1.17 长难句应对策略(含PPT)-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版)

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英语长难句重难知识点复习
明晰句子结构，把握句子的基本框架。 A.判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句； B.找出句子的主干成分(主语和谓语)，分清句子附属成分，理解句子大意。 C.层层分析，层层剥离
结构分析法
基本句子类型
( 1 ) We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.( 2 ) Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona. ( 3 ) The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.
a simple sentence
a compound(复合） sentence
a coordinate (并列）sentence
m
. 带有较多成分的简单句 ------去枝叶，留主干。
　　 句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。　　 我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures .
基本句子类型
What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．
[分析]　此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19­year­old who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干
[分析]　两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。
[名师指津]　分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。
[例2]　Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
[例3]　The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者)．
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句
并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法
这种句子的特点是在正常的句子中插入一些或长或短的成分或句子，比如同位语（从句）、非限制性定语从句、状语从句、分词、插入语等等，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解上的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。有时有逗号或破折号分开，
忽略插入成分,直奔句子主题.
Science has become so important in the modern world, with its procedures so highly standardized and so widely accepted, that it is included among modern social institutions.
含有插入语的句子
Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
倒装句
Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.
确定主语, 调整语序,把握大意.
Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.  
The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.
[分析]　此句正常语序为： ...placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...
把握大意, 找出上文对应信息, 补充省略成分
成分省略
　I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.
[分析]　and后省略了重复成分look forward，读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。
在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
［简析］ ①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。
①When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other，②an unbelted driver would meet the windshield ③with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.

意群阅读
先跳读修饰成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意义；然后再分层理解修饰成分或附加成分。如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句，可这样处理：先分清主句与从句，然后弄清从句的性质，即弄清它是什么从句。是名词性从句，还是状语从句，或是定语从句。另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了，
剥丝抽茧法
Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(项圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.I was discussing this problem recently with a colleague who had been beating his head against the wall for months, trying to get a story about a mysterious “dark force” in cosmology(宇宙学) past editors at New Yorker.
长难句之小试牛刀篇
1. 带有较多成分的简单句------去枝叶，留主干。2.含有多个从句的复合句 ------找从属连词,分析从句, 理解句意。3.含有插入成分的句子 ------忽略插入成分, 直奔句子主题。4. 倒装句------确定主语, 调整语序, 把握大意。5. 成分省略 ------把握大意, 找出对应信息, 补充省略成分。
小总结
长难句之实战演练篇
一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据 谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓 语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
［简析］此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed-he， ordered-he， （should） not be used-federal-funds， had proposed-no one， asked-he（asked 前面有 and，说明 asked 与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义 asked 应与 ordered 并列）。这一句的主干为“he ordered...and asked...”，“Declaring that...”作状 语。
第一节 找谓语，定主语
一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为 次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导 致思维混乱，主次不分。
First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century， the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds， including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem， and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique.
［简析］本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de formation the17th century”为过去分词短语作状语； “including...”为介词短语作状语； “who made…and who had to…”为两个并列的定语 从句，修饰 a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为 the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds 此为主要信息。
第二节 提主干，去枝叶（从句等）
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句 之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之 间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。 要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。
Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
［简析］“whereas”提示前后对比；not unusual=usual；not...until...直到…… 才……
第三节 寻关联，辨逻辑
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分 隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就 会发生偏差。
Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.
［简析］其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾 补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree” 隔开而已。
第四节 看搭配，防分隔
有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓， 从而在大体上搞清楚句意。
Miss Dermaine’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr. Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
［简析］此句似乎在描述婚礼上不同的人的情绪，而前后句用“and”连接（不 是 but），所以“anxious”和“less than delighted”所表现的情绪的反差不会太大。
第五节 关键词，抓线索
读者在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才 能正确理解句意。
We even have different words for some food，meat in particular，depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked，which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating.
［简析］本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”；“depending on...”为分词短语作 状语； “whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作 depending on 的宾语； “which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语， 即同位语从句说明 fact 的具体内容。
几种方法综合使用