(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向61 语法填空之解答介词、冠词与代词类填空的3策略(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

考向61 语法填空

解答介词、冠词与代词类填空的3策略

宏观分析

语法填空中无提示词类填空题的考查方向多为介词、冠词或代词。

①如果可数名词单数前无冠词，则考虑填冠词。分析名词前后的定语，判断是限制还是修饰，弄清是特指还是泛指。

②空后是名词或代词，如果名词前已有冠词或其他修饰语，根据意思或搭配考虑填介词。

③分析句子结构，确定句子所缺成分，空处在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，利用代词的用法确定用何种代词。

策略一　考查介词(短语)和动词短语——根据固定搭配

【考情再现】

1. (2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Museums must  ________ people's spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.

答案与解析　for　句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。大多数博物馆也欢迎学校团体，并为儿童安排特别活动。根据语境可知，此处是动词短语：compete for “为……竞争”。故填for。

2. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Bamboo plants  ________ health, abundance and a happy home.

答案与解析　with　句意：竹子寓意健康富裕与阖家幸福。be associated with“与……相关”。故填介词with。

3. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Oranges: Orange trees are  ________ decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.

答案与解析　than　句意：桔子树不仅仅是装饰品它们还象征吉祥富足。more than “不仅仅，不只是”。故填than。

4. (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ________ ， Mother Nature.

答案与解析　on　句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。

5. (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)We were first greeted with the barking by  ________ dogs, seven to be exact.

答案与解析　of　句意为：我们最先听到了一群狗的叫声——准确来说是七只狗的叫声。a pack of为固定搭配，意为“一群；一盒；一伙”，故填of。

6. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn uses  water ________  rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.

答案与解析　than　句意：玉米用水量比水稻少，化肥流失少。设空前是形容词比较级less，故该空应填介词than，构成比较级句型。

7. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was  ________  these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.

答案与解析　for　句意：“我”在寻找“我”一直在研究的三只西部低地大猩猩。search for是动词短语，表“寻找；搜寻”。

8. (2020·浙江高考7月卷)Some time after 10000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control  they  ________， through agriculture.

答案与解析　in　句意：公元前10000年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分析可知，“they lived ________”是名词the world 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world, live in＋名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。

9. (2020·浙江高考1月卷)In 2015, one in 12 people around the world were over 65; by 2050, it will be one in six. This aging of the population is  ________ two factors.

答案与解析　by　句意：2015年，全世界每12个人中就有一个人超过65岁；到2050年，这一比例将达到六分之一。这种人口老龄化是由两个因素造成的。be driven by ... “由……促成”， 此句为被动语态，介词by的宾语是动作的执行者。

10. (2019·浙江高考)The  ________ this question is not clear.

答案与解析　to　the key/answer to ...表示“……的答案是……”，是固定搭配。故填to。

【技巧微点】

1. 判断空后是否有谓语，确定填介词

设空后没有谓语动词，而是名词、代词、动名词或what从句，且它们不在句中作主语也不作动词的宾语，则该空填介词，空后的部分作它的宾语。

2. 记牢一词多义的情况

(1)for：①(去向)往；向，如：leave for “动身”；②为得到，为获取；③表一段时间，如：for two years “两年”；④因为，由于；⑤就……而言。

(2)in：①in＋一段时间，用于将来时；②in＋表示“方式/语言/材料”的名词，表“以……方式/用……语言/材料”；③表方向，朝，向，如in the direction。

(3)by＋交通工具/通信工具，也可表方式，如by car/train/air/sea/letter/email/phone/hand。

(4)with：①带有，具有；②用，以；③和……在一起；④因为，由于；⑤和其他动词连用。

(5)beyond：①在……另一边； ②在……更远处； ③超出；非……所能及。

(6)as用作介词，意为“作为”，常用于一些动词之后；work as “从事……工作”；serve as “可用作……”； act as “担任；充当……”。

3. 依据句式和搭配填介词

①与动词搭配，如：mistake ... for ... “把……误认为……”；devote ... to ... “致力于……”。

②与名词或代词搭配，如：(a) lack of “缺乏……”； on one's own/by oneself “靠自己”。

③与形容词搭配，如：be absent from “缺席”； be busy with “忙于”。

策略二　考查冠词——基本用法是解题关键

【考情再现】

11. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The plum trees are ________  to flower even as the snow is melting (融化). They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.

