（专题突破案）专题四 阅读理解课件PPT

这是一份（专题突破案）专题四 阅读理解课件PPT，共60页。
1. 审标题，通全文，明大意。 首先，对于有标题的阅读材料，务必要先审标题，从标题中我们可以想像材料的内容和走向，有助于对材料的理解。其次，一定要学会用扫描式快速阅读法来通读全文，对那些无关紧要的地方可一扫而过， 在关键之处要适当放慢速度加以思考，重在初步了解阅读材料的主旨大意。
2. 读问题，精复读，断答案。 初步了解了阅读材料的主旨大意之后， 要认真阅读问题，明确考查角度，有的放矢地进行复读、精读，以提高解题效率和准确性。
常见题型的解题思路与技巧： (1)事实细节题 事实细节题属表层理解范畴，答案一般都能在原文中直接找到，因此难度系数较小。该类问题往往以what, wh, which, when, where, why, hw等词提出，是对文中某句、某段或某一具体细节所作的提问。此类问题我们只需看准题目要求，带着问题在原文中找到相关细节，便可迅速找到正确答案。
利用题目的关键词去寻找文中对应词， 在对应词周围找答案。 ［范例］Web language is ppular. Tday mre and mre Chinglish wrds are used by Chinese, especially the yung Chinese. One example is“antizen”, an antizen is a cllege graduate(毕业生) wh makes less mney and lives in a small apartment, like a tiny and hard-wrking ant.
［问题］Wh like t use Chinglish? A. All the Chinese. B. The yung Chinese. C. The antizens. D. The cllege students. 【解析】选B。本题属细节理解题。该题的关键词是use Chinglish，这个我们可以在第一段第二句“. . . Chinglish wrds are used by Chinese, especially the yung Chinese”找到对应词。分析这句话可得答案B。
根据题干内容，在原文中搜索选择项， 对号入座。（2011·青岛中考） ［范例］Here’s an interview t a pilt abut his life. (R=Reprter; P=Pilt)R: Hw much time d pilts actually spend flying a plane? P: It varies (WES’J) frm abut 20 minutes n sme dmestic (国内的) flights t as much as 18 hurs n internatinal flights. It all depends n whether the flight is a shrt-r lng-haul flight.
R: D pilts take breaks during flights r d they fly the whle time? P: Yes, we take breaks during lng-haul flights. Airlines assign (指派) three r fur pilts t lng flights. We take turns flying the plane. R: If pilts are traveling all the time, hw d they deal with jet lag (时差)? P: Jet lag is annying fr almst all pilts. I try t g t sleep as I wuld at hme.
R: Hw imprtant is it t knw the weight and size f the plane yu are flying? P: It is very imprtant. We weigh almst everything put int the airplane and make estimates (估计) accrding t the number f peple n each flight. R: D pilts eat the airplane fd?
P: Yes, we eat business class fd! Airplane fd changes every seasn and is very delicius if yu dn’t hate eating lbster (龙虾) every day! The pilts n the same plane are suppsed t make different meal chices s that if ne f the dishes causes fd pisning, nly ne f them will be sick. That way, at least ne pilt will always be well enugh t fly the plane!
［问题］What questin desn’t the reprter ask in the interview? A. Hw t keep passengers safe? B. Hw lng d pilts actually spend flying a plane? C. Hw t deal with jet lag? D. Hw t take breaks during flying? 【解析】选A。本题属细节理解题。全文记者共问了五个问题。到原文中去搜索这四个选择项，我们会发现B是第一个问题，C是第三个问题，D是第二个问题，唯独找不到A, 故选A。
（2）推理判断题 该题型考查学生通过文章表层信息推测其隐含信息的能力，要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断。该类题虽然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有间接的暗示和线索，切记它不是读者本人的看法或观点。
根据文中某个词、句子或段落进行推理。 ［范例］One day a yung man walked int a pet shp and said t the shp assistant, “Culd I have tw mice and abut twenty raches (蟑螂)? ” “Why d yu need these things? ” the shp assistant was very surprised. “Well, ” answered the yung man, “I’m mving ut f my apartment (公寓) and the landlrd (房东) said that I shuld leave the huse in exactly the same cnditin as I fund it. ”
［问题］Frm the passage we knw the apartment may be _______ befre the yung man mved int it. A. very cleanB. just cleaned by the landlrd C. tidy and cmfrtable D. dirty and full f insects (昆虫)
【解析】选D。根据文章中的句子“I’m mving ut f my apartment and the landlrd said that I shuld leave the huse in exactly the same cnditin as I fund it. ”可知年轻人买老鼠和蟑螂的原因是房东要求房屋必须和年轻人搬进来时一模一样。据此我们可以推断年轻人入住前，公寓一定是很脏，且有很多昆虫，故选D。
根据作者的语气、论调和倾向进行推断。［范例］Bill: D I have t take the test? Teacher: D yu want t pass the curse? ［问题］What did the teacher mean? A. Bill must study t pass. B. Bill wn’t pass unless he takes the test. C. Bill needn’t take the test. D. Bill may miss the test.
