2023届高考英语二轮复习专题03名词学案

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习专题03名词学案，共18页。学案主要包含了考点详解，命题解读，命题预测，复习建议，思维导图，典例剖析，牛刀小试等内容，欢迎下载使用。
  专题03  名词2023年高考英语冲刺复习考点通关大全 【考点详解】 【命题解读】                                     名词是历年高考的重要考点。研究近年的高考真题不难看出，近年高考对名词的考查主语侧重于以下几个方面：1.考查名词的单复数形式2.考查名词作定语3.考查名词词义辨析和习惯用语 【命题预测】预计2023年高考对语境的要求会更高。侧重考查名词词义在具体语境中的细微差异，同时，地道的英语惯用法的掌握情况也将是命题者测试的重点。 【复习建议】1掌握名词的分类2.掌握单数变复数的规律3.掌握名词所有格4.掌握名词构词法5.注重精练、阅读训练和词汇积累。       【思维导图】          考点一  （名词的分类及功能）（1）名词的分类 普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名词集体名词表示一群人或一些事物总称的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称  （2）名词的功能(1)作主语、表语、宾语、(主语/宾语)补足语①Jack is to meet you at the airport.杰克会到机场接你。②The affair remained a complete mystery.这事件仍然完全是个谜。③We made him monitor of our class.我们选他做我们的班长。④He is considered a good football player..他被认为是个优秀的足球运动员。(2)作定语a．表示类别air pollution空气污染     a tea cup茶杯    body language身体语言    road accident交通事故    a story book 一本故事书b．表示身份、时间、地点等Doctor Jack杰克医生    Professor Li李教授    evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠    Beijing Stadium 北京体育场c．表目的、用途、材料等sports field田径场    stone bridge石桥(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。⑤The war lasted eight years.这场战争持续了八年。(4)作同位语⑥Smith, our monitor, left school last year.我们的班长史密斯去年退学了。    考点二 （名词的数）1．名词的单、复数形式①规则变化种类变化例词一般情况词尾加-s book→books, pen→pens以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾词尾加-esbus→buses，bench→benches，box→boxes，dish→dishes，但stomach例外，其后直接加-s以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i后加-esfamily→families，city→cities以“元音字母＋y”结尾词尾加-skey→keys，boy→boys以-f或-fe结尾多数变f或fe为v后加-esleaf→leaves，life→lives, knife→knives少数词尾加-schief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs以字母-o结尾词尾加-eshero→heroes, potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes词尾加-sphoto→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos以-sis结尾的外来词变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises  【典例剖析】 (2022全国卷甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours,but we stopped at the different gates and__________(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.【答案】watchtowers【解析】考查名词单复数。句意“一般看来，人们花两个小时就能骑完全程，但是我们在不同的大门和瞭望塔前都停下来拍照，或只是观察当地人忙着自己的日常事务。watchtower意为“瞭望塔”，为可数名词，其前有different修饰，应用复数形式，故填watchtower。②不规则变化种类例词单复数同形  deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, means, series, species, headquarters，works, head（量词）单数形式复数意义 people, police, cattle复数形式单数意义 news, physics, politics合成词变复数passer­by→passers­by，son­in­law→sons­in­law, looker­on→lookers­on,go­between→go­betweens, grown­up→grown-ups词形变化man→men，child→children，tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria2．特殊情况下名词复数的用法(1)有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式，如：thanks，authorities (当局), possessions (财产), clothes, congratulations, goods (商品), works (作品，著作), shoes, trousers, manners (礼貌)等。(2)有些固定短语要求用名词复数形式：make preparations for为……做准备take pains尽力，刻苦 考点三 （名词的格）所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有三种形式：­'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。1．­'s所有格­'s所有格的构成规则：构成例子单数名词词尾通常加­'s；复数名词词尾没有­s时，也要加­'sthe boy's schoolbag那个男孩的书包；the children's toys那些孩子的玩具以­s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”teachers'  office 教师们的办公室以­s结尾的单数名词或专有名词之后加“'”或­'s均可my boss's/boss' plan我老板的计划；James'/James's eyes詹姆斯的眼睛合成词一般是在最后一个词的后面加­'smy brother­in­law's birthday我姐夫的生日表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助­'s表示所有关系a week's holiday 一周的假；thirty minutes'  ride三十分钟的车程作为一个整体的词组一般在最后一个词的词尾加­'san hour and a half's walk步行一个半小时的路程不定代词后接else时，­'s加在else之后somebody else's bag别人的包  【典例剖析】 (2022全国卷II改错) When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night.【答案】Friday's改为Friday【解析】不是所有的名词作定语都用所有格。表示一周七天的名词可以直接作定语。[注意]　（1）并列的名词变所有格，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加­'s；如果表示共有关系，则只在后一个名词后加 's。Kate and Mary's room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate's and Mary's rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间2.