英语-2022-2023学年高三下学期开学摸底考试卷A（北京专用）

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绝密★考试结束前
2022-2023学年高三下学期开学摸底考试卷A (北京专用)
英语

试卷满分：100分 考试时间：90分钟

第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下而短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Famous people often say that the key to becoming both happy and successful is to “do what you love”. But mastering a skill, even one that you deeply love, ____1____ a huge amount of dull work. Anyone who wants to master a skill must run through the cycle of practice, ____2____ feedback, modification, and increasing improvement again, again and again. Some people seem able to concentrate on practicing an activity like this for years and take pleasure in their gradual improvement. Yet others find this kind of focused, time-intensive work to be ____3____ or boring. Why?
The difference may ____4____ the ability to enter into state of “flow,” the feeling of being completely involved in what you are doing. Since Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi developed the ____5____ of flow in the 1970’s, it has been a mainstay of positive-psychology research. Flow states can happen in the course of any activity, and they are most common when a task has well-defined goals and is at a(n) ____6____ skill level.
Csikszentmihalyi suggested that those who most ____7____ entered into flow states had an “autotelic (自成目的的) personality” — a disposition to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow. While those without such a personality see difficulties, autotelic individuals see opportunities to build skills. With their capacity for “disinterested interest”, such people have a great ____8____ over others in developing their innate abilities.
Fortunately for those of us who aren’t necessarily blessed with an autotelic personality, there is evidence that flow states can be ____9____ by environmental factors. By giving ourselves unstructured, open-ended time, minimal _____10_____, and a task set at a moderate level of difficulty, we may be able to love what we’re doing.
1. A. inquires B. requires C. acquires D. gains
2. A. preventable B. maintainable C. sustainable D. critical
3. A. frustrating B. encouraging C. concerning D. instructing
4. A. move away B. turn on C. pick up D. call for
5. A. concept B. receipt C. reception D. condition
6. A. alternative B. appropriate C. approximate D. sufficient
7. A. fully B. really C. readily D. accidentally
8. A. addiction B. advance C. advantage D. admiration
9. A. forbidden B. operated C. fastened D. facilitated
10. A. temptation B. charm C. attractions D. distractions
【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历一遍又一遍的练习。一些人能够集中精力练习这样的活动，并且喜欢这种过程，而另一些人则觉得集中精力、耗费时间的工作令人沮丧。这主要是因为“心流状态”——一种完全投入到你正在做的事情中的感觉。文章介绍了心流状态的特点和容易进入心流状态的人的特点，以及有证据表明环境因素可以培养心流状态。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但掌握一项技能，即使是你深爱的技能，也需要大量枯燥的工作。A. inquires询问，打听；B. requires需要，要求；C. acquires获得；D. gains得到。根据句中“mastering a skill”以及下文“Anyone who wants to master a skill must run through the cycle of practice,”（任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历一次又一次的练习）可知，此处指掌握一项技能需要大量枯燥的工作。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：任何想要掌握一项技能的人都必须经历一次又一次的练习、批评反馈、修改和不断提高的过程。A. preventable可预防的；B. maintainable可维护的；C. sustainable可持续的；D. critical关键的；批判性的。根据句中“feedback, modification, and increasing improvement”可知，掌握一项技能要经历反复的反馈、修改和不断提高的过程，可得出这种反馈应该是具有批判性的。故选D。
【3题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，其他人发现这种专注、时间密集的工作令人沮丧或无聊。A. frustrating令人沮丧的；B. encouraging鼓舞人心的；C. concerning使人担忧的；D. instructing指导的。根据下文“or boring”可知，空格处与boring是并列意义。frustrating“令人沮丧的”可以承接句中“this kind of focused, time-intensive work”（这种专注、时间密集的工作）的语义，体现工作因费时而令人沮丧的逻辑。故选A。
