高中英语高考考向23 阅读理解之推理判断题(解析版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题

这是一份高中英语高考考向23 阅读理解之推理判断题(解析版)-备战2022年高考英语一轮复习考点微专题，共23页。
考向23 阅读理解之推理判断题
推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。
这种问题的提问方式通常有：
1. From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that.
2. We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that…
3. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.
4. The author implies that by the year 2080, .
5. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.
6. The author mentions the fact that…to show.
7. This passage would most likely be found in _________?
8. The author’s attitude toward …is _________?
9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?
这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。
推理判断题常见有以下形式：
1．细节推断题
要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。
【典例示例】
（2019·新课标I卷，B） For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue, N.Y.，today is speech day, and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he’s, nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should … should…”Chris trips on the“-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“…Vote for …me …”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris stared learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起) how at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. “It takes a lot for any student,” Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say, ‘I don’t know, but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
26. We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to _________.
A. help students see their own strengths
B. assess students’ public speaking skills
C. prepare students for their future jobs
D. inspire students’ love for politics
27. Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A. Humorous. B. Ambitious. C. Caring. D. Demanding.
【语篇解读】本文属于记叙文，讲述Thomas Whaley为了帮助学生学英语以及树立信心专门开展了一个演讲课程。
26. A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.以及最后一段 “boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,” Whaley says, “is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”可知，这个课程不仅仅教孩子阅读以及公共演讲，还要让孩子学会夸耀自己，而夸耀自己对于那些进入教室没有信心的学生来说很困难，故可知，Whaley老师这么做是为了帮助学生认识自己的优势增加信心，故选A。
27. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.和最后一段He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves可知，当他有一天问学生认为自己当不了总统请举手的时候，想到了一个想法，这个课程就是帮助学生树立自己的信心，故可以看出这位老师很关心学生的成长。humorous 幽默的，ambitious 有雄心壮志的；caring关心的；demanding要求高的。故选C。
2．因果推断题
要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。
【典例示例】（2019·全国卷III，C）
Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer’s office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper" caught the public’s fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业) were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。
29. C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。 结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。
31. A
【解析】推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。
3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题
高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：
（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。
（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。
（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。
表示态度的形容词：(1)positive 积极的 (9) reserved
(2)negative 消极的 (10) indifferent 漠不关心的
(3) optimistic 乐观的 (11)cautious 谨慎的
(4) pessimistic 悲观的 (12) surprised 惊讶的
(5) objective 客观的 (13)sympathize 同情的
(6) subjective 主观的 (14)support 支持的
(7) admiring 羡慕的 (15)doubt 怀疑的
(8)critical 批评的 (16) approve 赞成的
（17）ironic 讽刺的 （18）neutral 中立的
【典例示例】
Parents should stop blaming themselves because there’s not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager(十几岁的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.
I’ve seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself(懒散地躺) on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I don’t know what to do with him these days,” she said. “He’s forgotten all the manners we taught him.”
He hasn’t forgotten them. He’s just decided that he’ s not going to use them. She confessed(坦白) that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.
Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I don’t like your dress; it’s ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.
“Where did we go wrong?” her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.
1. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as ______.
A. lazy B. quiet C. unusual D. rude
2. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters ______.
A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after them
C. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them
3. What is the author’s opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?
A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.
B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change.
C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers.
D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.
【答案与解析】
1.D 此题属于对人物性格的推断，根据文中第二段“One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. ”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话可知，以为严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是不礼貌。
2. D 此题属于对“人物心情处境的推断”。根据最后一段，“‘Where did we go wrong?’ her parents are now very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。
3.A 此题属于“对态度及观点的推断”，文中第一句话“Parents should stop blaming themselves because there’s not a lot they can do about it.”就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。
4．篇章结构推断题
根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。
【典例示例】
Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.
Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.
…
1. How does the writer explain birds’ singing?
A. By comparing birds with human beings.
B. By reporting experiment results.
C. By describing birds’ daily life.
D. By telling a bird’s story.
【答案】A
【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。
5．文章结论推断题
由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。
【典例示例】（2019·北京卷，D）
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”
45. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
45. C
【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warning trend Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
6.写作目的推断题
这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meant to, in order to等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的目的和态度。
与写作目的对应的文章如下：
（1）to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。
（2）to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。
to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。
（3）开头提出问题——让读者关注主题。
简介相关事物——为了引出主题。
列举具体事例——说明文段的主题
【典例示例】
“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.