答案与解析　the　句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。此处指“第一个”，故序数词first前应加定冠词the。故填the。

12. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Of ________  recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.

答案与解析　the　句意：在已知的19个北极熊亚种群中，有3个正在减少，6个保持稳定，1个正在增加，还有9个缺乏足够的数据。根据句意及设空处后的“nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations”可知，此处特指“已知的19个北极熊亚种群”，应用定冠词限定，故填the。

13. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was short­listed, we thought it was ________ joke.

答案与解析　a　句意：当我们接到电话说她入围时，我们以为那是一个玩笑。设空处的joke意为“玩笑”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个玩笑”，应用不定冠词修饰，且joke的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。

14. (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent  ________  ， while rice has increased only 7 percent.

答案与解析　the　句意：在过去25年里玉米产量猛增了近125%，而水稻的产量只增长了7%。此处特指在过去的25年里，故填the。

15. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming  .

答案与解析　the　句意：出乎意料的是，我正与那只猩猩面对面，它开始声嘶力竭地尖叫。at the top of one's lungs “声嘶力竭地”。

16. (2020·浙江高考7月卷)This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then, with ________   science, changes began.

答案与解析　the　句意：这种耕种方式持续了很久。然后随着科学的崛起，一切发生了变化。with the rise of “随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。

17. (2020·浙江高考1月卷)A child born in the US today has ________ very realistic  of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.

答案与解析　a　句意：现在在美国出生的孩子很有可能活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。have a(n) ... chance of 意为“有……的可能性”，故此处填不定冠词a。

18. (2019·浙江高考)Everybody wears ________  style of clothes.

答案与解析　the　the same意为“相同的”，故填定冠词the。

【技巧微点】

1. 2个口诀巧判用a/an还是the

①用定冠词的情况：特指双方熟悉，上文已提及，世上独一无二，专有名词前、西洋乐器前、序数词与最高级前。

②用不定冠词的情况：泛指一类人与物，与one同义表“一”；和序数词一起表“又一，再一”，词首字母读元音，冠词就要用an, 其他一律用a。

2. 5种可能填冠词的情况

填不定冠词的情况：

①________＋单数可数名词

②________＋形容词＋单数可数名词

填定冠词的情况：

①________(＋定语)＋名词＋of等介词短语(表特指)

②________(＋定语)＋名词＋定语从句(表特指)

③________(＋定语)＋名词＋不定式/分词短语(表特指)

3. 根据固定搭配或用法确定冠词

①动词(catch/take/hit等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。

②at a loss “不知所措”； a waste of ...“浪费……”；have a look/take a walk “看一看/去散步”等固定搭配。

③a＋比较级(＋名词)，表“一个更……的人或物”。

④抽象名词具体化的名词(可概括为：惊、乐、憾、傲、慰、险、助、成、败、美)surprise, pleasure, pity, pride, comfort, danger, help, success, failure, beauty，表具体的意义“一个……”时，其前应加不定冠词a或an。

策略三　考查代词

——根据所作成分转换代词或根据指代对象或句式填写代词

【考情再现】

19. (2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and  ________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.

答案与解析　themselves　句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。设空处所填词指代该句主语visitors，意为“他们自己”，应用反身代词。故填themselves。

20. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ________ (it)  for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.

答案与解析　its　设空处所填词作名词plans的定语，应用形容词性物主代词its，故填its。

21. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ) is cheap, easy and it's always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all  ________ .

答案与解析　it　句意：如果你时间不充裕，你只需要花费其他运动一半的时间去跑步便可获得同样的收益，因此或许我们都应该尝试跑步。设空处作give的宾语，且指代上一句中的Running，故用代词it。

22. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to  ________ (they) alive.

答案与解析　them　设空在句中作find 的宾语，故用宾格代词them。

23. (2019·北京高考)Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper  ________ (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.

