中考英语二轮复习【讲通练透】 考点14 介词和介词短语
展开中考英语总复习方法指导
中考英语考点一遍过为了帮助考生更好的冲刺中考英语,从命题趋势、易错警示、方法技巧、跟踪训练、真题再现等几个方面帮孩子更准、更快、更有效的复习。
中考总复习一般分为三轮:
1、第一轮复习为基础知识的单元、章节复习。
通过第一轮的复习,使学生系统掌握基础知识、基本技能和方法,形成明晰的知识网络和稳定的知识框架。我们从双基入手,紧扣中考知识点来组织单元过关。
2、第二轮复习打破章节界限实行大单元、小综合、专题式复习。
第二轮复习绝不是第一轮复习的压缩文档,而是一个知识点综合、巩固、完善、提高的过程。复习的主要任务及目标是:完成各部分知识的条 理,归纳,糅合,使各部分知识成为一个有机的整体,力求实现基础知识重点化,重点知识网络化,网络知识题型化,题型设计生活化。
3、第三轮复习是知识、能力深化巩固的阶段。
复习资料的组织以中考题及模拟题为主,回扣教材,查缺补漏,进行强化训练。同时,要教给学生一些必备的应试技巧和方法,使学生有足够的自信从容地面对中考。
【讲通练透】专题14 介词和介词短语
常考点归纳
【典例1】
1.(2021·山东青岛·中考真题)Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge ________ the sea helps people travel conveniently.
A.over B.by C.in D.or
【答案】A
【详解】
句意:青岛胶州湾跨海大桥为人们出行提供了便利。
考查介词辨析。over在……上面;by通过;in在……里面;or或者。根据“Bridge”和“the sea”的关系可知,桥在海面之上,因此over符合句意。故选A。
【典例2】
2.(2016·四川达州·中考真题)—Where is Marry flying?
—She is flying to France soon. She will arrive ________ Paris ________ the morning of July 2.
A.to; on B.at; on C.in; in D.in; on
【答案】D
【详解】
句意:——玛丽乘飞机要去哪里?——她很快就要飞往法国了。她将于7月2日上午到达巴黎。
考查介词辨析。arrive in后接大地点;arrive at后接小地点。“Paris”是大地点,第一空用in,排除AB。in后接年、月、季节等;on后接具体某一天或具体某一天的早上、下午、晚上等。根据“the morning of July 2”可知此处指7月2日的早上,用介词on。故选D。
【典例3】
3.(2021·广西桂林·中考真题)There is a new TV ________ the wall.
A.at B.of C.on
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:墙上有一台新电视。
考查介词辨析。at在;of……的;on在……上面。根据“... the wall”可知电视在墙上,on the wall在墙上(表面上)。故选C。
【典例4】
4.(2021·贵州贵阳·中考真题)In order to protect the environment, many people choose to go to work _________ subway.
A.in B.on C.by
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:为了保护环境,许多人选择乘地铁上班。
考查介词用法。in在……里面;on在……上面;by后接交通工具,表示乘坐……。根据句子结构可知,这里考查交通方式:“by+交通工具”或“in/on+冠词+交通工具”,介词短语;根据“subway”前面没有冠词和形容词性物主代词,可知此处为介词短语by subway“坐地铁”。故选C。
【典例5】
5.(2018·广西玉林·中考真题)—It’s said that the best way to relax is exercise.
—I see. But you should keep away dangerous sports.
A.with; from B.for; off C.through; from D.through; by
【答案】C
【详解】
句意:——据说最好的放松方式是通过锻炼。——我明白了,但是你应该远离危险的运动。
考查介词。第一个空,根据It’s said that the best way to relax is exercise.可知句意为“据说最好的放松方式是通过锻炼。” through exercise“通过锻炼”,通过某种方式用through,with一般后面加凭借的工具,for是为了的意思,故排除A、B选项。第二个空,keep away from是一个固定短语,意思是“远离”,排除D选项。故答案选C。
【技巧点拨】
用法详解:
一、常用介词的基本用法
(1)表时间的介词
1)at, in on
at:多用于表示具体的钟点时刻前或固定搭配at noon, at midnight, at night, at lunchtime。
in: 用于表示在某个世纪,某年,某月,某个季节以及一天的上午,下午,晚上,如:in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in May, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。
用于表示“从现在起,多久以后”,如in an hour
on: 表示在具体的某一天和某一天的上午,下午,晚上时, 如:on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2) since, after
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段,但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻,因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去,因而要与一般过去时连用。例如:
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3) in, after
in与将来时态连用时,表示“过多长时间以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段时间的词语。after与将来时态连用时,后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。after与过去时态连用时,后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如:
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
4) before 在......以前
during 在......期间,“during +时间段”与延续性动词连用表示某期间的动作
by “by+时间点”表示“到......以前为止”
from 说明开始的时间
for “for+时间段”,常与现在完成时连用
(2)表示地点的介词
1)at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如:
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2) over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”,但具体含义不同。over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触,一个在另一的上面。例如:
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3)表示方位的in /on / to
in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) Tanwan is _in___ the southeast of China .
on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系) Hubei is __on__ the north of Hunan .
to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is __to___ the east of China .
