专题01 词类、短语辨析-2020年高考真题和模拟题英语分项汇编（解析版）

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2020年高考英语真题和模拟题分项汇编专题01 词类（名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词和介词）、短语辨析一、2021年高考真题1.（2021年全国甲卷语法填空）After 44.__________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what 45. __________ (good) than to ride on a piece of history!We hired our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky 47. _________ did the job. It took us about 3 hours to go all 48. ________ way around the Xi'an City Wall. Supposedly, you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 49. _____________ (watchtower) to take pictures or, just to watch the local people going about their 50. ___________ (day) routines.【答案】44. spending  45. better   47. but  48, the   49. watchtowers 50. daily【解析】44. 考查非谓语动词。After 介词后加doing形式，故填spending。45. 考查形容词的词性转换。根据句中“than” 可知，应该填写形容词的比较级的形式，故填better。47. 考查连词。此处表示我的自行车又旧又晃，后面能用。所以是转折的关系，故填but。48, 考查冠词。 all the way 为固定搭配，意为“自始自终，一路上”。故填the。49. 考查名词。根据句子结构， and 前后一致， and前是the different gates，名词的复数形式，所以空格也应该是名词的复数形式。故填watchtowers。50. 考查形容词。此处表示“观察当地人的日常生活”，修饰routines, 故用形容词，故填daily。2.（2021年全国甲卷短文改错）…… Many students say they will talk to their friend or classmates because they’re of the same age and can understand each other. Some will tum out to their parents or teachers for help. Only a little choose to deal with the problems on our own……【答案】3.friend→friends4. 去掉out5.little→few6.our→their【解析】4. 考查固定搭配。turn to sb. For help表示想某人寻求帮助，故turn后面去掉out。5. 考查代词。a little代指不可数名词，a few 代指可数名词。在这里指少部分的学生， 可数名词，故把little 改为few。6. 考查代词。On one’s own表示靠自己。这里省略主语students, 主语相当于Only a little students， 其后应该是their。故our改为their。3. （2021年全国乙卷语法填空）Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响)travel to undisturbed places. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas —both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 62 (develop) of the local areas.Ecotourism has 63 (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 64 the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness made it desirable.Due to 65 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 66 trips are now being classified as ecotourism. Actually, a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles:……         Provide 68 (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples.         Make sure that the tourism provides positive experiences for both the visitors and the hosts.Komodo National Park, officially recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity.  69 (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim 70 (have) a low impact on the natural environment. 【答案】62.development    63.its    64. until     65.the     66. Of68. financial     69.activities    70.to have.【解析】62.为被考查动词develop位于冠词的之后，故考点为动词转化成名词。63.被考查代词位于名词origin之前，故物主代词形式。64.空白处位于表示时间的名词短语the late nineteen 1980s之前，根据句意可知。Ecoourism这个概念直到上世纪80年代晚期才被接受，本题涉及not …until结构。65.