Q：The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to___________.
A. test the readers’ knowledge about waves
B. draw the readers’ attention to the topic
C. show Jamie Taylor’s importance
D. invite the readers to answer them
【检测训练】
1
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said, “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” Although it is not impossible to translate poetry, Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.
His teacher Qian Zhongshu commented on his poetry translation, “You are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韵) and rhythm, but the dance shows amazing freedom and beauty, which is quite extraordinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years old. On April 1, China Translation and Publishing House published a series of commemorative (纪念的) books about his life and career to pay tribute to this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching potentially millions of readers at home and abroad. Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. He is also the first Asian winner of the “Aurora Borealis Prize” for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very fastidious in his work. He has dedicated his life to“[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation.
Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.
For instance, when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a controversial healthcare reform during his presidency, some senators (参议员) were opposed at first. But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow (《江雪》) translated by Xu, one senator was so impressed with the fisherman’s independent, non-conformist (不墨守成规的) thinking that he chose to part with the party line to support Obama, noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent. He lives alone in an old house near Peking University. In his simple room, decorated with Chinese traditional furniture, he maintains a routine. Every day he translates roughly 1,000 words, working till 3 to 4 am, sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.
“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin,” Xu told NewsChina.
1. What does the article tell us about Xu Yuanchong?
A. He’s the first winner of The Aurora Borealis Prize.
B. He has translated about 100 Chinese literary works into English.
C. He is widely known for his translated rhymed verse.
D. He has mastered at least three foreign languages.
2. What does the underlined word “fastidious” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Particular. B. Satisfied. C. Inventive. D. Productive.
3. Why was Barack Obama mentioned in the article?
A. To show Xu’s popularity.
B. To illustrate Xu’s impact.
C. To introduce his reform.
D. To stress Xu’s wisdom.
4. Which of the following best describes Xu?
A. Modest and insightful.
B. Considerate and cautious.
C. Creative and open-minded.
D. Dedicated and passionate.
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者介绍了著名翻译家许渊冲先生在诗歌翻译方面的成就以及他的影响力。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.(著名中文翻译家许渊冲一生都致力于传达中国古代诗歌的美)”第四段的“Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese(自1978年以来，许已经出版了100多部中文翻译小说、选集和戏剧)”以及“Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. (最值得注意的是，他把中文诗歌翻译成英语和法语的押韵诗歌)”可知，许渊冲以其翻译过的押韵诗而闻名。故选C项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据第五段的“He has dedicated his life to “[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation. (他一生都致力于“优美的翻译”。对他来说，英语是一种要求准确的“科学”语言，而汉语是一种包含更广泛内容的“艺术”语言。按照这一原则，徐在翻译中不仅保持忠诚，而且保持感性的美)”可知， 他不仅仅致力于翻译要忠实原文的意义，还力求保持翻译出诗歌细腻的美。因此推断，许对于他的作品很讲究。故划线词与Particular意为“讲究的，挑剔的”意思相近。故选A项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第六段的“Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.(通过许的翻译，历史悠久的中国智慧对西方社会和整个世界产生了影响)”以及接下来第七段的“For instance”可推断，举例子是为了阐明他的作品在西方社会和世界有很大的影响力。故选B项。
4. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent.(在取得了如此伟大的成就之后，这位100岁的老人仍然很勤奋)”以及倒数第一段的“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin(翻译是一种与作者的灵魂交流的手段。一个好词或一句好台词的突然的闪现刺激我的每一个毛孔和每一寸皮肤)”可推断，许渊冲先生即使100岁高龄还每天要翻译作品，并且他认为翻译是与作者的灵魂交流的方式，突然的灵光闪现的感觉非常美妙，由此可见他对翻译事业的奉献和热爱。故选D。
2
In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
For thousands of years, salt was an extremely rare commodity. It was difficult to obtain so that the price was very high. Many trading routes were set up to carry salt, people were paid in salt, and salt was sometimes worth more than its weight in gold. Therefore, spilling salt was considered wasteful.
Because of its high value, salt was also associated with friendship and good fortune. Offerings of salt were included in many religious ceremonies, and people might bring salt to a new home for good luck. These associations would have suggested that it would be bad luck to spill salt, since it would seem to violate salt’s fortunate properties.
