【寒假自学】2023年人教版(2019)高二英语（选择性必修第一--三册）-第17讲 语法过关二（定语从句及名词性从句） 寒假精品讲学案

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第17讲 定语从句及名词性从句
【学习目标】

一． 复习 定语从句
二． 复习 名词性从句
高考语法知识回馈



定语从句
定语从句是高考的重点和热点，备考焦点主要集中在以下几个方面：
①正确使用关系代词(which, that, who, whom, whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)
②介词＋ which/whom引导的定语从句
③that不能引导非限制性定语从句


考点1
概念
1.在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词、短语或句子叫先行词。
This is the place which is worth visiting.(一个词)这是值得参观的地方。
Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.(一个短语)许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题是现在的大家庭无力解决的。
I took an old man to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.(一个完整的句子)
我乘出租车立即把一个老人送到了医院，这就是那天早上我迟到的原因。
2．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。
Beijing，which is the capital city of China，is a very.
↓

beautiful city.
考点2
限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别

限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
与先行词关系密切，删除后影响整个意思的表达
与先行词关系不密切，是一种补充说明，删除后不影响整个意思的表达
不用逗号分开
一般使用逗号分开
可用关系代词that
不可用关系代词that
关系代词that，who，which/whom在从句中作宾语时可以省略
关系代词不可以省略
关系代词whom作宾语时可用who或that替代
关系代词不能替代
读时不停顿
读时停顿，用降调
只可以修饰名词或代词，不可以修饰句子
既可修饰名词或代词，也可以修饰句子，有逗号分开，只能由which, who或as引导

People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人长寿。
(限制性定语从句，说明要长寿需进行体育锻炼。先行词是people，若把从句who take physical exercise去掉，句子就失去所表达的意义“进行体育锻炼的人”)
His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。
(非限制性定语从句，who is in Boston now对先行词daughter进行补充说明，若把其去掉，主句意义“他的女儿下周将来家”仍然完整)
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
②Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health.
【答案】1.that/which2.which


考点3
正确使用关系词
1.关系代词
关系代词在句中代替指人或事物的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。
关系代词
先行词
句法功能
who
人
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语
whom
人
宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
whose(＝of
whom/
of which)
人或物
定语
that
人或物
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
which
物
主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)
as
人或物
主语、宾语

Do you know the man that/whom Mr.White introduced just now?怀特先生刚才介绍的那个人你认识吗？
Our monitor is the boy whose father is a lawyer.我们的班长是父亲做律师的那个男孩。
【名师指津】　关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.汤姆是被派往国外的工程师之一。
Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆就是唯一提出解决方案的那位工程师。
2．关系副词
关系副词代替表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语，不能省略。
关系副词
先行词
句法功能
when (＝in/at/on/...＋which)
时间
时间状语
where (＝in/at/on/...＋which)
地点
地点状语
why(＝for which)
原因
原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)

The time when (at which) I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.第一次见纳尔逊·曼德拉的时候，是我一生中非常困难的时期。
The school where (at which) I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.那所学校离这里有3 千米远，我仅在那里读过两年书。
There are various reasons (for which) why people write poetry.人们写诗有各种各样的理由。
【名师指津】　先行词为抽象地点的名词(situation，case，stage，point，activity等)，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
单句语法填空
①In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.
②Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to earth.
③Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am. to 5 pm. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， she opened with her late husband Les.
④They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.
⑤On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.
⑥The students benefiting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.
【答案】1.whose 2.where 3.which4.who 、that5.that/which 6.who
3．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
构成
句法功能
用法指津
介词(短语)＋关系代词
状语
关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略
介词＋关系代词＋名词
状语
关系代词常用which 和whose
名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词
主语
可转化为“whose＋名词”结构
数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词
主语
数词还可以用some，many，most，each等不定代词替换