答案与解析　myself　本句的主语是I，当宾语与主语是同一人时，宾语应用反身代词。故填myself。

24. (2018·浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how  ________ can be .

答案与解析　it　设空处是形式主语，其中不定式短语to eat out是真正的主语，作形式主语应用it。

【技巧微点】

句子成分法

当句子中缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物有指代关系。

①作主语：人称代词主格(I, we, you, he, she, they, it)、指示代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词。

②作宾语：人称代词宾格(me, us, you, him, her, them, it)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, its)、不定代词。

③作表语：人称代词宾格、不定代词或名词性物主代词。

④作定语：形容词性物主代词(our, my, your, his, her, their, its)。

⑤作宾语、表语或同位语且反射句子的主语，用反身代词(myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves)，同时注意数的变化。

※填it的情况：a.作形式主语或形式宾语； b. 指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况；c.固定搭配，如make it “成功；按时到达”； get it “理解，明白”。

【检测训练】

1

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A shepherd became a hero as he saved six marathoners among a group of those1. (affect) by extreme weather.

Zhu Keming, a farmer from Jingtai county of Baiyin, Northwest China's Gansu province, was grazing his sheep on a mountain near the Yellow River on Saturday morning. As it began raining and the temperature dropped 2. (sharp), Zhu went to seek shelter in a nearby cave house 3.  he had stored clothes and dried food for emergency use.

While 4. (stay) in the cave house, Zhu heard cries for help from outside. He walked out and saw a group of marathon runners, including one convulsing(抽搐) due to the cold.

He immediately took the runners into the cave house, and started fires to warm them. He then called the emergency hotline 5.  help.

While waiting for 6. (rescue), Zhu kept looking around outside. He then found 7.  runner laying on ground. He carried the man into the cave house, and8. (wrap) him in quilts until he regained consciousness.

Zhang Xiaotao, who survived the ill-fated race that claimed the lives of 21 runners, was9. (emotion) when recalling the shepherd's help.

"The 10. (lose) of temperature was fast. It is a miracle that I survived a narrow escape from death. Without him (Zhu Keming), I don't know what would have become of me," he said.

2

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式

The Lantern Festival, also known as Shangyuan Festival, is observed on January 15th on Chinese lunar calendar. It is the first full moon night in Chinese lunar year, 11. (symbol) harmony, reunion and the coming back of the spring.The Lantern Festival is deemed as a good day for family get-together.

As for the traditions for this festival, just 12.  its name indicates, hanging and looking at lanterns is the main tradition. Lanterns of 13. (vary) of shapes and sizes are displayed on trees, or along river banks. Some are in the shapes of butterflies, birds, flowers, and boats, others 14. (shape) like dragon, fruit and animal symbols of that year. 

Another tradition is solving lantern riddles. Thousands of riddles 15. (hang) on lanterns for people to shoot down and solve. The riddles are usually short, wise, and sometimes humorous. The answer 16.  a riddle can be a Chinese character, a famous person’s name, a place name or a proverb. This tradition is said 17. (become) a popular game with serious staying power even as social development changes other traditions.

Aside from that, the most important thing to do today is to eat sweet dumplings. In northern China, sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour are called “Yuanxiao” while in 18. (south) part they are called “Tangyuan”. Typical sweet dumplings are filled with black sesame sauce, sweetened bean paste, or hawthorn and the round shape of it is a symbol of wholeness, completeness and unity.

The lantern festival is an occasion when the families get together and everyone—young, old, rich and poor 19. (have) fun. Making “ Yuanxiao” today is like a game or 20.  activity, so it’s seldom done without a group of friends or family present to help out.

3

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

China earlier on Thursday successfully launched Tianhe from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site, 21.  (start) a series of key launch missions22. aim to complete the construction of the station by the end of next year.

The construction of the space station and a state-level space lab,23. (be) key goal to fulfilling the three strategic steps in China’s manned space program and24. important  leading project for building China’s25. (strong) in science, technology and aerospace.