Salt is also an excellent preservative. It prevents food from going bad. As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.
The fear of spilling salt was also adopted into the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned out to be the betrayer of Christ, spilled salt is considered unlucky by many Christians.
Should you be unfortunate enough to spill salt, you might throw a pinch over your left shoulder to blind the Devil.
5. Spilling salt was probably thought to bring bad luck because ________.
A. it was a Christian faith B. salt was linked with misfortune
C. it would decrease one’s lifespan D. salt was always expensive than gold
6. What does the underlined word “preservative” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Protector. B. Flavor. C. Medium. D. Solution.
7. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A. To introduce the history of salt.
B. To show ways to avoid misfortune.
C. To explain the beliefs about spilling salt.
D. To entertain readers with some anecdotes.
【答案】5. C 6. A 7. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。
5. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.(因此，它与健康和长寿联系在一起。在一些文化中，洒盐被认为会降低幸福感。例如，在英国，每一粒洒下的谷物据说代表一滴眼泪，而在德国，洒下的盐唤醒了魔鬼，带来了不幸)”可知，人们可能认为撒盐会带来厄运，是因为这会缩短人的寿命。故选C。
6. 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“It prevents food from going bad.(它可以防止食物变质)”可知，盐可以防止食物变质，所以是是一种很好的食物保护物，即划线词意思是“保护物”。A. Protector.保护物；B. Flavor.风味；C. Medium.中等；D. Solution.解决方案。故选A。
7. 推理判断题。根据第一段“In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective. (在许多文化中，洒盐被认为是不吉利的。幸运的是，许多文化也有解决这个问题的办法，通常是在你身后洒一撮盐。 这可能让现代人感到困惑，但知道盐曾经非常有价值可以改变这种看法)”结合文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。由此推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是解释一些关于洒盐的信仰。故选C。
3
In the magnificent range of mountains of northern California, 42 radio telescopes point towards the stars, scanning for signs of life. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence （SETI） Institute has been listening for a signal here since it was founded in 1984. Jill Tarter, its co — founder, says the programmed aim is not just to communicate with remote civilisations. It is also to remind human beings of its own modest, fragile （脆弱的）place in the universe. Thus, for the first time, SETI is cocking its ear towards Earth to look for a signal that can be sent into space to represent the species.
Felipe Perez Santiago, a Mexican musician and composer, has an idea of what might work.Since songs, like the human voices, are common to all languages and nations, he and Ms. Tarter have designed the “Earthling Project”-a call to people everywhere to upload extracts （精华）of song that he plans to melt into a collective human chorus. An initial composition will be launched into space this summer, recorded on a virtually indestructible disk. Future plans and dreams include an eventual landing on Mars.
Human music has been sent to the heavens in 1977. Distant beings can in theory already enjoy Peruvian panpipes, a Navajo chant, Bach, Beethoven and more. But no previous offering, and perhaps no composition undertaken anywhere, has tried to encompass the entire diversity of human song.
Mr. Santiago says he is thrilled about bringing together contributors from around the globe. Unlike other recordings sent into space, says Mr. Santiago, “Everyone's invited. You don't have to be one of the main composers of our history like Beethoven, just someone singing in their shower.” Download the “Earthling Project" app, sing up to three songs of 30 seconds each, and your voice will be sent into the sky.
8. Why does SETI look for a signal to be sent into space?
A. To stand for species on the earth.
B. To scan for other liveable planets.
C. To respond to the call of the universe.
D. To stress the importance of the earth.
9. What can we infer about the "Earthling Project”?
A. It is a world music organization.
B. It intends to create a human chorus.
C. It tries to develop a universal language.
D. It aims to search for signals from space.
10. What does the underlined word “encompass" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Include. B. Appreciate.
C. Work out. D. Relate to.
11. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A. To inspire people to become composers.