【解析】选B。根据对话内容可知，比尔不想参加考试，但老师告诉他，不参加考试，本门课程就过不了关。由此可推知应选B项。
（3）词义猜测类 该题型主要考查考生通过上下文去判断词义。词义题的考查有两种：一种是超纲词含义的推断，另一种是熟词生义的推断。
根据前后的比较对照关系、对它的定义、 重述以及举例等进行猜测。 ［范例］D yu have any freign friends? D yu knw their characteristics(特征)? The Germans are very quiet and they always keep calm. They dn’t like t speak mre wrds. They lk very serius. They like different kinds f amusements. The Germans are very hard-wrking. They like tidiness, especially the wmen, wh always keep their hme clean.
［问题］What des the underlined wrd “tidiness” mean in Chinese? A. 整洁 B. 沉默的 C. 文静 D. 孤独的【解析】选A。一方面，由下文“especially the wmen, wh always keep their hme clean. ”可知他们爱整洁、爱干净；另一方面，从句法结构上看tidiness作like的宾语，不可能是形容词；再者，-ness是名词词缀，故选A。
利用同义词、同位语以及构词法等进行猜测。 （2011·沈阳中考） ［范例］If yu’re int sprts, yu’ve seen it happen—tennis players jump ver the net t shake hands after a hard match; ftball players exchange jerseys（运动衣）after ninety minutes f kncking each ther arund; even bxers tuch glves at the beginning f each rund. Players in every event, frm spelling bees t glf（高尔夫球），act in this way. It’s all part f sprtsmanship（体育精神），a great traditin in sprts and cmpetitin. It means playing and being calm all thrugh the match.
［问题］The underlined wrd “bees” in the passage means _______. A. fly B. cmpetitinC. guess D. research【解析】选B。把spelling bees，glf分别与下文的sprts，cmpetitin对应起来，很容易猜到bees和cmpetitin是同义词。
(4)数字推算类 该题型要求学生根据文章提供的数据及内在的关系作出简单的计算和推断。
理清有关数字的关系，列出数学算式。 ［范例］Yu may knw abut “junk fd” like French fries. But d yu knw abut “junk sleep”? Recently, a British survey fund that electrnic(电子的) prducts in teenagers’ bedrms are affecting(影响)their sleep. The survey was dne amng 1, 000 British kids frm 12 t 16. It fund that 30 percent f them gt just 4 t 7 hurs’ sleep every day. But dctrs say they need 8 t 9 hurs. . . . . . .
［问题］_______ f the children in the survey sleep nly 4 t 7 hurs a day. A. 200 B. 300 C. 500 D. 1, 000【解析】选B。根据文章的第三段第一、二句我们可以作这样一个简单的计算：100030%=300，故答案为B。
（5）主旨大意类 该类题型在历年中考出现的频率也很高，难度系数较大。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。
从英语文章中出现主旨大意最频繁的位 置——首尾句去找。（2011·泰安中考） ［范例］A grup f peple asked this questin t a grup 4-t-8-year-ld children. “What des lve mean? ” The answers were surprising. The children wuld answer like they did belw.