The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。
Recently，I bought an ancient vase，the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。
4．as, which与that的用法区别
(1)七种只用that而不用which的情况
①当先行词是all，much，little，few，everything 等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
There is nothing that we can do now.现在我们什么也做不了。
②当先行词被the only，the last，the very 等修饰时。
This is the very book that I want.这正是我想要的书。
③当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
The present time is the best gift that you can give yourself.当前的时光是你能给自己的最好的礼物。
④当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
Don’t trust the first sign that you see.不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。
⑤当先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
My mother and her old friends talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.我妈妈和她的老朋友们谈论了一些她们记忆中学校里的人和事。
⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
Which is the car that you bought last week?你上周买的哪辆车？
⑦当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时。
Jack is not the man that he was.杰克不是过去的他了。
用正确的关系词填空
①We all like our English teacher, from we have learned a lot.
②I will never forget the day on we went to buy guitars in the guitar store.
③The food was for her mother, couldn’t go down to meet him.
④For instance，in Lima，the capital of Peru，there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics，about 70 percent of were set up by local doctors.
【答案】1.whom 2.which 3.who 4.which
(2)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别

which
as
位置上
只能放在先行词的后面
位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等
意思上
意为“这一点”
表示“正如……，正像……的那样”

She married again，which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
She married again，as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。
用as或which填空
① is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
②Her performances on the stage were perfect, made a lot of people admire her.
③In the past few years，more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down， is the result of the competition with online bookstores.
【答案】1.As 2.which3.which
考点4
定语从句和分词短语作定语之间的相互转化
如果定语从句中先行词是从句的主语(即关系代词作从句的主语)，则这个定语从句可以转化为以过去分词或现在分词作定语的形式。同样的，分词作定语也可以转化为一个定语从句。 谓语动词用主动语态的，用现在分词作定语；用被动语态的，用过去分词作定语。如：
This is the factory which was built in 1980.
→This is the factory built in 1980.这就是1980年所建的那个工厂。
We live in a house facing the south.
→We live in a house which faces the south.我们居住在一所朝南的房子里。
随堂练习
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There they met people from other parts of the country, had also volunteered to help.
2．Bob is in a hopeless situation, we will keep a very close eye on.
3．The only thing is slower than before is the way we drive.
4．Lily took a few friends to my birthday party, none of I was familiar with.
5．Drinking milk also helps reduce the things cause garlic breath.
6．For this people should choose an egg about 4 or 5 days old, yolk is inclined to sink down.
7．I knew we mistakenly went to the administration office, the two staffers worked.
8．Later I practiced reading and writing every day, I used to avoid as much as possible.
9．There are paint－throwing parties at music festivals and races like the five－kilometre ‘Colour Run’，
is celebrated in more than 35 different countries.
10．Known as the Newbery Medal, the award got started back in 1921, Frederic Melcher suggested the American Library Association set up an annual award for the best known children’s book.
【答案】1.who 2.which 3.that 4.whom 5. that/which6.whose 7.where 8.which 9.which 10.when
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2021·山西省太原高三高考5月适应性测试)
In La Paz, Boliva, zebras dance among the cars.Well, all right, they are actually people 1.____________ are dressed up in zebra clothes.They are Las Cebras de la Paz (“The Zebras of Peace”) and they are much loved in the Bolivian capital.
The zebras can be seen waving, hugging children，and high－fiving pedestrians.Their joy is endless.The program 2.____________ (create) in 2001 to address two of La Paz’s most serious problems：noisy traffic and a high accident rate.Las Cebras, 3.____________ was named after the zebra crossings on streets, trained its participants to educate and talk 4.____________ (driver) into better habits—but to do so in 5.____________ playful and joyful way.
The program handles a second problem as well.It is a chance for underemployed young people 6.________ (earn) a small amount of money and make a positive 7.____________ (contribute) to the community.
The original 24 zebras have now expanded to 265 working 8.____________ (active) in La Paz.They have both calmed traffic and improved the mood of their city.They may be dressed up 9.____________ zebras, but they defend what 10.____________ (be) human about the city.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。在玻利维亚的拉巴斯，你会看到装扮成斑马的人在车流之间跳舞，这实际上是为了解决拉巴斯最严重的两个问题：交通噪音和高事故率。
1．who/that　考查限定性定语从句。分析可知空格处引导限定性定语从句，先行词people指人，引导词在从句中做主语，故要用who或that引导这个限定性定语从句。故填who/that。
2．was created　考查语态和时态。分析可知所给动词在句中做谓语，与主语the program之间是被动关系，根据时间状语in 2001可知时态用一般过去时，主语the program为单数，谓语动词也要用单数。故填was created。
3．which　考查非限定性定语从句。分析可知空格处所在的句子是非限定性定语从句，先行词是Las Cebras，故填which。
4．drivers　考查名词单复数。driver为可数名词，根据句意这里指的不只是某一个司机，而是司机们，要填其复数形式，故填drivers。
5．a　考查不定冠词。way为可数名词，结合句意这里泛指“一种好玩和快乐的方式”，故用不定冠词修饰， 且playful为辅音开头。故填a。
6．to earn　考查不定式。it is a chance for sb to do sth是一个固定句型，意为“对某人来说这是一个做某事的机会”，故填to earn。
7．contribution　考查名词。空格处做make的宾语且由a和positive修饰，要填所给词的名词形式。由a修饰要填名词的单数形式。故填contribution。
8．actively　考查副词。空格处修饰动词work要填副词。故填actively。
9．like/as　考查介词。根据句意这里要表达的是“穿得像斑马一样(或打扮成斑马)”，介词as和like用在这里符合句意，故填like/as。
10．is　考查be动词。分析可知所给词在what引导的宾语从句中做谓语动词。根据defend和全文时态可知这里要用一般现在时。主语为what表示单数意义，谓语动词也要用单数。主语What与be之间是主动关系。故填is。