B. To call on people to protect our planet.
C. To encourage people to explore space.
D. To invite people to join a programme.
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. A 11. D
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。介绍了Felipe Perez Santiago和Tarter女士设计了“地球计划”——号召世界各地的人们上传歌曲的片段，将这些歌曲融合成人类的集体合唱，代表地球上物种的声音被发送到太空。
8. 细节理解题。根据首段最后一句“Thus, for the first time, SETI is cocking its ear towards Earth to look for a signal that can be sent into space to represent the species.”（ SETI首次向地球竖起耳朵，寻找可以送入太空的代表物种的信号。）可知，SETI寻找信号发送到太空是为了代表地球上的物种的声音。故选A项。
9. 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Since songs, like the human voices, are common to all languages and nations, he and Ms. Tarter have designed the “Earthling Project”-a call to people everywhere to upload extracts of song that he plans to melt into a collective human chorus.”（ 因为歌曲，就像人类的声音，对所有语言和国家来说都是共通的，他和塔特女士设计了“地球计划”——号召世界各地的人们上传歌曲的片段，他计划将这些歌曲融合成人类的集体合唱。）可知，地球计划打算创造一个人类的合唱。故选B项。
10. 词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“Distant beings can in theory already enjoy Peruvian panpipes, a Navajo chant, Bach, Beethoven and more.”（ 遥远的生物理论上已经可以欣赏秘鲁的排箫、纳瓦霍的圣歌、巴赫、贝多芬等。）可知，被送到太空的音乐类型很多。再根据划线词所在句的But，可以判断之前的作品没能包含人类歌曲的多样性，故由此可知划线词词义为“包含”，选A项。
11. 推理判断题。根据尾段最后一句“Download the “Earthling Project" app, sing up to three songs of 30 seconds each, and your voice will be sent into the sky.”（ 下载“地球计划”应用程序，唱三首歌，每首歌30秒，你的声音就会被发送到太空中。）可知，本段的目的是邀请读者参加地球计划。故选D项。
4
Sora observed in amazement as Weilun picked up two large metal cans. She followed Weilun with a pail (桶) of clothes, watching him carry the two cans effortlessly. They were large and were covering Weilun’s small frame.
Sora’s father had sent her to the village to learn about rural life. Sora had never once done any household chores back home. She did not understand why her father would always chant “Where is your willingness to learn?” whenever she asked him if she could stay home for the holidays. Her father had given her a checklist on the life skills that she needed to learn, one of which was to wash clothes. She recalled washing a table cloth after an art lesson in school. That was a piece of cake, she thought. So Sora refused Weilun’s offer to help. Weilun then went to fill the large cans with water at the far end of the river.
Suddenly, a big bird dived from the sky when Sora placed the last piece of clothing back in the pail. Sora released her grasp of the pail in shock. Then she was relaxed to find it was aiming for a worm near her. But the clothes were drifting in the river. Weilun immediately came to help and Sora shifted the blame to the bird.
He pointed at the detergent foam (洗涤剂泡沫) on the surface of the river. “Don’t tell me you rinsed (漂洗) the detergent from the clothes in the river. Don’t you know that it may kill the river creatures? You caused the problem, not the bird!” Sora looked down in shame. “You think that you know everything, but you actually don’t.”
Sora closed her eyes to let Weilun’s words sink in for a moment. She finally understood the meaning behind her father’s chants. She walked towards Weilun and whispered, “Could you teach me all the life skills that my father had planned for me to learn?”
