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考向10 情态动词（虚拟语气）
考向一 助动词与情态动词
一、英语中的助动词
助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)
（1）“be + -ing”构成进行时态；
（2）“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态；
（3）“be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语：
①表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 总理将于明年访问日本。
② 用于命令。You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。
2、have (has, had)
(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如：Have you seen the film ?
(2)“have been + -ing”构成完成进行时态。如：What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?
3、do (does, did)
(1)“do not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：His brother doesn’t like playing basket.；
(2)“Do + 主语 + 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does he go to school by bike every day?
(3)“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如：I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我确实去看望他了，但他不在家。Do do some work. 请一定做点什么；
(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.
4.will, shall (would, should)
“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称或第三人称，口语中常用will代替shall，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
二、英语中的情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。
将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下：
1、can和could (could为can的过去式) 的基本用法
(1)表示能力，如：He can speak English better than you.
(2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”，如：Can this green bike be Liu Dong's?
(3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用，如：You can (may) go home now.
(4)如果要表示语气婉转，可用could代替can，这时could不再是can的过去式，如：Could you come again tomorrow?
(5)can和be able to都可表示能力，两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式，如：He will be able to do the work better.
2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法
(1)表示允许或征询对方许可，有“可以”之意，如：You may use my dictionary. 在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时，一般多不用may或 may not，以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如：---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. 在请求对方许可时，如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 语气更婉转些，如：May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时，要用must not代替may not，如：---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.
(2)may或 might都可以表示可能性，表示“或许”、“可能”之意，如果用might表示可能性，则语气更加不肯定，如：They may (might) be in the library now .
3、must的基本用法
(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意，其否定式 must not，缩写形式为 mustn't，表示“不应该”，“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意，如：We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire.
(2)对以must提出的疑问句，如作否定回答时，要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不 必)来回答，而不用mustn't，因为mustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意，如：---- Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days.
(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如：---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.
4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法
(1)can, could后接完成式的用法：
①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度，Could he have said so?
②在肯定句中，可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如：---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure.
（2）may, might后接完成式的用法
①表示对过去某事的推测，认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might，语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before.
②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实 际没有做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气，如：You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better.
(3)must后接完成式的用法：表示对过去某事的推测，认为某事在过去一定做到 了，如：Liu Dong isn’t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.
5、have to 的基本用法
have to和must的意义相近，只是 must侧重表示说话人的主观看法，而have to 则表示客观需要，如：I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.
6、ought to的基本用法
(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事，语气比should强，例如：Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.
(2)表示推测，注意与must表示推测时的区别：He must be home by now .(断定他已到家)，He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(比较直率) ，This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) ；
(3)“ought + have+ 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而 实际未做。例如：You ought to have helped him. (but you didn’t) 这时，ought与 should可以互相换用。注意，在美国英语中ought to 用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如：Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much.
7、dare的基本用法
(l)dare (dared为其过去式) 作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句中，如：Dared he bread the traffic regulations again?
(2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词，其变化与一般行为动词相同，如：She dares to stay at home alone at night.
8、need的基本用法
(1)need作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，如：He needn't worry about us now.
(2)need也可作为行为动词用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带 to 的动词不定式为其宾语。如：You need to practise reading aloud every day.
(3)needn't后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情，如：---- Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you needn’t have answered it.
9、shall的基本用法
(1)shall用作情态动词时，用于第二、三人称，表示说活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.
(2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一、三人称，表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示，如：Shall I open the door?
10、should的基本用法
(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意，如：You should learn from each other.
(2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情，或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如：You should have give him more help.
11、will的基本用法
(1)用于各人称，可以表示“意志”或“决心”，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
(2)在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿，如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?
(3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“会要”之意，如：Every morning he will have a walk along this river.
12、would的基本用法
(1)would作为will的过去式，可用于各人称，表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”，如：He promised he would never smoke again.
(2)在疑问句中，用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的意愿时，比用will的气更加婉转，如：Would you like some more coffee?
(3)在日常生活中，学用“I would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使语气婉转，如：I would like to do Ex.2 first.
(4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作，比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week.
(5)表料想或猜想，如：It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.
13、used to, had better, would rather的用法
(1)used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变，例如：He told us he used to play foot ball when he was young.
在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式。
疑问句：Did you use to/ Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句：I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可写作usen’t)；
否定疑问句：Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre?
强调句：I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.；
其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：She used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’t she? Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to.
(2)had better意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式，例如：
---- We had better go now .