空白处位于名词短语 growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel之前，核心词为growing popularity，故考点为冠词，且popularity之后有明显限定内容，故填定冠词the。66.本题考查固定短语variety types of,表示各种各样的。68.被考查词位于名词aid之前，故判断考点为形容词。69.被考查项为名词，位于主语的位置，且谓语动词range为复数形式，故考点为名词变复数。4. （2021年全国乙卷短文改错）I love doing housework. I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals.【答案】parent改为parents【解析】parent改成parents, 如无特殊暗示，parent应为复数，指父母两个人。……..What’s most, doing housework can be a form of mentally relaxation from study. That’s our view on housework……【答案】 7. most→more8. mentally→mental9. our→my【解析】7. 考查固定搭配。句意：此外，做家务可以是一种从学习中获得精神放松的方式。固定短语“what’s more”译为“此外”。故将most改为more。8. 考查形容词。句意：同时，这也给了我们的父母更多的时间去做他们喜欢的事情，改善了家庭关系。修饰名词relaxation(放松)需要用形容词。故将mentally改为mental。9. 考查人称代词。句意：这是我对家务的看法。根据全文内容以及句意可知，此处表达“这是我对家务的看法”。故将our改为my。6. (2021年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空)Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”. What is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we ____57____ (human) are.The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will ____58____(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing  about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ____59____ (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us ____60____(astonish).【答案】57. humans    58. undoubtedly    59. hotter    60. astonished【解析】57 .考查名词复数。句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。58.考查副词。句意：它无疑会帮助你恢复精神！修饰动词help，应用副词undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”。故填undoubtedly。59.考查形容词比较级。句意：关于黄山温泉让人惊讶的是，气温越低，温泉越暖和。此处是固定结构“the +比较级，the+比较级”，意为“越……，越……”。故填hotter。60.考查形容词。句意：但大自然就是这样——总是让我们惊讶。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”，补充说明宾语us的感受，应用-ed结尾形容词。故填astonished。…….What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it was for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure ____62____offers a place where you can sit down to rest your ____63____ (ache) legs.As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in ____64____(I).While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is ____65____ must to visit!【答案】62. and    63. aching    64. mine   65.a【解析】62.考查连词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子可知，“highlights the whole adventure”与“offers a place”部分为并列关系，都是作it的谓语，故用并列连词and。63.考查形容词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子及语境可知，此处应用形容词aching“疼痛的”修饰名词legs，意为“疼痛的双腿”。故填aching。64.考查代词。句意：正如歌中所唱，这条漫长而曲折的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。对我来说确实如此。根据前一句“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”可知，本句为does指代前一句的stick，本句缺乏宾语，应用名词性物主代词mine指代my memory。故填mine。65.考查冠词。句意：当你在中国的时候，黄山是一个你一定要去的地方。must作名词时，意为“绝对必要的事物”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个必须去的地方”，应用不定冠词，must是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。故填a。7. (2021年浙江卷语法填空)Beautifully restored（修复）to its 1860 appearance, the house was Abraham and Mary Lincoln's home for 17 years. In 1844 they bought it ___37___ $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their ___38___ （marry）ceremony in 1842. When the house was built, it was much ___39___ （small）than it is today. Mary's niece wrote,………【答案】37. for    38. marriage    39. smaller【解析】37.