12. Why was Sora amazed?
A. Weilun was too small in size for the two large cans.
B. Weilun was willing to help his parents do some chores.
C. Weilun managed to carry the two large cans easily.
D. Weilun was willing to accompany her to the riverside.
13. Why did Sora refuse Weilun’s offer to help wash the clothes?
A. She thought it was an easy task.
B. She had learned how to do it.
C. She wanted her father to be proud of her.
D. She wanted to learn new things by herself.
14. What happened when Sora found the bird flew towards her?
A. The bird was diving for food.
B. The bird was attacking her.
C. Sora was rinsing the detergent in the pail.
D. Sora was shocked to find a worm in the pail.
15. What do you think Sora “finally understood”?
A. She wasn’t capable of living on her own.
B. She really lacked the willingness to learn.
C. Life skills could be learned in the country.
D. Her father wanted her to learn from Weilun.
【答案】12. A 13. A 14. C 15. A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。Sora的父亲让她去农村了解乡村生活，Sora从未做过家务，她也不明白父亲让她学什么。通过与Weilun的相处，她明白了自己缺乏独立生活的能力。
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句和第三句“Sora observed in amazement as Weilun picked up two large metal cans. They were large and were covering Weilun’s small frame.”（Sora惊讶地看着Weilun拿起两个大铁罐。它们很大，盖住了Weilun小小的身躯。）可知，Weilun的身体对这两个大铁罐来说太小了，所以Sora很惊奇。故选A。
13. 细节理解题。根据第二段倒第三句和倒第二句“That was a piece of cake, she thought. So Sora refused Weilun’s offer to help.”（那是小菜一碟，她想。所以Sora拒绝了Weilun的帮助。）可知，因为Sora觉得这很简单，所以她拒绝了Weilun的帮助。故选A。
14. 推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Suddenly, a big bird dived from the sky when Sora placed the last piece of clothing back in the pail.”（当Sora把最后一件衣服放回桶里时，突然，一只大鸟从天上飞了下来。）和第四段第二句“Don’t tell me you rinsed (漂洗) the detergent from the clothes in the river. ”（别告诉我你在河里把衣服上的洗涤剂洗掉了。）可知，当Sora发现一只鸟飞向她时，她正在漂洗桶里的洗涤剂。故选C。
15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Could you teach me all the life skills that my father had planned for me to learn?”（你能教我所有我父亲计划让我学习的生活技能吗？）可知，Sora终于明白了她无法独立生活。故选A。
5
Flocks of hundreds of regent honeyeaters（王吸蜜鸟）could once be spotted all over south-eastern Australia on a regular basis, but today the species is critically endangered, with only 300 believed to exist in the entire world. They were also known for the complexity of their mating songs, but as their numbers started declining, scientists started noticing male regent honeyeaters didn’t even sound like their species anymore. Today, there is enough evidence that regent honeyeaters have forgotten how to sing, which could cause the entire species to go extinct.
At one point, Australian scientists noticed that male regent honeyeaters were imitating（模仿）the songs of other bird species. Some experts believed that the imitation was a purposeful strategy to avoid attacks from their enemies. However, a recent study showed otherwise. Young regent honeyeaters learn their songs from adult members of their species, just like human children learn to speak, but because they are spread so thin in their habitat-they could occupy probably 10 times the size of the UK but are really small in quantity-many males don’t get to listen to the right songs, so they start adopting the tunes of other bird species. The problem is that these aren’t the songs female regent honeyeaters want to hear, so their chances of finding a mate are very slim.
Scientists are now planning to catch wild males that can sing and put them next to caged regent honeyeaters so that the young birds can learn the right song. They then plan to release them into the wild every few years, where they will hopefully be able to attract females and reproduce.
“This study shows how damaging population declines and habitat fragmentation（碎片）might be to this critical process in the life of songbirds,” said Dr Sue Zollinger, an expert in animal communication from Manchester Metropolitan University.