---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I’d better be going. (用于进行时态，表“最好立即”)/ You had better have done that (用于完成时态，表未完成动作)
注：had better用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。
(3)would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式，例如：I’d rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/
---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here?
---- No, I would not. I’d rather go there.
由于would rather表选择，因 而后可接than，例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. (句中的 'd rather不是情态动词，would 在此是表愿望的实义动词)
【典例示例】
1.There’s no light on—they be at home.
A.can’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.shouldn’t
【答案】A
【解析】句意为：（家中）没有亮灯, ——他们肯定不在家。此处要用情态动词表推测, 且用于否定句表示 “肯定不……”, 故can’t符合要求。must表推测时不用于否定句, mustn’t表示 “禁止, 不许”；needn’t表示 “不需要”；shouldn’t表示 “不应当”, 故A项符合要求。
2.We hope that as many people as possible join us for the picnic tomorrow.
A.need B.must C.should D.can
【答案】D
【解析】句意为：我们希望尽可能多的人能参加我们明天的野餐。用can.表示可能性。
3.— What’s the name?
— Khulaifi. I spell that for you?
A. Shall B.Would C.Can D.Might
【答案】A
【解析】shall在问句中征求对方意见, 主要用于第一人称。答语句意为： “我给你拼写一下好吗？”
4.We have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.
A.needn’t B.may not C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t
【答案】B
【解析】句意为：我们或许还没有证明是伟大的探险者, 但我们已取得了在过去的10年里的最伟大的进展。故应用may not。
5.— Could I have a word with you, mum?
— Oh dear, if you .
A. can B.must C.may D.should
【答案】B
【解析】句意为：妈妈, 我可以和你说句话吗？” “噢, 亲爱的, 如果你非要说的话。”must表示必须要做的事。
6.If it were not for the fact that she sing, I would invite her to the party.
A.couldn’t B.shouldn’t C.can’t D.might not
【答案】C
【解析】题中that引导同位语从句。 “she can’t sing”是一个事实, 是指在能力、技能等方面不能、不会。
7.Some aspects of a pilot’s job be boring, and pilots often work at inconvenient hours.
A.can;have to B.may;can C.have to;may D.ought to;must
【答案】A
【解析】句意为：飞行员工作的某些方面可能是令人厌倦的, 并且飞行员经常在不方便的时候工作。第一空表示的是客观的可能性, 应用can；而第二空说在不方便的时候还要干, 因此表示客观上的必须, 用have to, 意为 “不得不”。
8. fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A.Would you be B.Should you be C.Could you be D.Might you be
【答案】B
【解析】句意为：如果你被炒了, 你的医疗保险和其他利益并不会立即取消。与将来事实相反的假设, 从句用答案B项。
9.— May I smoke here?
— If you , choose a seat in the smoking section.
A. should B.could C.may D.must
【答案】D
【解析】由本题语境可知, 空白处应表示 “非得……”之意, 故须用must。
10.The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.
A.should have taken B.could have taken
C.needn’t have taken D.mustn’t have taken
【答案】C
【解析】句意为:昨天天气不错, 我本没有必要不怕费事带把伞。could have done表示 “本能够做而未做”；should have done表示 “本应该做而未做”；mustn’t表示 “禁止, 不许”；needn’t have done表示 “本不必做而做了”。take the trouble to do sth.表示 “不怕费事或困难尽力做某事”。
考向二 虚拟语气
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

从 句
主 句
与现在事实相反
动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）
would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反
had + 过去分词
would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反
动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形
would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式：
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
【典例示例】
1.Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it yesterday.
A.was happening B.happens C.has happened D.happened
【答案】D
【解析】as if仿佛, 好像, 其后的从句可出现虚拟语气。句意为：Eliza清楚地记得每一件事, 仿佛它是昨天发生的！句中remembers为一般现在时, 故as if从句中用一般过去时来表示虚拟语气。
2.He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he         it differently.
A. could express                        B. would express
C. could have expressed                 D. must have expressed
【答案】C
【解析】could have expressed it differently.他要是用另一种方式来说该多好呀。
3.But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won
【答案】B
【解析】此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反, 句子谓语动词用
4.Jack described his father, who _______a brave boy many years ago, as a strong– willed man
A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been
【答案】D
【解析】句意为 “杰克把他的父亲描述为一个意志坚强的人, 他的父亲多年前肯定很勇敢。”用must have been表示对过去事情的肯定推测。
5.Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he_______
A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy D. will be busy
【答案】A
【解析】前句表示对过去的虚拟, 而but之后表示过去的客观事实, 故用一般过去时态。
6.If he my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow
【答案】C
【解析】根据 “wouldn’t have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟, 故选C项。
7.John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him.
