(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题四 第1讲　定语从句 (含答案)

这是一份(新高考)高考英语二轮复习讲义第2部分 语法专题 语法专题 专题四 第1讲　定语从句 (含答案)，共10页。

定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
考点一 that/which/wh/whm
Xia Meng is a girl wh/that① lves reading and she is als a girl wh/whm/that② teachers ften praise.Bks that/which③ talk abut lve r adventures are her favrite.Jurney t the West is the first bk that④ Xia Meng has read，and it is als the best nvel that④ she has read.Everything that④ appears in the nvel is interesting and bth peple and mnsters that④ are described in it make her fascinated.
注释：①关系词指人作主语，可以用that，wh引导。②关系词指人作宾语，可以用that，wh，whm 引导。③关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用that，which引导。④关系词指物，由形容词最高级或序数词修饰，或者是先行词是不定代词，或关系词既指人又指物时，只能用that。
1．that/which/wh/whm在句子里充当主语或宾语，这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中，that 出现频率最高。that既可以作主语，也可以作宾语，既可以指人，也可以指物。
2．此外指物时只用that不用which的情况的口诀：very、nly序最高，人物、不定that好。即先行词指物被the very、the nly、序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，或者先行词既包括人也包括物时，或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
This is the very bk that I have been lking fr fr several days.
这正是我找了好几天的那本书。
Is there anything that yu want t say abut this matter?
关于这件事你想说什么呢？
3．定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。
I still remember the peple in the remte village wh were friendly t me.
我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲。
The students wh are interested in the activity shuld sign up fr it in advance.
对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．The dictinary that/which the gentleman bught half an hur ag was very expensive.
2．The lady wh is(be) standing behind the cunter is my sister.
3．The man wh/whm/that I served was wearing a hat.
4．This is the third apple that she has eaten in the afternn.
5．This is the nly thing that I can d t slve the tricky prblem.
6．That’s all that I knw abut the yung man living next dr.
7．When they met again，the tw friends talked abut lts f things and persns that they culd remember in the schl.
8．This is the best film that I have ever seen.
考点二 as/which/whse
As① we all knw/As① is knwn t all，Li Hua is a student whse② name is ften seen in English examinatins.But this year he didn’t make us write cmpsitins fr him，which③ made many students sad.Hw we miss the by fr whm④ we have written many cmpsitins and we have prepared many situatins in which④ he can’t write articles himself.
注释：①位于句首，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用as引导定语从句。②在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系“……的”，用关系代词whse。③用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中，作主语指物或前面整个句子时，只能用which而不用that。④当介词提到关系代词之前时，若先行词指物，则关系词只能用which；若先行词指人，则关系词只能用whm。
1．whse既可以指人，又可以指物，在从句中作定语，表示先行词的所有格。即 whse 前的先行词和whse之后的名词有所属关系。口诀：whse前后名，后名属前名。
This is the girl whse name is Li Mei.
这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。
He lives in a huse whse windws face the nrth.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。
2．只用which/whm而不用that的情况。
用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前，充当其宾语时。
注意：which既可以指某一个名词，也可以指前面的整个句子。
She lst the game，which depressed her greatly.
她输了比赛，这使她很沮丧。
There was n persn t whm she culd turn fr help in the dark street.
在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。
3．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
4．as引导限制性定语从句主要用于the ，和结构中。as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
We have fund such materials as are used in their factry.
我们已经找到了像他们工厂里使用的那种材料。
These huses are sld at such a lw price as peple expected.
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。
5．关系代词which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别
As anybdy can see，the elephant is like a snake.
正如每个人所看到的一样，这匹大象像一条蛇。
She married again，which was unexpected.
她再婚了，这是始料未及的。
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．He is the student whse English is always at the tp.
2．In ur factry there are 2,000 wrkers，tw thirds f whm are wmen.
3．He is wrking hard，which will make him pass the final exam.
4．As is knwn t all，there are 7 cntinents n the earth.
考点三 when/where/why
Xia Ming still remembers the day when① he was seriusly punished by his father.The reasn why② he was punished was that he played cellphne games fr a whle weekend.His father brught him t a rm where③ there was n thers.After putting the cellphne int a basin which/that④ was full f water，he tld Xia Ming abut the days that/which④ he spent earning schl fees by ding part-time jbs in a restaurant.This was the reasn that/which④ his father tld him fr nt playing cellphnes.
注释：①先行词表示时间，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词when。②先行词表示原因，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词why。③先行词表示地点，从句不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where。④先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因，但是从句缺主语或宾语，仍然用关系代词that/which。
1．关系副词与关系代词的选择
从句不缺主语或宾语，是个完整的句子，可以是主谓宾或主系表结构，亦可以是主谓结构(主语＋vi.)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法：把谓语动词与先行词连接起来，看它们是否能构成动宾关系，如果能直接构成动宾关系，则该谓语动词为及物动词，否则为不及物动词。
(1)The factry he nce wrked is clsed nw.
wrk与factry不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，wrk in the factry。因此可推知wrk为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语，也可使用in which (which代替先行词the factry)。
(2)The factry he set up last year is perating well.