16. Why are regent honeyeaters faced with extinction?
A. They are short of food. B. They are incapable of imitation.
C. Their habitats are badly destroyed. D. Male birds fail to sing the right songs.
17. What is paragraph 2 intended to do?
A. Analyse the reason. B. Draw a conclusion.
C. Present the problem. D. Add some background.
18. What are scientists doing to help the honeyeaters?
A. Broadcasting mating songs to the young birds.
B. Introducing wild birds to teach caged ones.
C. Training them to escape from the enemies.
D. Spreading them in different habitats.
19. Why does the writer mention Dr Sue Zollinger’s words?
A. To indicate the difficulty of catching wild birds.
B. To offer some strategies for animal communication.
C. To point out the critical tunes of the bird’s mating songs.
D. To stress the significance of an ideal population per habitat.
【答案】16. D 17. A 18. B 19. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明王吸蜜鸟已经忘记了如何唱歌，这可能会导致整个物种灭绝。科学家们分析了其中的原因，并在尝试帮助它们解决这个问题。
16. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Today, there is enough evidence that regent honeyeaters have forgotten how to sing, which could cause the entire species to go extinct.”（今天，有足够的证据表明王吸蜜鸟已经忘记了如何唱歌，这可能会导致整个物种灭绝。）和第二段最后一句“The problem is that these aren’t the songs female regent honeyeaters want to hear, so their chances of finding a mate are very slim.”（问题是这些不是雌性王吸蜜鸟想听到的歌声，所以它们找到配偶的机会非常渺茫。）可知，因为雄性王吸蜜鸟唱不出正确的歌，所以王吸蜜鸟面临灭绝。故选D。
17. 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“At one point, Australian scientists noticed that male regent honeyeaters were imitating（模仿）the songs of other bird species.”（有一次，澳大利亚科学家注意到雄性王吸蜜鸟在模仿其他鸟类的叫声。）可知，第二段是为了分析为什么王吸蜜鸟忘记了如何唱歌。故选A。
18. 细节理解题。根据倒第二段第一句“Scientists are now planning to catch wild males that can sing and put them next to caged regent honeyeaters so that the young birds can learn the right song. ”（科学家们现在计划捕捉会唱歌的野生雄鸟，把它们放在笼子里的王吸蜜鸟旁边，这样雏鸟就能学会正确的鸣叫声。）可知，科学家们引进野生雄鸟教笼子里的王吸蜜鸟唱歌来帮助王吸蜜鸟。故选B。
19. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“This study shows how damaging population declines and habitat fragmentation（碎片）might be to this critical process in the life of songbirds（这项研究显示了种群减少和栖息地破碎化对鸣禽生命的这一关键过程的破坏性）”可知，作者提到Sue Zollinger博士的话是为了强调每个栖息地的理想种群数量的重要性。故选D。
6
On July 24, 2020, Mike Stout launched his kayak（皮筏艇）just before 8：30 a.m. About 56 miles and 16.5 hours later, he landed on the sandy Michigan shore. It was his second time crossing Lake Michigan.
By chance, Stout said, he gave kayaking a try in 2016. Already in good physical condition, he considered kayaking a weekend escape. Then he was challenged by a client of his firm to think bigger. He did go big quickly. Weekend kayak trips were 40, 50 and 60 miles long over the next few months. Then his goal was to cross Lake Michigan that year. On August 3, Stout completed his first crossing of Lake Michigan in 15.5 hours. Since then, he’s finished countless long-distance trips on Minnesota rivers and lakes.
In heading back to Lake Michigan last summer, Stout thought he could become the first kayaker to make a round-trip crossing of the Great Lake. He felt capable. He’d put in 800 miles since March 1, 2020-when ice was still on the Minnesota River.
Stout wanted to do with manageable winds. Possibilities rose, only to become worse, the lake showing its mercurial nature. Stout realized a single crossing was his best hope. With local police informed of his plans and plenty of food aboard, Stout launched. His plan was to land on the Michigan shore 12.5 hours later. The lake thought otherwise. The winds and waves were working against him, too. Still, he was resolute. Finally he could hear waves crashing on shore.
“Never did I have a sense of doubt or fear or worry,” Stout said. Despite the constant, forceful wind, he said the crossing was easier than his others because of his experience. But no less meaningful. The stars, the chance to speak to the heavens, and the hope that his adventure would inspire others-all were fuel to finish.
20. What can we infer about Stout from paragraph 2?
A. He challenged his client.
B. He intended to escape real life.
C. He was organized and determined.
D. He set a goal bigger than his capability.
21. What forced Stout to change his journey into a single crossing in 2020?
A. His physical state. B. The weather condition.
C. The freezing water. D. Warning from local police.
22. What does the underlined word “mercurial” in paragraph 4 mean?
A. Changeable. B. Merciful. C. Perfect. D. Balanced.
23. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Weather. B. Adventure. C. Geography. D. Entertainment.
【答案】20. C 21. B 22. A 23. B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了Mike Stout的密西根湖皮划艇冒险经历。
20. 推理判断题。根据第二段第五句和第六句“Weekend kayak trips were 40, 50 and 60 miles long over the next few months. Then his goal was to cross Lake Michigan that year.”（在接下来的几个月里，周末的皮划艇旅行长达40、50和60英里。然后他的目标是那年横渡密歇根湖。）可知，斯托特是很有条理的人。根据第二段第三句和第四句“Then he was challenged by a client of his firm to think bigger. He did go big quickly.”（后来，他公司的一位客户向他提出挑战，要他想更长距离的皮划艇旅行。他的确很快就进行了更长距离的皮划艇旅行。）可知，他是一个很有决心的人。故选C。
21. 推理判断题。根据倒第二段第一句“Stout wanted to do with manageable winds.”（Stout想要的是易于控制的风。）和第二句中的“only to become worse”（想不到变得更糟）可知，2020年，天气状况迫使斯托特将他的旅程改为单行。故选B。
22. 词义猜测题。根据倒第二段第二句中的“only to become worse”（想不到变得更糟）可知，湖面上的天气变得更糟了，所以mercurial意为“多变的”。故选A。
23. 推理判断题。文章是讲Stout的密西根湖皮划艇冒险经历，所以应来自报纸的冒险部分。故选B。
7
Bangladesh's floating gardens, built to grow food during flood seasons, could offer a continuous solution for parts of the world which are likely to suffer from flooding because of climate change, a new study has found.