【4题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种差异可能取决于进入“心流”状态的能力，即完全参与你正在做的事情的感觉。A. move away移开；B. turn on打开，依靠；C. pick up拾起；开车接；D. call for需要。根据上文“Some people seem able to concentrate on practicing an activity like this for years and take pleasure in their gradual improvement. Yet others find this kind of focused, time-intensive work to be ____3____ or boring.”（有些人似乎能够多年来专注于练习这样的活动，并从自己的逐渐进步中获得乐趣。然而，其他人发现这种专注、时间密集的工作令人沮丧或无聊。）可知，有些人喜欢这样的状态，而有些人觉得沮丧。所以，下文分析这种差异产生的原因——这种差异取决于进入“心流”状态的能力。故选B。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：自从Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi在20世纪70年代提出了心流的概念以来，它一直是积极心理学研究的中流砥柱。A. concept概念；B. receipt收据；C. reception接待；D. condition条件。根据下文“Csikszentmihalyi suggested that those who most ____7____ entered into flow states had an “autotelic (自成目的的) personality” — a disposition to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow.”（Csikszentmihalyi认为，那些最……进入心流状态的人具有“自成性格”——一种寻求挑战并进入心流状态。）可知，Csikszentmihalyi提出了流动的概念。故选A。
【6题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：心流状态可以发生在任何活动的过程中，当任务具有明确的目标并且处于适当的技能水平时，流状态最为常见。A. alternative可供替代的；B. appropriate合适的；C. approximate近似的；大约的；D. sufficient足够的。根据上文“well-defined goals”可知，当任务具有明确的目标并且处于适当的技能水平时，心流状态最为常见。故选B。
【7题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：Csikszentmihalyi认为，那些最容易进入心流状态的人具有“自成性格”——一种寻求挑战并进入心流状态。A. fully充分地；B. really真地；C. readily快捷地，轻而易举地；D. accidentally意外地。根据下文“had an “autotelic (自成目的的) personality” — a disposition to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow”可知，拥有“自成性格”的人更容易进入心流状态。故选C。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于他们具有“无利害关系”的能力，这类人在发展其先天能力方面比其他人有很大优势。A. addiction瘾，入迷；B. advance前进，进步；C. advantage优势；D. admiration钦佩。根据上文“With their capacity for “disinterested interest””可知，由于他们具有“无利害关系”的能力，这类人在发展其先天能力方面比其他人有很大优势，呼应上文讲这类人最容易进入心流状态。故选C。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，对于我们这些不一定拥有自成性格的人来说，有证据表明，环境因素可以促进心流状态。A. forbidden禁止；B. operated操作；手术；C. fastened系牢；D. facilitated帮助，促进。根据上文“Fortunately for those of us who aren’t necessarily blessed with an autotelic personality”可知，虽然我们不一定拥有很容易进入心流状态的自成性格，但是幸运的是，心流状态可以由环境因素促进。故选D。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过给自己无组织和开放的时间、最小的干扰和设置中等难度的任务，当我们努力练习我们喜欢做的事情时，我们可能会爱上我们正在做的事情。A. temptation诱惑，引诱；B. charm魅力；C. attractions吸引人的事物；D. distractions让人分心的事物，干扰。根据句中“unstructured, open-ended time, minimal ____10____, and a task set at a moderate level of difficulty”可知，此处是让自己进入心流状态的条件，结合“unstructured, open-ended time”和“a moderate level of difficulty”，因此要给自己最小的干扰。故选D。

第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
Today, there is a trend that the youngsters haven't enough sleep during the night. Lack of sleep among children and teenagers in China ___11___(get) worse in the past ten years, with more than 80 percent getting insufficient sleep on school days, a report ___12___(publish)on Monday said. Chinese youngsters slept an average of 7.8 hours a night on school days last year, 20 minutes___13___(little) than in 2009，according to the report from the Chinese Academy of Sciences 'Institute of Psychology.
【答案】11. has got 12. published 13. less
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。研究报告显示青少年在晚上没有足够的睡眠已经成为一种趋势。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：本周一发布的一份报告显示，在过去十年中，我国儿童和青少年睡眠不足问题日益严重，超过80%的儿童和青少年在校期间睡眠不足。根据句中时间状语in the past ten years可知，用一般现在时。句中主语为Lack of sleep，不可数，所以谓语动词用has。故填has got。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：本周一发布的一份报告显示，在过去十年中，我国儿童和青少年睡眠不足问题日益严重，超过80%的儿童和青少年在校期间睡眠不足。名词report与publish之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填published。
【13题详解】
考查短语。句意：中国科学院心理研究所的一份报告显示，去年，中国青少年在校期间每晚的平均睡眠时间为7.8小时，比2009年减少了20分钟。less than少于。故填less。

B
Tell your friend that attending a TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) conference can be a potentially life changing event as he will be able to listen, share, and interact with great ____14____ (think) from all over the world in a variety of fields. If he wants to experience a large event, he can send a ____15____ (write) application to attend a TED Conference. Whichever type he ____16____ (choose), he can have a full TED Talk first-hand experience and finds out what all this is about.