该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构set up the factry，所以set up 是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。
2．当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situatin，case，stage，pint，psitin等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，则用关系代词which/that。
3．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
I bught a great many bks，n which I spent all my mney that I saved.
我买了很多书，这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。
(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定
I’ll never frget the time during which I spent my childhd in the cuntry.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。
(3)根据所表达的意思来确定
The clurless gas withut which we cannt live is called xygen.
离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体叫作氧气。
4．当the way 作先行词时，无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语，用that一定正确。
I dn’ t like the way that/in which he speaks t me.(关系词作方式状语)
They are lking fr a way that/which is the mst suitable fr the prblem.(关系词作主语)
点对点练习
单句语法填空
1．I still remember the day when I first came t Beijing.
2．The reasn why he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.
3．Gift shps in museums where peple wuld buy suvenirs fr themselves and their friends used t be the last stp f each visit.
单句语法填空
1．BMI is an internatinally recgnized measurement tl that/which gives an indicatin f whether smene is a healthy weight.(2021·浙江1月)
2．Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9 am t 5 pm daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield，which she pened with her late husband Les.(2019·全国Ⅱ)
3．We have entered int an age when dreams have the best chance f cming true.(2019·江苏)
定语从句解题三步走
第一步：根据是否修饰某一名词，且放在该名词之后来确定是不是定语从句。
第二步：根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语来确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语，则用关系代词；如果不缺主语或宾语，则使用关系副词(或者“介词＋which”)。
第三步：根据先行词具体所指，确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。
层级一 基础达标练
单句语法填空
1．The ld man turned his business ver t his yunger sn，which made his elder sn discuraged.
2．I will never frget such a beautiful village where I spent my childhd with my grandparents.
3．There they met peple frm ther parts f the cuntry，wh had als vlunteered t help.
4．There are many gd websites where yu can check ut the latest in the science wrld.
5．The system，which can be the mst advanced in many ways，will be the largest earthquake bservatin netwrk in the wrld.
6．He decided t g t Stanfrd because there were many pprtunities fr peple wh/that wanted t wrk in Silicn Valley.
7．His interest started a few years ag，when he was in cllege and studying wildlife science.
8．Then Needham began his lifelng research，which ended up creating the greatest wrk—Science and Civilisatin in China.
9．This wman has set a gd example t her sn，wh is a really lucky guy.
10．Over the years，I have met sme interesting peple.Tw f the mst interesting peple were tw elderly sisters，Jan and Bernice，whse way f talking abut peple inspired me.
11．As the saying ges，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”
12．The reasn why Tm lks angry is that he has quarreled with his sister.
13．We have reached a stage where we must take effective measures t prtect the envirnment s as t save urselves.
14．Alice was easy t recgnize as she was the mst beautiful wman that/wh had been present at the party.
15．Yesterday I came acrss the man abut whm yu talked last time.
层级二 高考真题练
单句语法填空
1．William Hastie nce suggested that histry infrms us f past mistakes frm which we can learn withut repeating them.(2021·天津3月，改编)
2．At the Chinese art festival，there are different stands where artists demnstrate their skills and teach the visitrs.(2021·天津3月)
3．They were well trained by their masters wh/that had great experience with caring fr these animals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)
4．Because the mn’s bdy blcks direct radi cmmunicatin with a prbe，China first had t put a satellite in rbit abve the mn in a spt where it culd send signals t the spacecraft and t Earth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
5．In ancient China lived an artist whse paintings were almst lifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)
6．The 80,000 bjects cllected by Sir Hans Slane，fr example，frmed the cre cllectin f the British Museum which/that pened in 1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
7．The students benefitting mst frm cllege are thse wh are ttally engaged(参与) in academic life，taking full advantage f the cllege’s chances and resurces(资源)．(2019·北京)
8．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
(2019·天津6月)
9．Tw f the authrs f the review als made a study published in 2014 that/which shwed a mere five t 10 minutes a day f running reduced the risk f heart disease and early deaths frm all causes.(2018·全国Ⅰ)
10．The Chinese Ministry f Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the gvernment started a sil-testing prgram that/which gives specific fertilizer recmmendatins t farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use drpped by 7.7 millin tns.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
11．Many westerners wh/that cme t China ck much less than in their wn cuntries nce they realize hw cheap it can be t eat ut.(2018·浙江6月)
12．Self­driving is an area where China and the rest f the wrld are n the same starting line.(2018·江苏)
13．But Sarah，wh has taken part in shws alng with tp mdels，wants t prve that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)
层级三 语篇提能练
语法填空
There was a time 1. I was tired f learning English and disliked t speak English.And this was the reasn 2. my father frced me t jin in a 30-day training in an English club befre I went t senir high schl.When I first came t the club,3. I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.S I packed up my things and wanted t g hme.Frtunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhng，cmmunicated with me face t face.He，frm 5. I gained sme useful instructins，als shwed me a gd partner，and we gt alng well with each ther.Gradually I adapted t the life there.Every day I wuld like t talk t ther teenagers and set dwn a series f activities 6. we did.I shuld be grateful t my father and the guide,7. encuraged me t fall in lve with English.Nw I feel it interesting t learn English，int 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my wrds and passages alud.In class I jin in English discussins.Befre I g t sleep，I recall the passages，thrugh 9. I can memrize a large number f new wrds.10. ur English teacher says，“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance，yu will cnquer English sner r later.”