名词性从句

名词性从句是高考中的重要部分，尽管语法填空题涉及不是很多，但是其重要性不可忽视。
(1)三种形式：引导词①that　　②if/whether　　③what/how...
(2)四种功能：宾语从句/表语从句/主语从句/同位语从句
(3)that引导宾语从句可以省略，引导其他三种从句不可省略；if只能引导宾语从句，不能引导后三种从句。连接代词what/...和连接副词when/...都可引导。
(4)that与what引导名词性从句的区别

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
考点1
引导词
名词性从句由不同的引导词引导，从句一般保持陈述语序。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为3类

1．that没有汉语意义，在从句中不做任何成分，也无词义，that引导宾语从句可以省略，引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句不可省略。
2．if/whether意为“是否”，if只能引导宾语从句；whether可以引导四种从句。
3．连接代词(who/whom/whose/which/what/whoever等)和连接副词
(when/where/how/why/whenever/wherever/however等)在句中既起连接作用，又在从句中做成分，且各有各的词义。可以引导四种从句。
He thought that the war was terrible.(宾语从句)他认为战争是可怕的。
The question is whether he will arrive on time.(表语从句)问题在于他是否会按时到达。
It’s a pity that we can’t go.(主语从句)很遗憾我们不能去。
The question who should do this job requires consideration. (同位语从句)谁应当做这件工作，这个问题需要考虑。
单句语法填空
① he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.
②We all find it important we (should) make a quick decision about this matter.
③It does not matter you are rich, poor, old or young—everyone can throw coloured paint powder at each other.
④This time I was alone wandering across the Waibaidu Bridge, and a group of teenage girls asked me
I could pose with them for a photo.
⑤No one knows how much time we have.That’s we must live in the moment.
【答案】1.That 2.that3.whether/if 4.if/whether 5.why
考点2
宾语从句
1.that引导的宾语从句
(1)动词后跟有多个that宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个开始that不可省略。
He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他不得不离开并且很快就会回来。
(2)it作形式宾语的宾语从句。
①这类动词有find，think，consider，believe，guess，suppose，make等。
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。
②hate，like，dislike，appreciate，enjoy等表示“喜欢”、“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to，depend on，rely on等后面常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。
2．if/whether引导的宾语从句
动词之后if/whether都可以引导宾语从句。介词后的宾语从句要用whether。
It depends on whether we have enough time.这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。
3．连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。
I don’t want to know who/whom you are talking about.我不想知道你们在谈论谁。
I want to know where we’ll go.我想知道我们去哪儿。
4．含虚拟语气的宾语从句
一个“坚持(insist)”，两个“命令(order/command)”，三个“建议(suggest/propose/advise)”，四个“要求(demand/require/request/ask)”等词后，宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词应为“should＋动词原形”，should也可省略。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。
She suggested that I (should) go to see the doctor first.她要求我应当先去看医生。
5．宾语从句的否定转移
主句的主语是第一人称，在 think，believe，suppose，expect，imagine 等动词之后的宾语从句中，如果从句谓语是否定含义，往往需要把否定词由从句移到主句上，这叫否定转移。
I don’t think you are fit for the job.我认为你不适合这项工作。
I don’t believe they’ve finished their work yet.我相信他们未完工。
单句语法填空/补全句子
①Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
②What students do at college seems to matter much more than they go.
③I’m not sure is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
④The scientists can set the fibers’ arrangement and spacing, which determines the man－made meat ends up more like a burger or a steak.
【答案】1.what 2.where 3.which 4.whether
考点3
表语从句
1.从属连词that无词义，在从句中不可省略
The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
2．从属连词whether
