不能回家了。
⒌ 结果状语：动作或状态所产生的结果
Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly.李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。
⒍ 程度状语：表示动作或状态的程度
I nearly forgot what he had promised.我几乎忘记了他答应的事。
⒎ 方式状语：做某事所用的方式
It is common to travel by air.乘飞机出行很普遍。
⒏ 条件状语：表示某事或某种状态变化的条件
If you work hard at English,you will do well in English.如果你努力学习英语，你的英语成绩就会好。
⒐ 让步状语：主句的行为或状态一定发生或存在，而状语又必须作出“让步”，那么，这种状语被称之为“让步状语”。
He went to school yesterday though he was ill.昨天他尽管有病，仍上学去了。
⒑ 比较状语：表示一个状态特征与另一个做对比。
Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One.
七、补语
补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement)，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement)。
（一）主语补足语
形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。
如：Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。
有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。
如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didn't listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。
（二）宾语补足语
可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。
如：They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词用作并与补语)
My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母亲看起来很年轻，你会以为她是我的姐姐(名词短语作宾补)
He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词用作宾补)
I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。(形容词短语用作宾补)
The comrades wanted Dr.Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式用作宾语补语)
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。(动名作宾补）
Don't take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。（介词短语作宾补）