【答案】14. thinkers 15. written 16. chooses
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了TED的相关内容以及参加TED的好处。
【14题详解】
考查名词。句意：告诉你的朋友，参加TED大会可能会改变他的生活，因为他将能够倾听，分享，并与来自世界各地不同领域的伟大思想家互动。分析句子，设空处应该填写think的名词thinker作宾语。此处意为“思想家”，同时表示复数意义。故填thinkers。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：如果他想体验大型活动，他可以发送一份参加TED会议的书面申请。使用形容词written (书面的)作定语，修饰名词application。故填written。
【16题详解】
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：无论他选择哪种类型，他都可以有一个完整的TED演讲的第一手体验，并了解这一切是关于什么的。分析句子，设空处应该使用动词作从句谓语。此处表示客观事实，故使用一般现在时。choose为动词，意为“选择”，其主语为he，故使用第三人称单数。故填chooses。
C
Since the 1970s, scientists ____18____ (search) for ways to link the brain with computers. Brain-computer interface technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines. Recently, two researchers, Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne, Switzerland, showed a small robotic wheelchair ____19____ (direct) by a person’s thoughts. In the laboratory, Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand. He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided ____20____ with his thoughts.
【答案】18. have been searching 19. directed 20. it
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们一直致力于寻找将大脑与计算机联系起来的方法，这种脑机接口技术可以帮助残疾人向机器发送命令。最近，有两名研究人员向公众展示了使用这种技术的新型轮椅机器人。
【18题详解】
考查动词的时态。句意：自20世纪70年代以来，科学家们一直在寻找将大脑与计算机联系起来的方法。分析句子结构可知，空格前有时间状语“Since+过去的时间点”，由后文可知“寻找大脑与计算机联系起来的方法”这一动作持续到了现在，而且还在不断发展，表示一个动作从过去某一时间开始并持续到了现在，而且还会继续持续下去，空格处的动词应用现在完成进行时。故填have been searching。
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：最近，来自瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院的两名研究人员何塞·米伦和米歇尔·塔维拉展示了一种由人的意念引导的小型机器人轮椅。分析句子结构可知，该句的谓语是showed，所以空格处应填一个非谓语动词；空格处动词direct与其逻辑主语a small robotic wheelchair之间是被动关系，故空格处动词应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填directed。
【20题详解】
考查代词。句意：他甚至可以在一边看着车，一边用自己的意念引导它的时候说话。分析句子结构和句意可知，此空格指代前面提到的the vehicle，应用代词it做形式宾语。故填it。

第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
A
How to Use a Modern Public Library
Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. It’s been years since they were dusty little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge, meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still loan out (出借) books, you’ll find it easier to get a copy of whatever you’re looking for, thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you’ve requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats (载体形式). You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games. If a popular magazine you want isn’t offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may bring it in when enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions aimed at various age groups. Perhaps you’d like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you could join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities. Your library might be able to accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local library can become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find information on starting a business. Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of commerce (商会) and government agencies, and they will offer printing, faxing and database services you need.
21. Public libraries connected by a cooperative network benefit readers by______.
A. sharing their books on the Internet
B. giving access to online reading at a library branch
C. sending a needed book to a library branch nearby
D. making the checkout procedures diverse
22. As is described in Paragraph 4, taking a small kid to a half-hour Story Time allows ______.
A. the kid to learn a new language B. the parent to enjoy quiet reading
C. the kid to overcome reading difficulties D. the parent to meet their program sponsor
23. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To point out the importance of public libraries.