The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。
3．连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever 和连接副词 where，when，how，why
The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
4．as if (though)
as if/though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look，seem，sound，be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语
气，也可采用直陈语气。
It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。
She treats him as if he were a stranger.她待他如陌生人。
5．because，why引导的表语从句。
That’s because he didn’t understand me.那是因为他没有理解我。(That’s because...强调原因)
That’s why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(That’s why...强调结果)
【名师指津】
1．句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。
The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。
2．由why引导的从句作主语时， 表语从句采用that引导。
Why we decided to put off the match was that the weather was too terrible.我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。
单句语法填空
①China is no longer she used to be.
②The reason why she was absent was she was ill then.
【答案】1.what 2.that
考点4
主语从句
1.that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义，但一般不可省略。
That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.
众所周知，地球围着太阳转。
2．that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省略。常见句式主要有以下几种：
(1)It＋be＋形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that从句
It isn’t likely that I should accept such an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。
(2)It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)＋that从句
It’s no wonder that he didn’t want to go.难怪他不想去。
(3)It＋be＋过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，well－known，announced等)＋that从句
It is decided that the meeting has been put off until next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一已经定下来了。
【名师指津】　“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。
To master Mandarin，it is suggested that you (should) practice with Chinese people.(四川卷书面表达)
为了掌握普通话，建议你和中国人一起练习。
(4)It＋特殊动词或短语(seem，appear，happen，matter，turn out，occur to，make no difference等)＋that从句
It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。
3．whether/if引导的主语从句
主语从句表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。
It’s uncertain whether/if he’ll come this evening.他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。
4．wh－类连接词引导的主语从句
wh－类连接词包括连接代词(who，whom，whose，what，whoever，whomever，whatever等)和连接副词(when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever，however等)。
What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.芭芭拉·琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。
【易混辨析】　that与what引导名词性从句的区别
what在名词性从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；而that在从句中不作任何成分。
[典例1]　That you have gained is the result of your hard work.
分析：is前为主语从句，引导词在从句中作宾语。故That→What。
[典例2]　It suddenly occurred to him what he had left his keys in the office.
分析：It为形式主语，him之后的从句为主语从句，引导词that在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故把what→that。
单句语法填空
①It doesn’t matter she will come or not.
②But it’s possible without journalists this incident would never have been exposed.
【答案】1.whether2.that
考点5
同位语从句
当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。
Word came that the missing man had been found.
有消息传来，那个走失的人已经找到了。
【易混辨析】　同位语从句和定语从句的区别