“When my grandmther hurt her knees (膝盖), she culdn’t bend (弯腰) ver and paint her tenails (脚指甲) any mre. S my grandfather des it fr her all the time, even when his hands hurt t. That’s lve. ”Rebecca-age 8 “Lve is when smene hurts yu. And yu get s mad but yu dn’t shut at them because yu knw it wuld hurt their feelings. ”Samantha-age 6
“Lve is what makes yu smile when yu’re tired. ”Terri-age 4 “I let my big sister pick n (捉弄) me because my mum says she nly picks n me because she lves me. S I pick n my baby sister because I lve her. ”Bethany-age 4 “I knw my lder sister lves me because she gives me all her ld clthes and has t g ut and buy new clthes. ”Lauren-age 4
“Lve is when Mmmy gives Daddy the best piece f chicken. ”Elaine-age 5 “My mmmy lves me mre than anybdy. Yu dn’t see anyne else kissing me t sleep at night. ”Clear-age 5 “Yu really shuldn’t say ‘I lve yu’ unless yu mean it. But if yu mean it, yu shuld say it a lt. Peple frget. ”Jessica-age 8
［问题］The passage mainly tells us abut _______. A. what “life” means t childrenB. what “family” means t childrenC. what “friends” means t childrenD. what “lve” means t children【解析】选D。主旨大意题。在文章第二句“What des lve mean? ”我们就能找到文章的主旨，据此可足以判断选D。
通过全文主要内容，总结作者写作意图。 ［范例］Flish(silly) Freddie lived in a small village. The peple f the village laughed at him. They liked t shw visitrs hw silly Freddie was. They thught this was a funny thing t d. One day, a visitr came t the village.
“Watch this, ” a villager said, and called t Freddie. “Cme and play a game, Freddie, ” he shuted. Freddie walked slwly twards him, a silly smile n his face. “Lk! Freddie, ”the villager said, “I’ve gt smething fr yu. ” He shwed Freddie a dllar cin and a much larger 50-cent cin. “Which wuld yu like? ” he asked Freddie. Freddie tk the 50-cent cin at nce.
The villager laughed. “See hw flish he is, ” he said. “He always des that. He’s t silly t learn anything. ” He walked away, leaving Freddie with the visitr. The visitr felt srry fr Freddie and said t him, “Althugh the 50-cent cin is bigger than the＄1 cin, the＄1 cin is wrth(值) much mre. Tw times as much. ” “I knw that, ” Freddie said. “But nce I take the＄1 cin, they’ll stp playing the game. ”
［问题］The best title fr the passage shuld be _______. A. Clever VillagersB. “Flish” Freddie C. Freddie and a Visitr D. A Visitr and the Villagers【解析】选B。通读故事可知：弗雷迪一点也不傻，他表面上装傻，是为了可以继续做这样的游戏。
考点一 判断正误型阅读理解 判断正误型阅读理解题仍将以文章细节设题为主，以推理判断为辅，重在考查学生识别文章信息的能力。近年来，该题型主要集中在黑龙江、吉林、青海、陕西、山东、四川、云南、福建等省市。预计2013年判断正误型阅读理解仍将是非主流题型，区域性特色明显。
根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的用“T”，错误的用“F”。（2012·福州中考） A farmer’s dg, Dlly, had puppies (小狗), and the farmer needed t sell them. He painted a sign and put it in his yard. As he was putting up the sign, a little by walked up t him. “Sir, ” he said, “I want t buy ne f yur dgs. ” “Well, ” said the farmer, “these dgs are very expensive. ”
“Can I just lk? ” asked the by. “Sure, ” said the farmer and whistled (吹口哨). “Here, Dlly! ” he called. Dlly ran ut frm the dghuse and fur little dgs fllwed her. The by became excited. Then, the little by nticed anther dg. This ne was smaller. It mved slwly and tried t catch up with the thers. “I want that ne, ” the by said, pinting t the little dg.
The farmer said, “Sn, yu dn’t want that dg. He will never be able t run and play with yu like these ther dgs. ” The little by reached dwn and rlled up (卷起) ne leg f his trusers. He shwed a cast(石膏) n his leg and a specially made she. He said, “Yu see, sir, I dn’t run t well myself, and he will need smene wh understands. ” The wrld is full f peple wh need smene wh understands.