B. To encourage people to work in public libraries.
C. To introduce the improved services of public libraries.
D. To call for the modernization of public library systems.
【答案】21. C 22. B 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了如何使用现代公共图书馆的方法以及现代公共图书馆的提升与改善。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。由文章第二段“While libraries still loan out (出借) books, you’ll find it easier to get a copy of whatever you’re looking for, thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with each other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you’ve requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.”（当图书馆还在出借图书时，你会发现，借助于区域图书馆的合作网络，你可以更容易地得到你想要的任何东西。通过这样的网络，图书馆通过运输工具彼此分享他们的书籍。一旦你要的书送到最近的分馆，他们会通过电子邮件通知你，你就可以去取了。）可知，通过合作网络连接的公共图书馆可以将读者想要的书籍送到附近的分馆，方便读者，读者因此受益。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit quietly in a corner with a good book.”（当你安静地坐在一个角落里看一本好书的时候，你可能会发现带着你的小孩去听半个小时的故事是一件很轻松的事情。）可知，带小孩去听半个小时的故事，家长可以自己坐在一个角落安静地看书，享受自己安静看书的美好时光。故选B项。
【23题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章总领段第一段“Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better.”（你上次去公共图书馆是什么时候？如果是这样，你可能会惊讶地发现，图书馆已经变得更好了。）以及“They have transformed themselves into places where you can develop your love of knowledge, meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.”（它们已经把自己变成了一个可以在那里培养自己对知识的热爱，结识有趣的人，或者找到如何创业方法的地方。），再结合下文所罗列的现代公共图书馆的提升与改善可知，文章的意图主要是介绍已改善的公共图书馆服务。故选C项。

B
I had an experience some years ago which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “full of years,” as people believe; both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence (吊唁) calls on the two families on the same afternoon.
At the first home, the son of the deceased (已故的) woman said to me, “If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today. That long airplane ride, the abrupt change of climate, was more than she could take. It’s my fault that she’s dead.”
When things don’t turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending. Any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course — keeping Mother at home, and postponing the operation — would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?
There seem to be two elements involved in our readiness to feel guilty. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.
The second element is the notion that we are the cause of what happens, especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood. Psychologists speak of the infantile myth of omnipotence (万能). A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that infantile notion that our wishes cause things to happen.
24. What is said about the two deceased elderly women?
A. They lived out a natural life.
B. They died of exhaustion after the long plane ride.
C. They weren’t accustomed to the change in weather.
D. They died due to lack of care by family members.
25. People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because ________.
A. they couldn’t find a better way to express their grief
B. they believe that they were responsible
C. they had neglected the natural course of events
D. they didn’t know things often turn out in the opposite direction
26. People have been made to believe since infancy that ________.
A. everybody is at their command
B. life and death is an unsolved mystery
C. every story should have a happy ending
D. their wishes are the cause of everything that happens
【答案】24. A 25. B 26. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过两个老人去世，儿子都把责任归咎于自己，但是文章告诉我们世界上发生的所有事情都是有自己的因果关系，没有必要为此感觉内疚。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Both had died “full of years,” as people believe; both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life.(正如人们所相信的那样，两人都“享尽天年”而逝；在漫长而充实的生活之后，两人都屈服于身体的正常磨损)”可知，两位已故的老年妇女都是自然死亡的。故选A项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course — keeping Mother at home, and postponing the operation — would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?(因为他们采取的行动结果很糟糕，所以他们相信相反的做法——让母亲呆在家里，推迟手术——会有更好的结果。毕竟，结果还能更糟吗？)”可推知，人们为亲人的逝去感到内疚，因为他们都认为自己对于亲人的去世是负有责任的。故选B项。
【26题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it.(一个婴儿开始认为世界的存在是为了满足他的需要，他让一切都发生在世界上)”可知，人们从婴儿时期就开始相信，他们的愿望是一切发生的原因。故选D项。

C
Have you ever found yourself in this situation: You hear a song you used to sing when you were a child—a bit of nostalgia(怀旧) or “blast from the past，” as we say. But it is not a distant childhood memory. The words come back to you as clearly as when you sang them all those years ago.
Researchers at the University of Edinburgh studied the relationship between music and remembering a foreign language. They found that remembering words in a song was the best way to remember even one of the most difficult languages.
Here is what they did. Researchers took 60 adults and randomly divided them into three groups of 20. Then they gave the groups three different types of “listen­and­repeat” learning conditions. Researchers had one group simply speak the words. They had the second group speak the words to a rhythm, or beat. And they asked the third group to sing the words.
All three groups studied words from the Hungarian language for 15 minutes. Then they took part in a series of language tests to see what they remembered.
Why Hungarian, you ask? Researchers said they chose Hungarian because not many people know the language. It does not share any roots with Germanic or Romance languages, such as Italian or Spanish. After the tests were over, the singers came out on top. The people who learned these new Hungarian words by singing them showed a higher overall performance. They did the best in four out of five of the tests. They also performed two times better than those who simply learned the words by speaking them.