同位语从句
定语从句
功能不同
对名词加以补充说明
与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，起连接作用
that
不作成分；起连接作用，不可省略
作主语或宾语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略
whether/how
不作成分；起连接作用，意为“是否”；“如何”
不引导定语从句
wh－words
作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与先行词之间无关
作成分；起连接作用；没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分

The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.
李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。(同位语从句，that不可省略)
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true.
他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。(定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，可省略)
单句语法填空
①The story goes William Tell killed the king with an arrow.
②After receiving a message from Rylee Anderson, 12, she was struggling with a math problem, Waba grabbed a whiteboard and hurried to her front door.
③While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
【答案】1.that2.that 3.that
随堂练习
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．All of us truly believe beauty comes from within.
2．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirely free from dust.
3．The reason why he was late was his car broke down on the half－way.
4．I made a promise to myself this year, my first year in high school, would be different.
5．It is certain being under quarantine is no fun.
6．You have to know you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
7．I didn’t understand this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
8． the flight to New York will be delayed is what I’m especially worried about.
9．Once every three or four years, the area is hit by a serious drought.Mr.Tabichi has worked to teach the local people to grow plants that can survive even when there isn’t much rain.
10．In the novel, this is Jia Baoyu and his female cousins lived.
【答案】1.that 2.that 3.that 4.that 5.that 6.where 7.why 8.Whether 9.how 10.where
Ⅱ.语法填空
Rainbow－coloured rubbish
This is the colourful waste 1.____________ (create) by a Swedish city with a unique recycling system.Like many cities in Sweden, Eskilstuna has an impressive recycling record.It met the EU’s 2020 target of recycling 50%of waste many years ago.
But almost everyone who lives here follows a strict recycling policy at home.People 2.____________ (expect) to sort their household waste into seven separate 3.____________ (category), including food, textiles, cartons and metal.But 4.____________ really makes the system stand out is the bright colour code.The bags arrive all mixed up 5.____________ they’re collected frequently.But thanks to those bright colours, scanners can select the bags and separate them according to 6._____________they can be reused or not.The food waste in green bags is processed on site into pieces to make biogas, 7.____________ powers the city’s buses.One of the benefits of this method of recycling is 8.____________ there is less cross－contamination (交叉污染), so more of the recycled waste can actually be used to make new things.
As countries around the world try to improve their recycling rates, some may look to Eskilstuna as 9.____________ example to follow—as long as they think they can persuade their citizens to get busy 10.____________ (sort) at home.
【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。文章介绍了瑞典独特的垃圾回收系统。
1．created　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知create在句中作非谓语动词，与逻辑主语waste构成被动关系，故用过去分词。故填created。
2．are expected　考查动词时态语态。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且时态为一般现在时，主语为集合名词people，故谓语动词用are。故填are expected。
3．categories　考查名词的数。category为可数名词，由上文seven可知，应用复数形式。故填categories。
4．what　考查名词性从句。此处为主语从句，从句中缺少主语，指代事物，应用what引导。故填what。
5．because　考查连词。这些袋子都混在一起了，因为它们经常被收集。故填because。
6．whether　考查名词性从句。whether...or not 是否……还是……。
7．which　考查定语从句。句意：绿色袋子里的食物垃圾在现场被加工成一块块的沼气，为城市公交车提供动力。此处为非限定性定语从句修饰上文整个句子，且从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词which。故填which。
8．that　考查名词性从句。句意：这种回收方法的好处之一是减少了交叉污染，所以更多的回收废物实际上可以用来制造新东西。that引导表语从句。
9．an　考查冠词。example为可数名词，表泛指应用不定冠词，且example为元音音素开头的单词，故填an。
10．sorting　考查非谓语动词。根据短语get busy doing sth表示“开始忙于做某事”。故填sorting。