1. Dlly was a mther dg which had fur baby dgs. 2. One f the dgs mved slwly prbably because its legs were weak. 3. The farmer advised the by nt t chse the smaller dg. 4. Nthing was wrng with the by’s leg. 5. We learn frm the stry that ne shuld shw lve and understanding fr the weak.
剖析 本文主要是通过一位腿有残疾、走路不便的孩子买狗时没看中健康、跑得快的狗，却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事，诠释了一个生活哲理——生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。 Ⅰ. 词数分析 本文篇幅适中，全文共有202词，其中含有生词（组）4个（puppies小狗, whistled 吹口哨, rlled up 卷起, cast石膏）。
Ⅱ. 体裁分析 本文是一篇哲理故事。文章先由一个农夫要卖掉小狗展开故事，然后详细描述小孩买狗的过程，最后通过孩子的话语揭示出本文的主题——生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。Ⅲ. 角度分析 1、2小题是推理判断题，3、4小题是细节理解题，第5小题是主旨大意题。
Ⅳ. 答案分析1. 【解析】F。推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中“. . . fur little dgs fllwed her. ”及第三、四、五句可知Dlly除了前面提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说Dlly有四只小狗是不正确的，它至少有五只才对。2. 【解析】T。推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句“It mved slwly and tried t catch up with the thers. ”及第八段中“He will never be able t run and play with yu. . . ”可以推断这只小狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。
3. 【解析】T。细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话“Sn，yu dn’t want that dg. He will never be able t run and play with yu like these ther dgs. ”可知，农夫确实建议男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。4. 【解析】F。细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知，这个男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋，并且后面男孩说“. . . I dn’t run t well myself. . . ”，可以确定他的腿是有问题的。故此处错误。
5. 【解析】T。主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段，特别是最后一句话“The wrld is full f peple wh need smene wh understands. (这个世界充满了需要别人理解的人。)”，可以提炼出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家对弱势群体奉献出爱和理解。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。
考点二 选择型阅读理解 选择型阅读理解是最为流行的一种题型，因为它设题角度灵活多样，有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题以及主旨大意题，能够较客观全面地考查学生的阅读能力。因此，预计2013年中考选择型阅读理解仍将是主流题型。同时，文章体裁将更加多样化，选材更加广泛，生活气息、时代特色更加浓郁。
阅读下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的题目，从各题A、B、C、D中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。（2011·潍坊中考） Mr. White wrks in an ffice. He liked reading in bed when he was at schl. It was bad fr his eyes and nw he is near-sighted. But he wuldn’t want anybdy else t knw abut it and he never wears a pair f glasses. It ften brings him sme truble.
One winter mrning he was sent t a village schl n business. He gt ff a bus at a stp in a small twn. Then he had t walk there. The rad t the village wasn’t smth. There were stnes here and there. He fell ver several times and it made his clthes very dirty. At last he gt t the village. Suddenly it began t blw strngly and it gt much clder. His hat was blwn ff while he was lking fr the schl. He had t run after it but he culdn’t catch it. He was wndering why his hat ran int a huse as if it had legs. And then he ran int the huse, t. A big wman appeared and stpped him by shuting angrily, “What are yu running after my hen fr? ”
1. Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing is true? A. Mr. White wears a pair f glasses. B. Mr. White wrks in a village schl. C. Mr. White likes reading in bed in his ffice. D. Mr. White ften has sme truble because f his near-sight.