考查介词。句意：1844年，他们以1200美元的价格从查尔斯·德莱瑟手中买下了这座房子和一些土地，查尔斯·德莱瑟在1842年举行了他们的婚礼。结合句意可知，此处考查固定短语buy sth. for +价格，意为“以……价格买某物”。故填for。38.考查名词。句意：1844年，他们以1200美元的价格从查尔斯·德莱瑟手中买下了这座房子和一些土地，查尔斯·德莱瑟在1842年举行了他们的婚礼。结合设空前的形容词性物主代词可知，此处要用名词形式；结合设空处后的ceremony，可知此处意为“婚礼”；提示词marry意为“婚姻”，其名词形式为marriage，marriage ceremony意为“婚礼”。故填marriage。39.考查形容词。句意：这栋房子建成时比现在小得多。结合设空前的much和设空后的than可知，此处考查形容词比较级固定结构much+比较级+than，提示词small的比较级形式为smaller。故填smaller。二、2021届模拟题1.（(广东省揭阳市揭东区2021届高三上学期期中·语法填空） With a long history, it is considered as the    41   (early) aircraft we have ever known.【答案】earliest【解析】考查形容词的最高级。句意：它有着悠久的历史，被认为是我们所知道的最早的飞机。根据名词aircraft 可知此处要用形容词，由we have ever known和冠词the可知用形容词的最高级。故填earliest。2. （(广东省揭阳市揭东区2021届高三上学期期中·语法填空）  Later kite flying gradually became  42  outdoor activity for recreation as well as art and43．(be) warmly welcome for centuries.【答案】 an【解析】考查冠词。句意：后来风筝逐渐成为一种休闲和艺术的户外活动，几百年来一直受到热烈欢迎。根据名词activity可知此处要用冠词，由形容词outdoor/ˈaʊtdɔːr/可知用不定冠词an。泛指“种休闲和艺术的户外活动”。故填an。3. （2021·四川成都市·成都七中高三二模·语法填空）In 2016, she won        Hugo Award with her short novel, Folding Beijing, which made her the first female writer in China to bring home this prize.【答案】the【解析】考查冠词。“雨果奖”前面需要加定冠词，表特指｡故填the。4. （2021·四川成都市·成都七中高三二模·语法填空）Since building her company, Hao has been carrying out voluntary teaching        (program) in rural areas.【答案】 programs【解析】句意：郝景芳在乡下实施了很多志愿教学项目。根据句意，用名词复数，表示不止一个教学项目。故填programs。5. （2021·四川成都市·成都七中高三二模·语法填空）We live 19． a big, big world with endless possibilities. Don't be too afraid to try something new.【答案】in【解析】考查介词。句意：我们生活在一个大世界，拥有无穷可能性｡in a big, big world“在一个大大的世界”，是固定短语。填in。6. （2021·河南安阳市·高三二模短文改错） In fact, I just didn't want to trouble him any more as she was already too tired from doing the houseworks.【答案】him改为her；houseworks改为housework【解析】（1）考查代词。句意：事实上，我只是不想再麻烦她，因为她已经做家务太累了。此处指麻烦妈妈，应用代词her。故him改为her。（2）考查名词的数。句意：事实上，我只是不想再麻烦她，因为她已经做家务太累了。housework为不可数名词，没有复数形式。故houseworks改为housework。7. （2021·河南新乡市·高三三模短文改错）I select a few things as quickly as possible but then went to the checkout. There I found many people waiting their orders to be checked out. I was worried, thinking he would be late to pick up my two child.【答案】（1）but→and（2）在waiting后加for（3）he→I（4）child→children【解析】（1）考查连词。句意：我尽快选了一些东西，然后去结账。结合句意可知，前后两个分句是并列、顺承关系，应用and连接，故将but改为and。（2）考查介词。句意：在那里我发现很多人在等着为他们的订单结账。wait是不及物动词，后接宾语时需接介词for，故在waiting后加for。（3）考查代词。句意：我很担心，想着我接两个孩子会迟到。结合句意及语境可知，此处指“我会迟到”，应用第一人称I，故将he改为I。（4）考查名词复数。句意：我很担心，想着我接两个孩子会迟到。child是可数名词，结合two可知，此处应用复数形式，故将child改为children。8. （2021·江西景德镇市·高三一模短文改错）A few years ago I attended in a sports meeting in a special school. Nine runners, all either physically and mentally disabled, got ready at the starting line for the 100-metre dash. On hear the gun, they all started, not very fast, but at most with excitement. Then all of sudden, one boy who fell on the ground began to cry. The others eight runners heard the boy. They slowed down and looked back. They all turned around and went back to her. One girl bent down and helped him up gentle.