Dr. Katie Overy says singing could lead to new ways to learn a foreign language. The brain likes to remember things when they are contained in a catchy 3, or memorable 4, tune 5.
Dr. Ludke said the findings could help those who struggle to learn foreign languages. On the University of Edinburgh's website Dr. Ludke writes, “This study provides the first experimental evidence that a listen­and­repeat singing method can support foreign language learning, and opens the door for future research in this area.”
27．The “song” mentioned in the first paragraph is intended to ________.
A．recall the past
B．attract the readers
C．introduce the topic
D．compare the childhood with the present
28．According to the passage which language doesn't share the same root with Germanic or Romance languages?
A．Hungarian. 　　　　 B．Spanish. C．Italian. D．English.
29．Based on the last two paragraphs, we can conclude that ________.
A．singing is the best way to learn a language
B．the brain probably works best when the foreign language learners sing the words
C．a listen­repeat method is very effective for any language learner
D．Dr. Katie Overy and Dr. Ludke disagree with each other
30．In which situation can the finding of the research be applied?
A．A mother is going to teach her baby how to speak.
B．A child is going to have his first music lesson.
C．A student is going to learn a new English song.
D．An American is going to learn some Chinese.
【答案】27..C 28. A 29. B 30. D
【解析】本文讲述的是一项关于音乐和外语学习之间关系的研究。
27．C　细节理解题。本文开头通过举例导入话题，人们都清楚地记得儿时唱歌的歌词是因为音乐有助于记忆，故选C。
28．A　细节理解题。根据文章第五段“It does not share any roots with Germanic or Romance languages, such as Italian or Spanish.”可知A项正确。故选A。
29．B　细节理解题。根据最后两段对研究的具体描述可知B项正确。故选B。
30．D　推理判断题。从最后一段可知，此项研究对于外语学习者非常有用，可知D项正确。故选D。

D
For generations, students were taught to stretch before playing games. Then the practice fell out of favor. Studies seemed to show that such stretching temporarily reduces muscular power, weakens athletic performance and increases the risk of injury. So most fitness experts currently advise against stretches before exercise. But now a new research indicates that they might not be such a bad idea after all.
This month, the journal, Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism (APNM), published a study by four distinguished exercise scientists who analyzed more than 200 studies of how stretching affects the following exercise. In broad terms, they found that stretching can briefly prevent the ability to generate power. So if you reach for your toes and hold that position, tightening your hamstrings (腿筋), you might not then be able to leap as high or start a dash as forcefully as you don’t stretch.
Those undesirable effects were generally found, however, only if each stretch was held for more than 60 seconds and the subject then immediately became fully active, with no further warm-up. “Outside the lab, most people are unlikely to hold a warm-up stretch for longer than about 30 seconds.” Dr. McHugh, the co-author of the study says. The review found few lasting negative impacts from these short stretches, especially if the volunteers followed that stretching with several minutes of jogging or other basic warm-up movements. In fact, these short stretches turned out to have a positive effect.
Do these findings mean that all the athletes should stretch in advance before a match? “Not necessarily,” Dr. McHugh says, “Runners and cyclists don’t have much risk for acute muscle injuries.” Stretching before these activities is unlikely to protect against injury. Runners and cyclists can adequately warm up by jogging or pedaling lightly. But he suggests that people who play basketball and other ball sports should stretch in advance. Those who haven’t stretched since childhood gym class might want to consider consulting an athletic trainer about the best upper and lower body stretches, particularly for the shoulders and hamstrings.
31. Which of the following statements agrees with most fitness experts?
A. Before playing a game you should stretch your legs and arms.
B. After attending a match you should stretch your legs and arms.
C. It’s harmful to stretch your legs and arms before playing games.
D. It doesn’t matter whether you stretch or not before playing games.
32. According to the new research, people may suffer negative impacts when _______.
A. they do stretches after attending a game
B. they reach for toes and hold that position
C. following a stretch with several minutes’ jogging
D. dashing immediately after one 60-second plus stretch
33. We can learn from the passage that _______.
A. all athletes should not stretch in advance
B. the four scientists published the journal APNM
C. It’s unnecessary for a tennis player to do warm-up stretches
D. players ought to have done warm-up stretches since childhood
34. What’s Dr. McHugh’s attitude toward stretches?
A. Concerned. B. Doubtful. C. Disapproving. D. Objective.
【答案】31. C 32.D 33. A 34. D
【解析】文章论述了比赛前热身运动正确与否的不同观点。
【31答案】C
【解析】细节推理题。根据第一段Studies seemed to show that such stretching temporarily reduces muscular power, weakens athletic performance and increases the risk of injury. So most fitness experts currently advise against stretches before exercise.可知研究似乎表明，这种拉伸会暂时减少肌肉力量，削弱运动员的表现，增加受伤的风险。因此大多数健身专家目前都不建议在运动前进行伸展运动。故选C.