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某个范围以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”,在某个范围以内。例如:
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
【易错警示】
二、常用介词的用法辨析
(1) after和behind区别
after表示时间、位置之后
behind只表示位置之后
(2) between / among 在……之间
1.between :指两者之间. 在…….之间.
2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在……之中.
(3) with / in / by 表示 “用……”
with 表示 “用…” 一般指用具体有形的工具.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .
注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料.
Can you say it _____English ?
He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
by表示方式,方法
I study for a test _____ working with a group .
He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .
(4) across / through / over / by 经过
1.across 指横穿,穿过. 表示从......表面上经过.
2.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.
3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.
4.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.
Can you swim across the river ?
The elephant is so big that it can’ t go through the gate .
I don’ t think anyone can jump over the fence.
I walked by the bank of China yesterday .
(5) for, to和towards的区别
for 常用在leave,start后,表示运动的方向和目的,如leave for Beijing
to 常用在go, come, return,move等词之后,如return to school
towards 意为“朝,向”,只是说明运动的方向,没有“到达”之意,如walk towards us
(6) but, besides和except 区别
But 表示“除......之外”,常与表否定意义的词连用,如We can do nothing but wait.
Besides 表示“除......之外(还有)”,意思是在原有基础上加上besides除外的人或物
Except 表示“除......之外”,指从整体中排除except所接的人或物
三、其它介词的用法:
(1) like
像/和……一样. 常与系动词连用.词组: look like , sound like
(2) off
从……下来, 脱离某物体.词组: fall off
“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组: have +时间+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .
(3) with / without
with具有,含有 without 没有
(4) against
1)表示“反对”、“违背”之意.如:
They are strongly against the idea.他们强烈反对这个意见.
What have you done is against the law.你所做的事情是违法的.
2)表示“撞击”、“碰着”之意.如:
Tom hit his head against a tree in the dark.黑暗中汤姆的头撞在一棵树上.
3)表示“倚在”、“紧靠”之意.如:
Place the ladder against the wall.把梯子靠在墙上.
(5) inside / outside
inside 在……里面 outside在….外
(6)表示 “数量的介词”
about , around表示 “大约……” over 表示 “超过”= more than.
(7) in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”
(8) on the tree /in the tree
on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上.
in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.
(9) be made +介词的区别:
be made of 由…制成 (看得见原材料)
be made from由…制成 (看不见原材料)
be made in +地点 由哪儿生产
be made by sb. 由某人制造
Be made up of 由......组成
四、介词短语
介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思。如下:
(1) 动词+介词(如:talk about,look at)
(2) Be动词+形容词+介词(如:be tired of)
(3) 介词+名词(如:at home,on foot,in time)
① 动词+介词
要区别“动词+介词”和“动词+副词”的短语,前者的宾语只可接在介词之后,后者当宾语为名词时可放在副词前或后,当宾语为代词时只可放在动词和副词之前
② Be动词+形容词+介词
be kind to对(某人)亲切; be good at在……做得好;擅长于……
be late for迟到; be afraid of害怕;
be absent from缺席; be proud of以……为自豪;
be fond of 喜欢 be full of 充满
be interested in 对…有兴趣 be confident in 对…有信心
be short of 缺乏
be tired of讨厌……/厌倦…… be loyal to 对…忠诚
be worried about 为…担心 be busy with 忙于(某事)
be different from 和…不同 be famous as 作为...而出名
be famous for 因…而出名 be sorry for sth.为……抱歉;
be angry with sb.. 对某人生气 be strict with对……严格要求
be angry at sth. 为某事生气
be pleased with sb. 对某人感到满意
be satisfied with sth.对某事感到满意
be surprised at对……感到惊奇/诧异
③ 介词+名词
at
at a time 一次,每次
at first 最初,开始时 at home 在家,随便
at last 最后 at once 立即,同时
at least 至少 at most 至多
at play(work) 在玩耍(工作) at present 现在,目前
at the same time (与此)同时 at times 有时候
at the age of… 在……岁时 at the end of… 在……之末
at the beginning of… 在……之初 at the foot of… 在……脚下
at night/noon 在夜里/中午
by:
by air 航空 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飞机等)
by chance 偶然 by the way 顺便说一句
by mistake 错误地,误把… by turns 轮流
by the end of… 到……底为止 day by day日复一日
by hand用手,手工,亲手 one by one一个接一个
by oneself 亲自
in:
in all 总共
in any case (event) 不管怎样,反正 in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债 in demand 有需求
in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上
in general 一般说来 in one’s opinion 在(某人)看来
in order to (that) 以便,为了 in other words 换句话说
in person 亲自 in trouble处于困境
in practice 实际上 in public(private) 公开(私下)地
in regard to 关于 in short 总之
in the end 最后 in the middle of 在…中间
in time 及时 in turn 依次
in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时 in a hurry 匆忙
in no time 立刻,很快
on:
on board 在船(飞机)上 on fire 着火
on foot 步行 on holiday 在度假
on sale 在出售 on time 准时
on the way 在路上 on one's way to 某人在去……的路上
on the top of 在…上面 on the other hand 另一方面
on the left (right) 在左(右)边 on the other side of 在……另一边
out of:
out of breath 气喘吁吁 out of work 失业
out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险
out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新
out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of temper 发脾气
out of touch(with) 和…失去联系 out of use 不再使用
【变式演练】
6.(2022·上海嘉定·一模)The ancient Greeks succeeded in capturing the city ________ a trick in only one night.