A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told
【答案】D
【解析】句意：约翰独自去了医院。如果他告诉我的话, 我会跟他一起去的。前一句是陈述语气, 说明动发生在过去, 而且后一句的主句已经是would have gone说明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与之对应的从句结构, 应该用had +过去分词。
8.George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture.
A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused
【答案】B
【解析】would rather后应用虚拟语气, 表示与现在时间相反, 用动词的过去式。
9.If we ___ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken
【答案】B
【解析】所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语, 根据主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反, 故所填部分用had+过去分词形式, 选B。
10.Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention ________ (讨论) at the meeting. (discuss)
【答案】(should) be discussed
【解析】“insist”引导的宾语从句要用虚拟, 从句结构是“should”（可省略）加动词原形, 主语“problem” 是要 “被讨论”。

【检测过关】
1. —How’s your tour around the East Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted.
A. will B. would C. must D. should
2. I often felt troubled in my teens and my grandma ________ comfort me, saying “Life is like that, dear”.
A. would B. might C. should D. must
3. ---He was satisfied with the result, wasn't he?
---No. It was so difficult that he __________have passed it.
A. shouldn't B. mustn't
C. couldn' t D. wouldn't
4. -- Turn off the TV, Jack. _______ your homework now?
-- Mum, just ten more minutes, please.
A. Will you be doing B. Should you be doing
C. Shouldn't you be doing D. Couldn’t you be doing
5. he law is equally applied to everyone. No one _______ be above it.
A. shall B. must
C. may D. need
6. — Excuse me, do you mind if I open the window?
— Well, if you __________. I can put on more clothes.
A. can B. may
C. must D. shall
7. The room is so clean. He ________ have cleaned it yesterday evening.
A. will B. need
C. can D. must
8. The weather turned out to be fine. I _____________ the trouble to carry the umbrella with me.
A. should have taken B. must have taken
C. couldn't have taken D. needn't have taken
9. He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he ________ be quite charming when he wishes.
A. shall B. should
C. can D. must
10. Frankly speaking, I am not sure whether I ________ this in the old days with that kind of equipment, which looks quite odd and ridiculous.
A. should have done B. need have done C. would have done D. must have done
11. Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he ________ go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.
A. should B. could
C. would D. might
12. It is really cold and the ground is wet; it ________ have rained last night.
A. might B. must
C. can D. should
13. —I have something important to tell John. But I can’t find him.
—His cell phone is here, so he ________ have gone too far.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t
C. wouldn’t D. can’t
14. —What’s wrong with you?
—Oh, I am sick. I ________ so much ice cream just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t eat
C. couldn’t have eaten D. shouldn’t have eaten
15. -- Did Jim come?
-- I don’t know. He _______ while I was out.
A. might have come B. might come
C. must have come D. should have come
16. Keep up your spirits even if you _____ fail hundreds of times.
A. must B. need
C. may D. should
17. —It’s really great to have a computer to store my photos.
—Don’t count on it too much. It ________ break down and you’d better make a copy of them.
A. must B. can
C. should D. will
18. -- Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
---Thanks. You _______ it. I could manage it myself.
A. needn’t do B. shouldn’t have done C. mustn’t do D. needn’t have done
19. —What does the sign over there read？
—“No person___smoke or carry a lighted cigarette,cigar or pipe in this area.”
A. will B. may
C. shall D. must
20. —Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You________ have made full preparations.
A. must B. can C. would D. should
21. I’ve ordered some pizza, so we _______ worry about cooking when we get home tired.
A. can’t B. dare not C. needn’t D. may not
22. —Tony _______ what I did annoying though he didn’t say anything.
—So you think you will have to make an apology?
A. could find B. should have found
C. might find D. must have found
23. Why ________ you choose to work in a remote village school when you can own a respectable job in a city?
A. need B. should
C. must D. will
24. The society can remain good as long as we are willing to fight for it—and to fight against whatever imperfections ________ exist.
A. shall B. may C. should D. would
25. —I can’t think why he ______ so angry. I meant no offence.
—It’s typical of him to be sensitive.
A. must have been B. should have been
C. might have been D. can have been
26. According to the school rule, no child be allowed out of the school, unless accompanied by his or her own parents.
A. should B. must
C. shall D. can
27. .Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach .I so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
28. If you want to improve your figure and health, the most effective thing to do is to show up at the gym every time you ________ be there.