Bangladesh's floating gardens began hundreds of years ago. The gardens are made from native plants that float in the rivers and operate almost like rafts (筏), rising and filling with the waters. Historically, they were used to continue growing food during rainy seasons when rivers were filled with water.
The farmers layer the plants about three feet deep, creating a version of raised-bed gardens that float in the water. Then, they plant vegetables inside those rafts. As the raft-plants rot away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.
But as climate change affected the volume of water in those rivers, the researchers wanted to understand whether Bangladesh's floating gardens could be a continuous farming practice. They interviewed farming families and found strong evidence that floating gardens provide stability, both in the amount of food available to feed rural populations and in a farming family's income.
They found that farmers typically use hybrid (杂交) seeds, which must be repurchased each year, to grow a diverse range of vegetables in the floating gardens. The gardens are also sensitive to pests, so farmers end up spending some money on both pesticides and fertilizers. But even with those expenses, they found, benefits outweighed costs. One farmer told the research team that he earns up to four times as much money from the gardens as from traditional rice fields.
However, before gaining profits, farmers often take out high-interest loans (贷款) to cover the investment costs of filling the beds and stocking them with plants. Luckily; there are also lower-interest loans from responsible government or non-governmental organizations, which could ease that burden.
24. How do vegetable plants grow according to the text?
A. By absorbing nutrition from raft-plants.
B. By taking shelter from climate change.
C. By living together with hybrid seeds.
D. By moving up and down with raised beds.
25. What might be a reply from farming families interviewed?
A. “Our life becomes tough when rivers flood.”
B. “Fewer vegetables are planted when water rises.”
C. “We harvest much more food during rainy seasons.”
D. “Climate change has little influence on our income.”
26. What does the underlined word “outweighed” in paragraph 5 mean?
A. Affected. B. Brought. C. Beat. D. Equaled.
27. What can be inferred from the text?
A. A solution to climate problem has been found.
B. The gardens are built with rotted native plants.
C. Farmers earn more from traditional rice fields.
D. Low-interest loans lighten the stress of farmers.
【答案】24. A 25. D 26. C 27. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了孟加拉国为在汛期种植粮食而建造的浮动花园。
24. 细节理解题。根据文章“they plant vegetables inside those rafts. As the raft-plants rot away, they release nutrients, which help feed the vegetable plants.（他们在木筏里种蔬菜。当木筏植物腐烂时，它们会释放营养物质，帮助植物生长。）”可知，蔬菜植物是吸收木筏植物的营养生长的。故选A项。
25. 细节理解题。根据文章“They interviewed farming families and found strong evidence that floating gardens provide stability, both in the amount of food available to feed rural populations and in a farming family's income.（他们采访了农业家庭，发现了强有力的证据表明，无论是在可供农村人口食用的食物量方面，还是在农业家庭的收入方面，浮动花园都提供了稳定性。）”可知，农业家庭收入很稳定，所以气候变化对收入影响不大。故选D项。
26. 词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“One farmer told the research team that he earns up to four times as much money from the gardens as from traditional rice fields.”可知，一位农民告诉研究小组，他从菜园中赚到的钱是从传统稻田中赚到的钱的四倍，故此处想表达的是即使农民最终会在杀虫剂和肥料上花一些钱，但是收益也会大于成本。故outweighed意为“大于”。故选C项。
27. 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“However, before gaining profits, farmers often take out high-interest loans (贷款) to cover the investment costs of filling the beds and stocking them with plants. Luckily; there are also lower-interest loans from responsible government or non-governmental organizations, which could ease that burden.（然而，在获得利润之前，农民往往会获得高息贷款(贷款) 以支付填充床和储存植物的投资成本。幸运的是；负责任的政府或非政府组织也提供低息贷款，可以减轻这种负担。）”可推知，作者想表达负责任的政府或非政府组织提供低息贷款，减轻了农民的压力。故选D项。
8
My doctor took me for a walk around the farm where she lives. I was physically and emotionally exhausted and discouraged by anxiety and depression.