下列情况下，可以将所有格后面的名词省略：①名词所有格所修饰的词如果在前面已经出现过，往往可以省略，以免重复。This bike is not mine， nor Tom's.这辆自行车不是我的，也不是汤姆的。②表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop， house， home等常省去。at the doctor's (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at the barber's (shop) 在理发店at Mr Green's (house) 在格林先生家2．of所有格用法例子对于无生命的事物而言，通常用of所有格表示11所属关系the window of the room房间的窗户表示主谓关系用of所有格the arrival of the visitors参观者的到来表示同位关系用of所有格the city of Beijing北京市表示部分与整体的关系用of所有格part of the problem部分问题；the majority of people大多数人表示内容用of所有格the cost of living生活成本；the news of success捷报当表示拥有者的名词由短语或从句修饰以及“the＋形容词”构成所有格时要借助ofthe housing problem of the poor穷人的住房问题；the advice of the old man who had experienced a lot这位饱经沧桑的老人的建议 3．双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词＋of＋名词­'s”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：用法例子表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a，any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用theanother house of John's 约翰的另一所房子被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等That dog of Tom's is really clever.汤姆的那只狗真聪明。  考点四   （抽象名词具体化及名词构词法） 一、抽象名词具体化1．抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的词，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty困难；a difficulty一件困难的事(2)experience经验；an experience一次经历(3)failure失败；a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事(4)success成功；a success一位成功者；一件成功的事(5)surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事(6)honour荣誉；an honour一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事)另外常见的还有：pleasure, shock, comfort, attraction, beauty, danger, delight, preferencet，must等。2．有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词(特别是有形容词修饰时)物质名词可数名词物质名词可数名词drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料rain雨a heavy rain一场大雨coffee咖啡a coffee一杯咖啡paper纸张a paper一张报纸；一篇论文tea茶two teas两杯茶wind 风a cold wind一阵冷风    二、名词构词法(构成名词的后缀) 后缀例词­enceexist--existence存在 coincident--coincidence巧合prefer-preference偏爱­anceaccept—acceptance接受  appear--appearance出现assist--assistance帮助   allow--allowance允许­tionproduce—production生产­sionexpress—expression表达­mentdevelop—development发展­nessblind—blindness失明­agemarry—marriage婚姻­thwarm—warmth温暖­ureplease—pleasure快乐depart—departure离开­domwise—wisdom智慧  【典例剖析】 (2022全国乙卷) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas--both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the________(develop) of the local areas.【答案】development【解析】句意“它让旅行者接受了关于该地区的教育——无论在地理条件和文化特征方面，还是为保护和造福当地发展提供资金方面”。定冠词the和介词of之间应当使用名词。 【典例剖析】 The _____________ (express) in her eyes told me something was young.【答案】expression【解析】考查名词。设空前为定冠词the, 后面应当用名词形式。Express的名词形式在词尾加ion, 故填expression。 【典例剖析】Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with __________ (patient).【答案】patience【解析】句意:每当我犯了错误,老师都耐心地把它们指出来。所填词位于介词后,应用名词形式;patience是不可数名词,完善答案时不需要有复数形式的变化。 【牛刀小试】 单句填空 1. To our great  ________ (relieve), Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.2.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479.B.C., influenced the ________ (develop) of chopsticks.3.Any smell might attract natural _______ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.4.We all have an ________(expect) that he can pass the driving test next week.5.We had no ______ (hesitate) in helping the sufferers when the terrible earthquake hit the country.6.The ________ (arrive) of the plane has been delayed due to the fog.7.In many ways my___________ (disable) has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.8.Compared to the advantages of the Internet, those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its _____________(survive), and many people think the latter will be replaced.9.You'd better take into account your own ________ (strong) and weaknesses before choosing a major.10.The little boy was curious about everything around him, and his parents always satisfied his ________ (curious).11.I like discovering the________(different) between different cultures.12.The headmaster didn’t seem to be aware that there should have been so much _____ (disagree) about the decision.13.Sorry, I can't read the ______ (express) on her face.14.Reaching this agreement so quickly was a great ________ (achieve).15.The villagers here all respect him for his ____________ (devote)to the health care.16.They were not in the least worried about the ______ (possible) that sweets could rot the teeth.17.The girl kept working hard and gained ________ (admit) to the world-famous university.18.Anyhow they didn’t trust me, so they didn’t deserve a(an) ______________ (explain).19.I explained that each person has different ideas of what ___________(free) is.20.The village where he was born has changed beyond(介词/超出) __________(recognize).21.There has been no __________ (respond) to his remarks from the government.22.Variations of this programme can be arranged to suit your          (require).23.Different persons have different _________( believe).24.My parents are in a huge ________ (argue), and I am really upset about it.25. We have our furniture moved to the new house when the ________ (decorate) of the house is finished.26.Not only food and clothing but also medical ____________(treat) has been provided for the people who need it in the flooded areas.27.I regard ________ (creative) both as a gift and as a skill.28.He lost the ________ (elect) by one vote.29.Nowadays, concerts held in sports stadium are common, and it seems that every few __________(year) there is a new boy band trying to bring back the magic of the Beatles.30.Visitors were struck by the natural scenery here, which was beautiful beyond______. (describe)31.Good shoes, clothes and a bag are the basic ______ (equip)you need for your hiking. 32.Recent ______ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.【答案】1. relief     2.development  3.enemies   4.expectation    5.hesitation    6.arrival    7.disability8.survival    9.strengths    10.curiosity    11.difference    12.disagreement    13.expression  14.achievement    15.devotion    16.possibility    17.admission    18.explanation    19.freedom    20.recognition    21.response    22.requirements    23.beliefs    24.argument    25. decoration26.treatment    27.creativity    28.election    29.years    30.description.    31.equipment    32.studies   语法填空Everyone desires to succeed.However,there is no shortcut to _______1____(succeed). We have to make good______2_____(prepare) and keep on trying before we finally achieve our ____3______(goal).Take Steve Jobs as an example.He dropped out of university in his _____4_____(twenty)，but he always attended many_____5___(class) and grabbed every chance to study.When he designed the _____6_______(product) of iPod and iPhone，he made great _______7____(effort) to realize his ideas.He suffered one_____8___(fail)after another before he eventually succeeded.Just as the _____9_______(say) goes， “Rome was not built in a day.” If you want to succeed，you have to keep on trying your____10_______( idea) and never give up. 1.【答案】success【解析】考查词性的变化。句意：成功没有捷径。句式There is no short cut to中，to是介词，故填success.2.【答案】preparations【解析】考查词性的变化。句意：我们需要做好充分准备。考查短语make good preparations做好充分准备。故填preparations.3.【答案】goals【解析】考查可数名词复数的变化。句意：我们必须做好充分准备，并继续努力，然后我们最终实现我们的目标。可数名词goal的复数是规则变化，故填goals.4.【答案】twenties【解析】考查可数名词复数的变化。句意：他在二十几岁的时候辍学。短语in one’s twenties在某人二十几岁的时候，故填twenties.5.【答案】classes【解析】考查可数名词复数的变化。句意：但他总是参加各种课程，抓住每一个学习的机会。class是以字母s结尾，在词尾加es,故填classes.6.【答案】products【解析】考查可数名词复数的变化。根据语境产品不止一种，故填products.7.【答案】efforts【解析】考查可数名词复数的变化。句意：他为实现他的想法作出了很大努力。短语make an effort或者make great efforts付出努力，故填efforts.8.【答案】failure【解析】考查词性变化。句意：他在成功之前，遭受了一次又一次的失败。动词suffer后面需要接名词作宾语，故填failure.9.【答案】saying【解析】考查词性变化。句意：俗话说，罗马建成非一日之功。saying是名词，“谚语，俗语”，故填saying.10.【答案】ideas【解析】考查可数名词复数变化。句意：如果你想成功，你必须继续尝试你的想法，永远不要放弃。Idea复数是规则变化，故填ideas.