A.in B.through C.of D.for
7.(2022·上海金山·一模)The Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games will be held ________ February 4, 2022.
A.in B.on C.at D.for
8.(2022·上海杨浦·一模)The story of Robinson Crusoe is about a man living ________ a desert island.
A.in B.on C.at D.for
9.(2022·上海·一模)The Bund is always crowded with people _________ the nights of National Day.
A.at B.for C.in D.on
10.(2021·云南昆明·三模)We have an English class ________ nine o’clock ________ Monday morning.
A.on, at B.in, in C.on, on D.at, on
11.(2021·云南曲靖·二模)Ox (牛) is the symbol of hard work and progress. I wish you great success ________ the Year of the Ox!
A.at B.on C.in D.for
12.(2021·辽宁连山·二模)—Peter, would you like to go swimming with me?
—What a pity! I’m free every day ________ today.
A.besides B.for C.except D.among
13.(2021·内蒙古扎兰屯·二模)— Many doctors and nurses went to Hubei in February.
— Hubei is far from Heilongjiang. It’s ________ the south of China, ________ the south of Henan.
A.in; to B.on; to C.in; on D.on; in
14.(2021·辽宁铁岭·二模)I left my key in the room yesterday. I had to get in ________ the window.
A.across B.over C.through D.above
15.(2021·江苏沭阳·一模) the end, we passed the examination the morning of June 29, 2020.
A.In; in B.In; on C.At; on D.At; in
16.(2021·黑龙江·哈尔滨市萧红中学二模)—Thanks ________ our government, we can play sports on the new playground next week.
—That’s for sure! And we’ll have a sports meeting ________ one month.
A.for, in B.for, after C.to, in
17.(2021·山东·单县教学研究室三模)________ his help, I have made such great progress.
A.With B.Without C.Thanks
18.(2021·内蒙古·额尔古纳市教研培训中心一模)—Would you please provide us _________ some information about the accident?
—Sure. It happened _________ the morning of September 5th.
A.to; on B.for; in C.with; in D.with; on
19.(2019·江苏·常熟市第一中学二模)—Which would you prefer, orange juice or coffee?
—Either ________ OK, but I prefer coffee ________ milk.
A.are; to B.is; to C.are; with D.is; with
20.(2021·湖北硚口·模拟预测)—I could tell ________ the look on her face that something exciting had happened.
—You said it!
A.by B.on C.with D.for
21.(2021·吉林长春·模拟预测)—________ do you study for a test?
—________ reading the textbooks.
A.How; In B.How; By C.Why; By D.What; In
22.(2021·江苏洪泽·二模)—How did you get to the zoo, Helen?
—I went to the bus station ________ my bike, and took the No. l bus to the zoo.
A.on B.by C.in D.with
23.(2021·辽宁海州·一模)I often go to school ________ foot, but I had to go to school ________ taxi this morning because of rain.
A.by; by B.on; in C.with; on D.on; by
24.(2021·四川·模拟预测)—What would you like________your afternoon tea?
—Just a cup of coffee________any sugar or milk.
A.for, with B.to, without C.for, without
25.(2018·四川眉山·模拟预测)— Thanks our government, we can play sports on the new playground next week.
— That's for sure! And we' ll have a sports meeting one month.
A.for; in B.to; in C.for; after D.to; after
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