【暑假高三预备】新高考地区英语高二（升高三）暑假专项-第01讲 名词 讲学案

第01讲 名词讲与练

【学习目标】

1．认识名词的形和数。

2．掌握名词的运用。

【基础知识】

一．名词的数

1.名词复数变化规律

规则名词变复数的6种形式

(1)一般情况下，在词尾直接加－s：book→books, mouth→mouths, house→houses, girl→girls

(2)以－s, －x, －ch, －sh结尾的名词，在词尾加－es：glass→glasses, box→boxes, match→matches, brush→brushes

(3)以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变y为i再加－es：city→cities, country→countries, party→parties, factory→factories

(4)以元音字母＋y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加－s：holiday→holidays, monkey→monkeys

(5)以o结尾的名词常在词尾加－s：radio→radios, zoo→zoos, piano→pianos, kilo→kilos, photo→photos；加－es的有：hero→heroes, Negro→Negroes, tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes

(6)以－f, －fe结尾的名词

①少数直接加－s：roof→roofs, belief→beliefs

②一般以－f或－fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加－es：self→selves, life→lives, thief→thieves, wife→wives, knife→knives, leaf→leaves, shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, half→halves

2．不规则名词变复数的常见形式

(1)单复数同形：deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft

(2)变内部元音：foot→feet, tooth→teeth, man→men, woman→women

(3)外来名词：medium→media 媒体， phenomenon→phenomena 现象， analysis→analyses 分析

3．不可数名词

一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。

通常只用作不可数名词的有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, knowledge, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。

二．名词的格

所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词。有三种形式：-‘S所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。

1.’s 所有格的构成规则

单数名词词尾通常加-'s;复数名词词尾没有-s时，也要加-'s

如 the children's toy 那些孩子的玩具 ，the boy’s schoolbag那个男孩的书包。

以-s结尾的复数名词后 直接加“‘”teachers’office 教师们的办公室。

以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“”或-'s

如my boss's/boss ’plan 我老板的计划;James’/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛

合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加-’s

如my brother-in-law's birthday我姐夫的生日 。

表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助-'s表示所有关系

a week's holiday一周的假;

thirty minutes ’ride三十分钟的车程

作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加-'s

如an hour and a half’s walk步行一个半小时的路程

不定代词后接else时，’s加在 else之后

somebody else's bag别人的包

2.of所有格的几种情况：

无生命的事物   The window of the room

表示部分与整体的关系  Some of them

表示主谓关系  the arrival of visitor

表示同位关系  the city of shanghai

表示内容      the cost of living

3.双重所有格即名词+of+名词或名词+of+名词性物主代词    

表示“其中之一”可用a,any,some, a few, 等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the Some books of Tom’s

三．抽象名词具体化及名词构词法

1．抽象名词具体化

抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。

(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事

(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历

(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事

(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事

(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事

(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)

另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preference等。

2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)

2.名词的构词法

1．动词变名词的后缀

2．形容词变名词的后缀

3．表示“人”的后缀

四．名词的功能

1.作主语、宾语、表语、补足语

The activity is to be held in our school.

The affair is still a complete mystery.

She is considered to be a good mother.

 2.作定语

 名词作定语经常表示类别，身份，用途，材料等。

body language

a safety measure

Doctor Li

sports filed

woman teacher

3.作状语

The war lasted eight years.

4.作同位语

Tom, our monitor,left school last year.

【考点剖析】

考点1.名词变复数

1.My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling_______(leaf) from the trees floating in the air.

【答案】leaves

【解析】考查名词变复数。一般以－f或－fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v再加－es

2.. Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese_________(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.

【答案】dishes

【解析】考查名词变复数。以－s, －x, －ch, －sh结尾的名词，在词尾加－es。

3.Later, they learned to work with the _________(season),planting at the right time and , in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate their fileds.

【答案】seasons

【解析】考查名词变复数，一般在后面直接加s。

4.A number of ________(company) are now working on bringing 5G to the market.