2. What was the weather like when Mr. White was walking t the village schl? A. It was warm. B. It was windy. C. It was fine. D. It was cl. 3. Mr. White culdn’t get his hat because _______. A. his hat had legsB. his hat was the big wman’sC. he culdn’t see his hat at allD. he culdn’t run as fast as his hat
剖析 本文主要叙述了Mr. White近视眼却不想让别人知道，所以他不戴近视镜，结果闹出了笑话——把母鸡当成了自己的帽子的故事。 Ⅰ. 词数分析 本文篇幅较短，全文190词左右，其中含有生词（组）3个（near-sighted近视的；smth平坦的；blw吹，刮风）。
Ⅱ. 体裁分析 本文属记叙文，话题是“生活趣事”。文章先对故事的主人公Mr. White做相关介绍，为后面发生的故事作铺垫。然后作者详细记叙了故事发生的经过。结构清晰，故事交代详细，读者易懂。Ⅲ. 角度分析 第1、2小题是细节理解题，第3小题属推理判断题。
Ⅳ. 答案分析1. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据句子“he never wears a pair f glasses”可以判断A是错误的；根据句子“One winter mrning he was sent t a village schl n business. ”可以判断B是错误的；根据句子“He liked reading in bed when he was at schl. ”可知他是在上学的时候喜欢躺在床上读书，C是错误的；根据句子“It ften brings him sme truble. ”可以判断D是正确的。故选D。
2. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段句子“Suddenly it began t blw strngly and it gt much clder. ”可知，天气是多风的，故选B。3. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第二段句子“He had t run after it but he culdn’t catch it. ”我们可以推断出他根本看不清自己的帽子，而是把母鸡当成帽子了。故选C。
考点三 任务型阅读 任务型阅读理解其题型多样，设题自由开放，内容广泛。它不仅能考查学生的阅读理解能力，还能考查学生的语言组织能力、单词拼写能力、英汉互译能力以及其他语言知识，较好地呼应了新课标所倡导的“任务型语言教学”模式。因此，预计2013年中考将有越来越多的省市采用此题型。
阅读短文，并按要求完成1～5题。 （2011·河北中考） Several Asian hspitals are ding experiments with tele-medicine. Tele-medicine is a technlgy that allws dctrs t “see” patients withut them being in the same place. This is made pssible thrugh high-speed cmmunicatin netwrks (网络). At bth ends f the line, the way f vide-meeting lets them see and talk t each ther. Bld pressure (血压) and bdy temperature are directly shwn n cmputers.
Tele-medicine is already in wide use in sme places such as the United States and Germany. Amng ther uses, village dctrs hld “cnsultatins (会诊)” with far-away experts(专家). The experts can als help them during peratins. Tele-medicine has been slw t reach Asia because f high csts, besides ther reasns. When things imprve, this technlgy will develp very fast. Chinese University f Hng Kng’s medical schl has jined a big hspital in Beijing, and Thailand is building a tele-medicine statin cnnecting 20 areas.
Tele-medicine will d gd t patients because dctrs frm different places can see them and give their medical advice. The help is quite imprtant if the disease is an unusual ne. It als helps spread medical knwledge amng experts. As tele-medicine develps well, its csts will be lwer and it will becme very ppular in the medical field.
1题判断正误（“T”表示正确，“F”表示错误）；2题完成句子；3、4题简略回答问题；5题将文中画线句子译成汉语。1. Tele-medicine is already in wide use in sme cuntries. ( )2. Tele-medicine allws _______ withut them being in the same place. 3. Why des tele-medicine develp slwly in Asia besides ther reasns? ______________________________________________________
4. What is Thailand ding accrding t the passage? ______________________________________________________5. ____________________________________________________
剖析 本文主要介绍了什么是远程医疗、远程医疗在欧美的运用、远程医疗在亚洲的发展及其前景。Ⅰ. 词数分析 本文篇幅适中，全文210词左右，其中含有生词（组）4个（tele-medicine远程医疗；netwrk网络；bld pressure血压；cnsultatin会诊)。
Ⅱ. 体裁分析 本文属说明文，话题是“远程医疗”。文章包括三部分，首先以报道亚洲几家医院做远程医疗实验开篇，先向读者介绍了什么是远程医疗； 接着介绍远程医疗在世界某些地区（如欧美）的广泛使用；最后介绍远程医疗在亚洲起步较晚的原因、初步发展及其前景。Ⅲ. 角度分析 第1、2、3、4小题是细节理解题；第5小题是理解翻译题。
Ⅳ. 答案分析1. 【解析】T。由第二段第一句话可知此句是正确的。2. 【解析】dctrs t “see”/see patients。由“Tele-medicine is a technlgy that allws. . . same place. ”可知：可以转换成dctrs t “see”/see patients。3. 【解析】Because f high csts. /High csts. 由第三段的第一句话可知：因为高成本, 远程医疗在亚洲发展很慢。
4. 【解析】Thailand is building a tele-medicine statin cnnecting 20 areas. /Building a tele-medicine statin cnnecting 20 areas. 由第三段的最后一句话可知。5. 当条件好转的时候，这项技术将会快速地发展。