【32答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段 可知伸展运动可能会短暂阻止产生能量的能力，如果运动前做伸展运动，可能无法像不拉伸以前一样，跳得高或冲得猛。所以60秒拉伸后猛冲会有负面影响。故选D。
【33答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段Do these findings mean that all the athletes should stretch in advance before a match? “Not necessarily,”知发现表明并不是所有运动员都要比赛前热身，要区别对待。故选A.
【34答案】D
【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段Dr. McHugh对热身的观点Stretching before these activities is unlikely to protect against injury. Runners and cyclists can adequately warm up by jogging or pedaling lightly. But he suggests that people who play basketball and other ball sports should stretch in advance.可知不能千篇一律，要区别对待。可见他对此是比较客观的。故选D.

第二节 (共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Your Health and 5G
The fifth generation technology of cellular data or 5G, promises to bring lightning-fast data connection speeds. Much faster than Internet connections currently offered in many homes. ____35____ However, not everyone is excited about 5G service.
____36____ There are even protests aimed at slowing down or even stopping companies from installing the equipment necessary for 5G service. Why are people so worried?
To understand the possible health risks of 5G, it is important to understand how the new service sets apart from existing 3G and 4G. ____37____ 5G uses a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The signals have short wavelengths measured in millimeters called millimeter waves. Millimeter waves are perfect for high-speed data but small transmitters and antennas must put up everywhere to ensure good connections. This presents a cause for concern.
5G service means new transmitters and antennas everywhere. Certainly, it will mean that the amount of electromagnetic radiation that people are exposed to will increase. Radiation exposure sounds dangerous, but it all depends on the type of radiation, the strength and the amount of time that people are exposed to. Sunlight is a type of radiation, and exposure for too long can cause a sunburn. ____38____
Many studies have been done to explore whether low-level exposure to radio waves, microwaves, or millimeter waves has negative health effects. So far, there is no conclusive evidence. ____39____ However, scientists will continue to study the long-term effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation.
A. It’s important to consider risks when using 5G.
B. Will this new technology bring new health risks?
C. The main difference is the new frequency of the signals to transmit data.
D. High-speed service has the potential to revolutionize many technologies.
E. Repeated exposure over time can also lead to the likeliness of skin cancer.
F. As long as producers follow safety regulations, 5G should not cause a health risk.
G. Some people worry that the technology behind 5G might present serious health risks.
【答案】35. D 36. G 37. C 38. E 39. F
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了5G技术是否对人体健康造成影响的问题。
【35题详解】
根据上文“The fifth generation technology of cellular data or 5G, promises to bring lightning-fast data connection speeds. Much faster than Internet connections currently offered in many homes.(第五代蜂窝数据技术有望带来闪电般的数据连接速度。比目前许多家庭提供的互联网连接快得多)”以及后文“However, not everyone is excited about 5G service.(然而，并不是所有人都对5G服务感到兴奋)”可知，本句与上文并列，旨在说明5G的好处：使许多技术发生革命。故D选项“高速服务有可能使许多技术发生革命”符合语境。故选D。
【36题详解】
根据后文“There are even protests aimed at slowing down or even stopping companies from installing the equipment necessary for 5G service. Why are people so worried?(甚至出现了旨在减缓甚至阻止企业安装5G服务所需设备的抗议。为什么人们如此担心？)”可知，后文提到了人们因为担心而阻止企业安装5G服务所需设备，G选项中worry对应后文中worried。故G选项“一些人担心5G背后的技术可能会带来严重的健康风险”符合语境。故选G。
【37题详解】
根据上文“To understand the possible health risks of 5G, it is important to understand how the new service sets apart from existing 3G and 4G.(要了解5G可能带来的健康风险，重要的是要了解新服务与现有3G和4G的区别)”以及后文“5G uses a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The signals have short wavelengths measured in millimeters called millimeter waves. Millimeter waves are perfect for high-speed data but small transmitters and antennas must put up everywhere to ensure good connections. This presents a cause for concern.( 5G使用的是不同的电磁频谱。这些信号的波长很短，以毫米为单位，称为毫米波。毫米波非常适合高速数据传输，但必须在所有地方安装小型发射机和天线，以确保良好的连接。这引起了人们的关注)”可知，本句旨在说明5G与现有3G和4G的区别在于信号的频率，故C选项“主要的区别是传输数据的信号的新频率”符合语境。故选C。