The place was full of life. There were insects, horses, rabbits and a cat. She told me to focus on my body in the environment.
When I was ill, I tended to retreat into my mind and disconnect from here and now. So, when I met a horse named Fira, I expected nothing.
As I got closer to Fira, she nuzzled her nose into my chest, putting a gentle pressure over my heart. Something happened inside me: I felt as if I had reached a wellspring of past hurts, fears and failings. I began to melt emotionally.
I patted Fira’s nose and breathed in her smell. I found I didn’t have to concentrate on feeling better; Fira helped me feel loved and safe.
I worked with Fira often, learning basic communication and leading methods to work together with her. Initially, I wasn’t sure exactly what one would do with a horse except riding it. But I knew that Fira had touched me in an uncommon way and had made me feel better. She connected with me by responding to my emotional state and reflecting it back to me in an open, affectionate way.
In my meetings with Fira, I found that I lost my usual self-consciousness, and I would focus entirely on communicating.
I learned to live in the present, to focus on what was happening this day, in this moment, in this place. I learned to forget the past, with all its hurts. I learned to forget the future, which hasn’t happened yet. When you stand beside a horse, you exist completely in the moment.
With Fira by my side, I saw into a life in which trust comes first, and compassion follows.
I found a deep peace in leading her along a path, by using my own power of intention to indicate whether to start, stop, turn left or turn right. I felt an inner quiet and even joy. My work with this horse was part of a journey out of a very dark night in my soul.
28. What do we know about the author from the first three paragraphs?
A. She loves animals very much. B. She suffered from mental illness.
C. She went to a doctor with high hopes. D. She often lost consciousness.
29. When she met Fira for the first time, the author ________.
A. felt deeply touched B. had an emotional breakdown
C. became grateful for her past pain D. was curious about what would happen
30. When the author and Fira worked together, ________.
A. the author had to try hard to feel better
B. Fira helped the author focus on her thoughts
C. the author recalled her past hurts, fears and failings
D. Fira accepted the author’s emotions and reacted positively
31. What did the author learn during her time with Fira?
A. It is important to live in the moment.
B. One shouldn’t be affected by emotions.
C. One should learn lessons from the past.
D. It is necessary to show compassion to others.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. D 31. A
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了作者在患有精神疾病期间，她的医生带她去农场散步时，她与一匹叫做Fira的马相遇、相知以及到最后一起工作的过程，并在与这匹马一块工作时，作者得出了要活在当下的人生感悟。
28. 推理判断题。由文章第一段第二句“I was physically and emotionally exhausted and discouraged by anxiety and depression.”（焦虑和抑郁使我身心俱疲，灰心丧气。）可知，作者患的是精神方面的疾病。选项B与文意相符，故选B项。
29. 细节理解题。由文章第四段最后两句“Something happened inside me: I felt as if I had reached a wellspring (源泉)of past hurts, fears and failings. I began to melt emotionally.”（我的内心深处发生了一些事情：我觉得好像我已经达到了过去伤害，恐惧和失败的源泉。情感上我开始融化。）可知，作者第一次见到Fira时，她被它的反应深深地感动了。选项A与文意一致，故选A项。
30. 细节理解题。由文章第六段最后一句“She connected with me by responding to my emotional state and reflecting it back to me in an open, affectionate way.”（她通过回应我的情绪状态并以一种开放的、充满爱意的方式将它反馈给我与我联系。）可知，作者和Fira一块工作时，Fira理解了作者的情绪，并做出了积极的反应。选项D与文意相符，故选D项。
31. 推理判断题。由文章第八段“I learned to live in the present, to focus on what was happening this day, in this moment, in this place. I learned to forget the past, with all its hurts. I learned to forget the future, which hasn't happened yet. When you stand beside a horse, you exist completely in the moment.”（我学会了活在当下，关注在这一天、这一刻、这个地方发生的事情。我学会了忘记过去，忘记所有的伤痛。我学会了忘记还没有发生的未来。当你站在马的旁边，你就完全存在于那一刻。）可知，当作者和Fira在一起的时候她学到了活在当下让每一天都有意义是很重要的。选项A与文意相一致，故选A项。