1．答案 when
解析 先行词是time，指时间，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词when。
2．答案 why
解析 先行词是reasn，指原因，定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词why。
3．答案 where
解析 先行词是club，指地点，定语从句不缺主语或宾语，故填关系副词where。
4．答案 whse
解析 先行词是guide，空格后面的teacher与其构成所属关系，故填whse。
5．答案 whm
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，结合句意及空格前的介词frm可知填whm。
6．答案 that/which
解析 此处为限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词activities，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which。
7．答案 wh
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词my father and the guide，指人，并在定语从句中作主语，故用wh。
8．答案 which
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代“学习英语”这件事，并在定语从句中作宾语，故用which。
9．答案 which
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子“I recall the passages”，故用which。
10．答案 As
解析 此处为非限制性定语从句，关系词指代后面的句子“As lng as yu frm the habit f learning English every day and have perseverance，yu will cnquer English sner r later.”并位于句首，意为“正如”，故用As。
不同语境中定语从句的使用
1．邀请信
典例 (2017·浙江6月)我写信邀请你参加我组织的徒步旅行，我们的一些同学将参加。
I’m writing t invite yu t participate in a hiking rganized by me，which sme f ur classmates will take part in.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)我写信邀请你参加下周六在我们学校举办的音乐节。
I’m writing t invite yu t take part in the music festival which/that will be held in ur schl next Saturday.
2．申请信(1)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我自五岁学习中国画，因此我很了解这门艺术，这使得我能够很好地介绍画展。
I have taken up Chinese painting since I was five years ld and I have a gd knwledge f it，which makes it pssible fr me t intrduce the exhibitin well.
运用 (2018·浙江6月)我英语很熟练，这使得我与外国人自由交谈成为可能。
I have a gd cmmand f English，which makes it pssible fr me t cmmunicate with freigners freely.
3．申请信(2)
典例 (2019·全国Ⅰ)我写信是想申请你们昨天在报纸上刊登的志愿者工作。
I’m writing t apply t wrk as a vlunteer that yu advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.
运用 (2018·浙江6月)我写信申请我们学校英语协会所提供的职位。
I’m writing t apply fr the psitin that/which the English Assciatin f ur schl ffers.
4．通知(1)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)Grwing Tgether这部电影主要讲述我们学校的发展，将于6月17日下午2∶00到4∶00在学校大厅放映。
The mvie Grwing Tgether，which is abut the develpment f ur schl，will be shwn in the schl hall frm 2∶00 t 4∶00 in the afternn n June 17th.
运用 (2019·全国Ⅲ)这场音乐会，其中包括由才华横溢的学生们表演的各种精彩节目，将于下周日上午在我校大厅举行。
The cncert，which includes varius fantastic perfrmances played by talented students，will be held in the schl hall next Sunday mrning.
5．通知(2)
典例 (2018·全国Ⅱ)任何想要观看电影的同学要在下午两点之前到达。
Thse wh want t watch the mvie are required t arrive befre tw in the afternn.
运用 (2014·辽宁)任何想参加该活动的同学，可以通过lihua@123.cm与李华联系。
Anyne wh wants t take part in this activity can email Li Hua at lihua@123.cm.
6．感谢信
典例 (2019·浙江6月)我感谢你为了提高我的英语所做的一切。
I am grateful t yu fr everything that yu did fr me t imprve my English.
运用 (2021·天津6月)我写信是为了感谢我在英国时，你为我所做的一切。如果不是你的关心，我在那里就不会过得这么愉快了。
I’m writing t cnvey my gratitude fr everything that yu did fr me when I was in England. If it hadn’t been yur care，I wuldn’t have enjyed my stay there s much.
7．推荐信
典例 (2018·北京)我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。
I suggest that the university yu apply fr is Peking University，which is ne f the best universities in China.
运用 (2021·浙江6月)无论你是中国艺术爱好者，还是想了解更多内容的人，来欣赏这次艺术展吧。
Whether yu are a fan f Chinese art r smene wh wants t knw mre abut it，cme and enjy the art exhibitin.
8．建议信
典例 (2008·全国Ⅱ)以下是一些关于学习汉语的建议，希望能对你有帮助。
Here are sme tips abut hw t learn Chinese，which I hpe will be f help t yu.
运用 (2021·上海)你提到你有两门选修课，以下是一些建议，希望能对你有好处。
Yu have mentined that yu have tw ptinal curses. Here are sme suggestins，which I hpe will be beneficial t yu.which
as
位置上
只能放在先行词的后面
位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，常用结构：as anybdy can see，as we all knw，as we expected，as is reprted，as has been annunced，as is ften the case等。
意思上
意为“这一点”
表示“正如……，像……”
语篇解读 本文为记叙文，文章叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣，同时作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。