China’s most adventurous space attempt, the multimodule space station named Tiangong, will have three main components — a core module26. (attach) to two space laboratories — with a combined weight of nearly 70 tons. The core capsule, named Tianhe, is 16. 6 meters long 27. has a diameter (直径) of 4. 2 meters. The craft’s weight is equal28. the combined weight of 15 standard-size automobiles.

The capsule will be 29.  (centre) to the space station’s future operations, given that astronauts will live there and control the entire station from inside. It will 30.  (use) to host scientific and technological experiments too. The entire station is expected to become fully operational around the end of 2022 and is set to work for about 15 years.

4

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

What do the Summer Palace, Yuanmingyuan and the Chengde Mountain Resort all have 31. common? These Qing-dynasty architectural 32.  (wonder), along with many others, were all built by members of the same family- the Lei family.

For seven generations, the Lei family 33.  (quiet) shaped royal architecture. Their designs were admirable, 34.  (vary) from grand buildings to public works, such as roads and dams. So incredible was their skill 35.  many of their buildings survived earthquakes and remained standing over hundreds of years.

The Lei family were also pioneering engineers, who used a grid (方格) system to plan their projects in detail. They took careful notes and made models of their projects, many of 36.  have survived to this day, and they are registered as part of UNESCO’S Memory of the World Programme.

In addition to their architectural achievements, the Lei family 37.  (show) diligence (勤奋) and modesty. Each generation conscientiously learnt their skills and undertook ambitious projects, many of which took years 38.  (complete). Yet they did not seek fame, and even today, their great works are associated 39.  (much) with the royal court than with them.

With their remarkable skills, innovation, diligence and modesty, the Lei family leave behind their buildings and the 40.  (believe) that true workmanship is a treasure that can last beyond a lifetime.

5

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

On Sina Weibo, Actress Ma Sichun's name has recently been trending. Ma appeared in the 41.  (five) season of a variety show, Roast. The audience was astonished that she was overweight. She looks totally different from her slim appearance in You Are My Hero, 42.  (release) on March 11, in which Ma plays a doctor.

People are wondering what happened to Ma. In a video, she publicly admitted that she has been suffering from depression43.  hadn't realized that it was a disease. Since she was a child, pressure from family and school life taught her to be careful. She was also 44.  victim of bullying in senior high school. After 45.  (step) into showbiz (演艺圈)，Ma tried to get rid of accusations of nepotism (裙带关系)because her aunt is well-known actress Jiang Wenli.

For a long time, Ma 46.  (stick) in a cycle of depression. But now, she has learned to cope. “I've learned how to make peace with myself and the past,” Ma said in an interview with GQ Lab. "I'm 47.  (true) making an attempt to be more open-minded and 48.  (courage)/9 she added.

Standing on the stage of Roast, Ma played jokes about remarks 49.  her overweight brought about by taking medicine. She even encouraged those suffering from depression in the video. <sGo to a doctor and receive treatment. Only when 50.  (face) it can you accept yourself.9,

6

阅读下面短文，在空格处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In March, Finland was named as 51.  (happy) country in the world in the United Nations World Happiness Report. This is the 52.  (four) year in a row for the European country to win the title.

According to CNN, mutual (相互的) trust is one of the main reasons. In 2020, the whole world 53.  (feel) the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. But people in Finland didn’t show a decline in well-being according to a survey of the population.

“One possible 54.  (explain) is that people see COVID-19 as a common, outside threat affecting everybody and 55.  this has generated a greater sense of solidarity (团结) and fellow- feeling,” said John, who contributed to the report.

Finland’s natural environment also plays 56.  important role. Seventy-five percent of the country 57.  (cover) by forests. People can reconnect with nature easily. For example, they can sit quietly on a bench next to a peaceful lake to appreciate life.

“Finnish happiness isn’t skin deep and immediately 58.  (vision)—it has deeply rooted in our being. Sustainable happiness is our superpower, and it means we tend 59.  (take) life as it comes—a trait (特点) that is helping us 60.  these challenging times,” said Heli, senior director of international marketing at Business Finland.

7

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Chinese scientist Yuan Longping, globally known for developing the first hybrid rice strain in 1973 that relieved countless people 61.  hunger, passed away on Saturday at the age of 91.