【38题详解】
根据上文“5G service means new transmitters and antennas everywhere. Certainly, it will mean that the amount of electromagnetic radiation that people are exposed to will increase. Radiation exposure sounds dangerous, but it all depends on the type of radiation, the strength and the amount of time that people are exposed to. Sunlight is a type of radiation, and exposure for too long can cause a sunburn.( 5G服务意味着新的发射机和天线无处不在。当然，这将意味着人们暴露在电磁辐射中的数量将增加。辐射听起来很危险，但这完全取决于辐射的类型、强度和人们暴露在辐射中的时间。阳光是一种辐射，长时间暴露在阳光下会导致晒伤)”可知，上文提到了长时间接触阳光也导致晒伤，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明其后果。故E选项“长时间反复接触也会导致患皮肤癌的可能性”符合语境。故选E。
【39题详解】
根据上文“Many studies have been done to explore whether low-level exposure to radio waves, microwaves, or millimeter waves has negative health effects. So far, there is no conclusive evidence.(已经做了许多研究来探索低水平暴露在无线电波、微波或毫米波下是否会对健康产生负面影响。到目前为止，还没有确凿的证据)”可知，上文提到没有确凿证据证明会对健康产生负面，即论述5G对人体会不会造成健康风险的问题。故F选项“只要生产商遵守安全法规，5G应该不会造成健康风险”符合语境。故选F。

第三部分：书面表达 (共两节，32分)
第一节 (共4小题;第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
Hired by a machine mind
Landing a dream job has never been easy, but at least in the past you knew that the person you had to impress was a fellow human being. More recently, however, employers are putting the responsibility of finding the most suitable workers onto nonhuman shoulders. Artificial intelligence systems can go through thousands of resumes far faster than a person or even a team of people can. What’s more, programs have been designed to run video interviews, too. During these, a person’s facial expressions, word choices, and answers to difficult questions are all examined and used to judge how good the person would be at the job in question.
While those who support such systems claim that this superefficient hiring method is the future, others fear that the systems have serious problems. Because AI systems use biased data sets to learn how to select people, the hiring process may actually be more unfair when AI is used. For instance, some AI-hiring systems automatically ignore women on the grounds that most existing technical workers are male.
Naturally, job seekers are trying anything they can to satisfy the AI’s selection criteria. In South Korea, where a number of the top companies currently use AI for hiring, many job seekers attend special cram schools to learn how to pass their AI interview.
Of course, many of the techniques taught are nothing more than educated guesses. Without knowing exactly what each individual AI system looks for, knowing what to do to please it is extremely difficult. However, there are still somethings you can try. For example, use industry-specific terms in your interview answers because AIs often search data for specific key phrases. Another tip is to keep your resume style simple. That way, the AI can search it more easily. You should also strip your resume of anything that reveals your sex or race in case a biased data set is being used.
It seems our success could very well depend on the mysterious judgment of a machine mind. It sounds unfair, and it likely is. In the end, the power to either change the system itself or at least make it work for you is in your hands.
40. What factors influence the results of AI-based video interviews?
________________
41. How can you avoid being affected by a biased data set?
________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
➢ When AI selection systems use biased data, the hiring process may actually be more unfair and the fact that women are not considered for technical jobs has something to do with race.
________________
43. Think of another example of using AI to make judgements and give your opinion on it. (In about 40 words)
________________
【答案】40. A person’s facial expressions, word choices, and answers to difficult questions.
41. I should strip my resume of anything that reveals my sex or race.
By stripping my resume of anything that reveals my sex or race.
By not including anything that reveals my sex or race in my resume.
42. ➢ When AI selection systems use biased data, the hiring process may actually be more unfair and the fact that women are not considered for technical jobs has something to do with race.