【答案】 （1）将in去掉（2）and→or（3）hear→hearing（4）most→least（5）在sudden前面加a（6）others→other（7）her→him（8）gentle→gently【解析】（1）考查介词。句意：几年前，我参加了一个特殊学校的运动会。attend为及物动词，后面直接加宾语，in是多余的。故将in去掉。（2）考查并列连词。句意：九名运动员在起跑线上为百米冲刺做好了准备，他们有的身体残疾，有的智力残疾。either…or…为固定短语，意为“要么……要么……”。故将and改为or。（3）考查非谓语动词。句意：一听到枪响，他们都吓了一跳，虽然跑得不快，但至少是很兴奋。on为介词，后面需加动名词。故将hear改为hearing。（4）考查固定短语。句意同上。but前后为转折关系，上文提到“跑得不快”，下文的意思为“至少是很兴奋”。at least为固定短语，意为“至少”。故将most改为least。（5）考查冠词。句意：突然，一个男孩倒在地上哭了起来。all of a sudden为固定短语，意为“突然”。故在sudden前面加a。（6）考查代词。句意：其他八名赛跑者听到了男孩的话。修饰名词runners，需用other（其他的）修饰，others表示“other runners”，不符合语境。故将others改为other。（7）考查代词。句意：他们都转身回到他身边。指代上文的“the boy”，需用代词him作宾语。故将her改为him。（8）考查副词。句意：一个女孩弯下腰，轻轻地把他扶起来。修饰动词helped，需用副词作状语。故将gentle改为gently。9. （2021·四川南充市·高三二模短文改错）They listen what people say and try to imitate about what they hear. It is important to know that we learn our language with hearing. At school, I learn to write and read. Now, we need to spend less time speaking and hearing. But let’s try to learn new words through our ear.【答案】（1）listen后加to
（2）去掉about
（3）with → by
（4）I → we
（5）less → more
（6） But → So
（7）ear → ears【解析】（1）考查介词。句意：他们听人们说什么，并试图模仿他们所听到的。固定短语listen to“听......”，what引导的从句作它的宾语。故在listen后加to。（2）考查动词用法。句意：他们听人们说什么，并试图模仿他们所听到的。动词imitate为及物动词，后直接跟宾语。故将about删去。（3）考查介词。句意：知道我们通过听来学习语言是很重要的。表示使用有形的工具时，通常用with来表示；表示采用某种方式或手段时，用by表示。故将with改为by。（4）考查主语。句意：学校，我们学习写和读。全文都是以we为主语，并不是讲述作者的事。故将I改为we。（5）考查比较级。句意：现在，我们需要花更多的时间说和听。根据句意，此处强调学习语言时听和说的重要性，所以要花更多的时间在上面。故将less改为more。（6）考查连词。句意：所以让我们试着通过我们的耳朵来学习新单词。根据上文“It is important to know that we learn our language with hearing.”可知，这是我们努力学习新单词的原因，所以是因果关系。故将But改为So。（7）考查名词的数。句意：所以让我们试着通过我们的耳朵来学习新单词。根据前面的our可知，这里名词要用复数。故将ear改为ears。10. （2021·吉林松原市实验高级中学高三月考语法填空）The history of Chinese characters dates back to ancient times, with a history of at least several thousand years. It is agreed that hanzi began   1． simple pictures, images that the ancient Chinese people drew, painted, and carved to describe  nature and their lives. The    2． (old) symbols recognizable as Chinese characters are those found on ancient animal bones.【答案】1.as    2.oldest【解析】1.考查介词。句意：人们一致认为，汉字最初是作为简单的图画，是古代中国人民绘制、绘画和雕刻来描述自然和他们的生活的图像。根据句意可知，此处表达“汉字一开始作为一些简单的图画”。固定短语begin as译为“起初作为、开始时作为”。故填as。2．考查形容词最高级。句意：最古老的汉字符号是在古代动物的骨头上发现的。根据句意可知，此处表示“中国最古老的汉字”，所以要用形容词的最高级。故填oldest。11. （2021·山西太原市·高三一模完形填空）    I'm entering my eighth year teaching preschool. I've never got tired of it, because    21   year is ever the same. Sometimes our school brings new staff and new students' families who are    22    with the purposeful aesthetic （美学）our school seeks for. So I am eager to show them around my classroom with the introduction of    23    to help them sense our school philosophy ——supporting creativity, learning and    24    for children. Their nodding and smile make me feel it will be another    25    new school year.21．