【答案】companies

【解析】考查名词变复数，以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词，变y为i再加－es。

5.Our local government awards 5,000 dollars to four_________(woman) nurses and two ________(man) doctors.

 【答案】women，men

【解析】考查不规则名词变化，变内部元音。

考点2.名词的格

①The ________ (girl) shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before she got into ________ (Tom) car.

答案： girls'; Tom's　

【解析】考查名词所有格。这个小女孩的鞋子上都是泥巴，因此在她进入汤姆的车子之前把鞋子脱掉。

②Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at the ________ (Turner)．

答案：Turners'　

【解析】考查名词所有格。昨天我被邀请去Turner家吃晚饭。

③When I see the scene, it reminds me of a picture ________ my ________ (father)．

答案：of; father's

【解析】考查名词所有格。当我看到这个场景时，我想起了我父亲的一张照片。

【真题演练】

1. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The far side of the moon is of particular ________ (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side.

答案：interest

【解析】考查名词。Particular特别的，后面应加名词。

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Chinese New Year is a ________ (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.

答案：celebration

【解析】考查名词。中国新年是一种标志着冬天的结束和春天的开始的庆祝。

3．(2020·江苏高考)Wilson received several international ________ (award) for his great contributions.

答案：awards

【解析】考查名词复数。威尔逊因为他的极大贡献收到了一些国际性的奖励。

4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a ________ (believe) that populations are increasing.

答案：belief

【解析】考查名词。belief信念。

5．(2018·江苏高考)Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the ________ (assume) you've made.

答案：assumption

【解析】考查名词。尝试了解实际发生的情况，而不是根据你所做的假设采取行动。

6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible ________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.

答案：crowds

【解析】考查名词复数。它的长度不到7公里，使人们在上下班时可以避开上面道路上可怕的人群。

7.The ________ (express) in her eyes told me something was wrong.

答案：expression

【解析】考查名词。她眼中的表情告诉我有些不对劲。

8.Due to the ________ (apply) of this medical technology, some diseases can be treated at an early stage.

答案：application

【解析】考查名词。由于这种医疗技术的应用，一些疾病可以在早期阶段得到治疗。

9.She was unable to attend the meeting because of the ________ (press) of work.

答案： pressure

【解析】考查名词。因为工作的压力他没能参加这个会议。

10.________ (curious) is part of children's nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.

答案：Curiosity　

【解析】考查名词。好奇是儿童天性的一部分。他们总是坚持要弄清所有事情的真相。

【过关检测】

1．Two          (German) were seen enter the building an hour ago.

答案：Germans

【解析】考查名词复数。一个小时前两个德国人被看见进入了这栋楼。

2．Whoever chooses to be happy must help others to find          (happy), for the welfare of each is bound up with the welfare of all.

答案：happiness

【解析】考查名词。任何一个选择快乐的人都必须帮助他人找到快乐。

3．The          (soldier) heroic deed earned him a medal.

答案：soldier's

【解析】考查名词所有格。这个战士的英雄事迹为他挣得一枚奖牌。

4．We have two          (week) vacation for Christmas.

答案：weeks'

【解析】考查名词所有格。我们圣诞节有两周的假期。

5．Without the proper treatment, minor          (injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.

答案：injuries

【解析】考查名词复数。没有恰当的治疗，最小的伤口或者烧伤都可能导致更多的伤害甚至失去生命。

6．The stores were overrun with rats and          (mouse)．

答案：mice

【解析】考查名词复数。这个商店里面到处都是老鼠。

7．She was at her          (dentist) for two hours yesterday.

答案：dentist's

【解析】考查名词所有格。昨天她在牙医那待了两个小时。

8．You are working too hard. You'd better keep a balance between work and          (relax)．

答案：relaxation

【解析】考查名词。你工作太努力了。你最好劳逸结合。

9．She had views quite different from her          (father)．

答案：father's

【解析】考查名词所有格。她和她父亲的观点有很大不同。

10．I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond          (recognize)．

答案：recognition

【解析】考查名词。自从Sara是小女孩以来我就没在见过她了，现在变得已经认不出了。