The scientist spent over five decades researching and improving hybrid rice, 62.  has reached its third generation, feeding 63. (near) one-fifth of the world's population with less than 9 percent of the world's total land. In China, the annual planting area of hybrid rice has topped 16 million hectares, or 57 percent of 64.  total planting area of rice. Its growth area overseas has reached 8 million hectares. His more recent achievements included developing 65. (variety) of seawater rice, or saline-alkali tolerant rice. His team planned to use the rice 66.  (transform) 6. 7 million hectares of saline-alkali land in China over the next eight to 10 years.

Yuan once said he had two dreams—to “enjoy the cool under the rice crops 67. ( tall) than men” and that hybrid rice could be grown all over the world to help solve the global 68. (short) of food.

Yuan's lifelong devotion to 69. (reduce) hunger has made him a national hero and household name in China. In 1999, an asteroid (小行星) discovered by the National Astro-nomical Observatories 70. (name) after Yuan. In 2019, he was awarded the Medal of the Republic, China's highest state honor.

8

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The lunar soil samples 71. (bring) back by China’s Chang’e-5 probe (探测器) will go on display for the public in Beijing soon after 72. (they) first showing at the Great Hall of the People.

The Chang’e-5 probe 73. (collect) 1,731 grams of lunar samples, and the return capsule landed in north China on December 17, 2020. Lunar soil is a 74. (combine) of bedrock dust and glassy pieces containing different minerals and other substances, and is a result of meteorite (陨石), space rays and solar wind 75. (hit) the moon over time. The lunar soil looks like concrete, with each piece about 100 micrometers 76.  size.

It’s 77. (possible) to grow vegetables in the soil as it is lacking organic nutrients (营养物) and extremely dry. On the contrary, the soil on Earth is composed of minerals, organic materials and water, 78.  allow plants and flowers to grow.

For scientific purposes, it is an ideal opportunity for humans 79. (study) the moon—analyzing soil taken directly from the lunar surface in the lab—which is an experience that neither remote sensing 80.  meteorite study can provide.

9

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Cayman Islands, 81.  its brilliant coral reefs and shining clear waters, have been a popular playground for travelers. The highlight is what attracts the divers from the world. This UK overseas territory has 82.  population of around 55,500 people. Its capital is George Town, 83.  (locate) on Grand Cayman, the largest island. The Cayman Island dollar is the 84.  (office) currency, but American money is 85.  (wide) accepted.

In addition to Grand Cayman, the Cayman Islands consist of Little Cayman and Cayman Brae, 86.  you’ll find The Bluff, which reaches up to 141 feet. Most people flying into the Cayman Islands arrive at Owens Roberts International Airport in George Town. To enjoy a variety of exciting 87.  (attract), they scatter across the three main islands. More often than not, the tourists 88.  (remind) that hurricane season runs from June to November.

The cultural and natural history of the Cayman Islands come alive at the National Museum. Inside, everything from coins to stamps, fantastic birds and traditional clothing 89.  (provide) visitors with a rich history of the Caymanian people. Whenever I come to the islands, I surely spend a lot of time wandering in the National Museum 90.  (learn) about the wonderful islands.

10

阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Music is one of the most 91.  (power) things in my life. Listening to music can help to motivate me in a trying time. When young, I 92.  (show) not great interest in music as I do now. I mainly listened to 93.  my parents were listening to. Whether I was in the car, the house,  94.  anywhere else, there was sure to be some Beatles, or Buddy holly constantly playing in the background. Now I am older. I enjoy music for the reason that it allows me to feel 95.  (energy) in face of any difficulty.

I believe music has the power to convey all sorts of emotions. The song A Little Bit Longer is 96.  emotional and inspiring that whenever I hear it, I can't help 97.  (move) to tears, especially when I watch it being played alive. The effect that music can have 98.  our emotions is tremendous, as it can bring people to floods of tears or 99.  (burst) of laugh.

I believe music affects people in many ways. To me, music is 100.  (extreme) important in my life. I think it brings me closer to my friends and family.