A．each B．no C．any D．this22．A．unfamiliar B．equippped C．loaded D．associated23．A．facilities B．students C．systems D．decorations24．A．respect B．comment C．impression D．function25．A．confusing B．boring C．exciting D．convincing【答案与解析】21．B考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我从不厌倦，因为没有一年是一样的。A. each.每个；B. no.不，没有；C. any任何；D. this这个。根据上文 “I'm entering my eighth year teaching preschool. I've never got tired of it”可知，八年教学，从不厌倦，应该是每年不一样，不是单调重复。故选B项。22．A考查形容词词义辨析。句意：有时我们学校会带来新员工和新学生的家长，他们不熟悉我们学校所追求的有目的的美学。A. unfamiliar不熟悉的；B. equippped装备的；C. loaded装载的；D. associated相关的。根据空前两次出现的new，及下文可知，新来的员工和家长应该是不熟悉学校的这种美学教育，我渴望带他们参观了解我们学校的做法。故选A项。23．D考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以我很想带他们参观我的教室，给他们介绍一些装饰品，让他们感受我们学校的理念——支持创造力、学习和尊重孩子。A. facilities设施；B. students学生；C. systems制度，系统；D. decorations装饰品。根据下文可知，学校是通过对教室的装扮装饰体现美学教育的。故选D项。24．A考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以我很想带他们参观我的教室，给他们介绍一些装饰品，让他们感受我们学校的理念——支持创造力、学习和尊重孩子。A. respect尊重；B. comment.评论；C. impression；D. function功能。根据下文可知，我为预防学生感到被歧视而做了努力，采取了方法，可知对学生尊重是学校的理念之一。故选A项。25．C考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们的点头和微笑让我觉得这是又一个令人兴奋的新学年。A. confusing令人困惑的；B. boring.无聊的；C. exciting.刺激的令人兴奋的；D convincing.有说服力的。我对工作充满热情，从不厌倦，同行及家长的点头与微笑是对我的工作的肯定，我应该是兴奋开心的。故选C项。12.（天津市部分区2021届高三上学期期中）—Robert speaking. Could you get me through to Mr. Smith in Room 501?—I’m sorry, he isn’t here. He ________ this morning.A．checked in B．dropped in C．checked out D．dropped out【答案】C【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意:--我是Robert ,你能帮我接通501房间的Smith先生吗?—抱歉。他不在这里。今天早上他结账离开了。 选项A.check in(在旅馆)登记入住, (在机场)检票登机； 选项B. drop in 顺道拜访；选项C. check out 结账退房,结账离开(诊所)；选项D. drop out 退学;退出(比赛等)。根据上文，他不在这里可知，他结账离开了。选项C符合题意。故选C。13．（2020届天津市滨海新区高三联谊四校联考）Students will have their temperatures measured at school gates and must show a "green" health code on a special app that a person's infection risk.A．celebrates B．cancels C．calculates D．combines【答案】C【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生将在校门口测量温度，并且必须展示特殊的应用程序上的“绿色”健康代码，这个应用程序可计算出人的感染风险。A.  celebrates 庆祝；B.  cancels 取消；C.  calculates计算；D.  combines结合。根据句意，这里要表达的是该应用程序可以计算一个人的感染风险，故选C项。14．（天津市和平区2019-2020学度高三上学期期末）When I said that someone didn’t work hard in our class, I was not _____ you.A．picking out B．referring to C．taking out D．sticking to【答案】B【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意: 当我说我们班里有人不努力学习时，我指的不是你。A. picking out挑选；B. referring to指的是；C. taking out取出，得到；D. sticking to坚持，根据句意，B项符合题意。故选B项。15.（天津市南开区2021届高三一模）If you attend the graduation ceremony in the future, you will have to be ________ dressed.A．strangely B．informally C．casually D．appropriately【答案】D【详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果你将来参加毕业典礼，你必须穿着得体。A .strangely 奇特地；B.informally非正式地；C.casually 随意地，休闲地；D.appropriately合适地，恰当地，得体地。根据句意，参加毕业典礼，穿衣一定要适合正式场合，不能随意，即要穿的得体。故选D项。