According to the passage, some AI-hiring systems automatically ignore women on the grounds that most existing technical workers are male. Therefore, the fact has something to do with sex rather than race.
43. AI technology is used to evaluate students’ performance in speaking and writing. It works more efficiently than human evaluators. However, its judgements aren’t accurate enough. If its precision can be greatly improved, the influence will be epoch-making.
【解析】
【导语】本文是篇议论文。最近，许多公司的老板都利用人工智能来招聘员工，文章主要讲述了这种方式的优点及存在的问题。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段“During these, a person’s facial expressions, word choices, and answers to difficult questions are all examined and used to judge how good the person would be at the job in question.”（在面试过程中，一个人的面部表情、用词和对难题的回答都会被测试，并被用来判断这个人是否适合这份工作。）可知，在以AI为基础的视频面试中，一个人的面部表情、用词和对难题的回答会影响最终的面试结果。故答案为：A person’s facial expressions, word choices, and answers to difficult questions.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第四段“You should also strip your resume of anything that reveals your sex or race in case a biased data set is being used.”（你还应该删除简历中任何显示你性别或种族的内容，以防使用有偏见的数据集。）可知，如果想要避免被有偏见的数据组影响，就应该删除简历中任何显示你性别或种族的内容。故答案为：I should strip my resume of anything that reveals my sex or race.或 By stripping my resume of anything that reveals my sex or race.或 By not including anything that reveals my sex or race in my resume.
【42题详解】
考查推理判断。根据第二段“Because AI systems use biased data sets to learn how to select people, the hiring process may actually be more unfair when AI is used. For instance, some AI-hiring systems automatically ignore women on the grounds that most existing technical workers are male.”（由于人工智能系统使用有偏见的数据集来学习如何选择人才，因此使用人工智能时，招聘过程实际上可能更加不公平。例如，一些人工智能招聘系统会自动忽略女性，理由是现有的大多数技术工人都是男性。）可知，当AI选择系统用有偏见的数据时，招聘过程实际上可能更加不公平，例如很多技术岗位不考虑女性说明这种不公平是与性别相关的，而不是种族，所以“has something to do with race”是错误的，应为划线句。以上解释用英语表达应为：Some AI-hiring systems automatically ignore women on the grounds that most existing technical workers are male. Therefore, the fact has something to do with sex rather than race. 故答案为：According to the passage, some AI-hiring systems automatically ignore women on the grounds that most existing technical workers are male. Therefore, the fact has something to do with sex rather than race.
【43题详解】
考查开放性试题。人工智能技术用于评估学生的口语和写作表现。它比人类评估者更有效。然而，它的判断不够准确。如果它的精度能够大大提高，其影响将是划时代的。答案为：AI technology is used to evaluate students’ performance in speaking and writing. It works more efficiently than human evaluators. However, its judgments aren’t accurate enough. If its precision can be greatly improved, the influence will be epoch-making.
第二节 (共1题; 20分)
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你校正在举办“大美中国”(The Beauty of China)文创作品比赛。你的英国好友Jim是中国文化爱好者，请你给他写信做个介绍，内容包括：
1.比赛目的与作品形式;
2.你的参赛作品与设计理念。
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
提示词：文创作品creative culture products
Dear Jim,
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua

【答案】
Dear Jim,
A creative culture products competition entitled " the Beauty of China" is being held in our school. Learning that you are a Chinese culture lover, I'm writing to introduce some information to you briefly.
The competition is intended to help the students know more about Chinese culture and spread it widely, which can enrich our knowledge and strengthen our national sense of pride. In the competition, the participants are allowed to choose any form of products they like to show their design philosophy as long as it is consistent with the theme of the competition. Being a fan for Peking Opera，I designed a white T-shirt for the contest, with two different pictures of Peking Opera Facial Masks on the front and back respectively to present the beauty of Chinese traditional art culture.
I would like to provide you with more details if you need and I believe you will be interested. Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国好友Jim写封信，介绍我校正在举办的“大美中国”文创作品比赛，了解比赛目的和作品形式，以及考生的参赛作品和设计理念。
【详解】1. 词汇积累
比赛：competition→contest
参赛者：participant→competitor
允许：allow→permit
加强、增强：strengthen→enhance
提供：provide→supply
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句： A creative culture products competition entitled " the Beauty of China" is being held in our school.
拓展句： A creative culture products competition that is entitled " the Beauty of China" is being held in our school.