A. can B. will
C. may D. shall
29. Everything is amazing. Thank you all. We without your help.
A. can’t make it B. mustn’t have made
C. won’t make D. couldn’ t have made it
30. —Did Max go to the concert with his family yesterday?
—The report scheduled to be handed in tomorrow, he _______ it.
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attended
C. wouldn’t attend D. shouldn’t attend
31. —Why didn’t you call me then?
—Oh, my cell-phone was power off. I ________ you otherwise.
A. would call B. had called
C. have called D. would have called
32. —The lecture about 3D technology was very interesting.
—It’s a pity. How I wish I ________ time to attend it.
A. had B. have C. had had D. have had
33. Tommy, it’s about time you ________ set off for the airport.
A. must B. should C. can D. may
34. I wouldn’t have missed the train if I ______ up earlier.
A. got B. had got C. will get D. have got
35. If we________ a table in advance, we wouldn't be standing here in the long queue.
A. reserve B. reserved
C. have reserved D. had reserved
36. They’ve seen many famous scholars in the conference. How I wish I ______ it!
A. have attended B. will attend
C. would attend D. had attended
37. Had Mary not been hurt in the car accident, ________ the next week’s marathon.
A. she would run B. she would have run
C. she will run D. she must have run
38. It is required that under no circumstances ________ betray ourselves even if there are temptations like money or beauty.
A. we can B. will we
C. should we D. we shall
39. It’s necessary that not only ________ to see a doctor but also have a good rest.
A. will Boy go B. Bob will go
C. should Bob go D. Bob should go
40. I wouldn’t have punched him if it ________ for the fact that he ________ to apologize to me yesterday.
A. were not; refused B. were not; had refused
C. had not been; refused D. had not been; had refused
41. But for their help, we ________ the program in time.
A. can not finished B. will not finish
C. had not finished D. could not have finished
42. He would be in better health now _______ with too much work when young.
A. had he not burdened himself B. if he was not burdened
C. were he not burdened D. had he not been burdened himself
43. Take the medicine right away! ______ it yesterday, you would be quite all right now.
A. Had you taken B. Would you take
C. Should you take D. Were you to take
44. — Helen,are you going Io the airport to pick up Jack the day after tomorrow?
— ________ tomorrow night.I would go.
A. Were he to come back B. If he was about to come back
C. Had he come back D. If he would come back
45. Lily is a good singer. How I wish I ________ as well as her.
A. sing B. will sing
C. had sung D. sang
46. If it ________ for her great help then, I would not study English so well now.
A. hasn’t been B. wasn’t
C. hadn’t been D. isn’t
47. If you ___________ to my advice carefully, you wouldn’t have made such a terrible mistake.
A. listened B. have listened
C. would listen D. had listened
48. I didn?t see your sister at the meeting. If she 　　　　, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come
C. came D. had come
49. If the new safety system _______ to use, the accident would never have happened.
A. had been put B. were put C. should be put D. would be put
50. I am sorry I am very busy now. If I time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.
A. have B. had
C. have had D. had had
51. —Did you pass your driving test?
—Yes, otherwise I ________ to the picnic next month.
A. couldn't drive B. couldn't have driven
C. won't drive D. wouldn't have driven
52. — What happened to the young trees we planted last week?
— The trees __________ well, but I didn’t water them.
A. might grow B. would have grown
C. needn’t have grown D. would grow
53. —Can't you drive a little faster?
—No. If I ________ another speeding ticket, my dad would take away my car.
A. would get B. would have got C. had got D. got
54. The movie couldn’t be more boring.I wish I ________ to it.
A. had not been B. have not been
C. did not go D. have not gone
55. If you were to have a few minutes free, I______ the opportunity to ask you one more question.
A. would appreciate B. would have appreciated
C. were to appreciate D. had appreciated
56. Without our team’s great effort, the art exhibition last week ______ such a great success.
A. wouldn’t be B. won’t be C. wouldn’t have been D. won’t have been
57. It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I it?
A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing
58. They advocate the proposal we were opposed ______ rediscussed at the next meeting.
A. to be B. should be C. to was D. was
59. It’s high time he _________ the right measures; otherwise, he’ll fail.
A. took B. take C. takes D. was taden
60. __________him not to do so, he wouldn’t have made such a serious mistake.
A. Did I persuade B. If I persuade
C. If I should persuade D. Had I persuaded