主题12 自然与灾难-2022年高考英语一轮复习热门主题词汇记忆+题型突破专练

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2022年高考英语一轮复习热门主题词汇记忆+题型突破专练主题12 自然与灾难【主题词汇记忆】【高频单词】·识记 1·1. plain　　　　　　　 n. 平原     adj. 清楚的, 明白的     adv. 绝对地2. pollute    v. 弄脏, 污染3. poverty   n. 贫穷, 贫困4. rural    adj. 农村的, 乡下的5. shortage   n. 缺乏, 短缺6. threaten   v. 威胁, 预示凶兆7. urban    adj. 城市的, 都市的8. advocate   v. 提倡, 主张9. eco-friendly   adj. 环保的10. harbour   n. 海港, 港口·识记 2·1. immigrant     n. 移民2. jungle     n. 密林3. migration     n. 迁移4. mountainous   adj. 多山的5. preserve    v. 保护, 保存6. province    n. 省份7. radiation    n. 辐射8. renewable    adj. 可再生的9. population    n. 人口(数)10. atmosphere   n. 大气(层)·识记 3·1. balance    v. 平衡, 均衡2. beach     n. 海滩, 沙滩3. cave     n. 山洞4. coast     n. 海滨, 海岸5. range     n. 山脉, 范围6. recycle     v. 再循环7. reserve     v. 保留, 预订8. phenomenon   n. 现象, 杰出的人9. litter     v. 乱扔(垃圾)10. distract    v. 分散; 使分心·识记 4·1. rainfall    n. 降雨量2. severe    adj. 激烈的, 严重的, 严厉的3. shower    n. 阵雨; 淋浴(器)4. trap    v. 使陷入困境, 夹住; 卡住     n. 陷阱, 诡计5. volcano   n. 火山6. warmth   n. 温暖7. ash    n. 灰烬, 骨灰, 废墟8. changeable   adj. (气候等)多变的9. damp    adj. 有湿气的; 潮湿的10. erupt    v. (喷泉等)喷发; (感情等)爆发·识记 5·1. forecast   v. 预测, 预报2. frighten   v. 使惊吓3. hurricane   n. 飓风4. mild    adj. 温和的; 轻微的5. mist    n. 雾; 水汽6. breeze    n. 微风; 轻而易举的事7. centigrade   n. 摄氏度     adj. 百分度的; 摄氏度的8. muddy    adj. 多泥的9. sandstorm   n. 沙尘暴10. typhoon   n. 台风【高频短语】·识记 1·1. apply for a job　　　　　 　 申请一项工作2. full of energy    充满精力3. a mountain of/mountains of 大量; 大堆4. prevent sb. /sth. (from) doing sth.        阻止某人/物做某事5. protect (sb. /sth. ) against sth.        保护(某人/某物)不受……6. a waste of time             浪费时间7. waste sth. on sth.    把……浪费在……上waste sth. (in) doing sth.   在做某事上浪费……8. as a consequence of sth.   由于……9. clean up/clear up/pick up litter       清理垃圾10. live in poverty    生活在贫困中·识记 2·1. in the shade of the tree   在树荫下2. in my present situation   在我目前的情况下3. threaten to do     威胁要做4. on the coast      在海岸上5. off the coast      离开海岸6. under the protection of   在……保护下7. in/within range (of)    在……范围内8. out of range (of)     超出……范围9. a wide range of     各式各样的10. wave sb. goodbye/wave goodbye to sb. 向某人挥手道别【佳句品读】1. It is one of the biggest problems that the current world has to face. 它是当今世界必须面临的最大问题之一。2. If we make great efforts, we can reduce these natural disasters. 如果我们付出巨大的努力, 我们就可以减少这些自然灾害。3. The atmosphere of this natural setting can help us to awaken our inner feelings, and inspire us to seek a proper relationship between ourselves and the natural environment. 自然环境的气氛可以帮助我们唤醒我们内在的感情, 激发我们寻找我们与自然环境之间适当的关系。4. China’s geography is highly diverse,  with hills, plains, and river deltas in the east and deserts, high plateaus, and mountains in the west. 中国的地理状况呈现高度多样化, 在东部有山区、平原和河流三角洲, 在西部有沙漠、高原和山地。5. China is a beautiful country with natural beautiful scenery and rich traveling resources. 中国是一个美丽的国家, 自然风景秀丽, 旅游资源丰富。6. We should focus on environmental protection and improve the ecology. 我们应该注重环境保护并改善生态。7. People all over the world are supposed to spare no effort to heal the world. 世界各地的人应该不遗余力地拯救世界。8. In a word,  environmental pollution is a matter of life and death. 总之, 环境污染一个关乎生死存亡的问题。9. To my delight,  some people have been concerned about the environment. 让我高兴的是, 一些人已经关注环境了。10. A majority of people hold the belief that climate change is the pressing threat for mankind. 大多数人认为气候的变化是对人类紧迫的威胁。11. This disaster made thousands of people injured and left tens of thousands of people homeless. 这次灾害使数千人受伤, 数万人无家可归。12. I’m awfully sorry to hear that a horrible and severe earthquake unexpectedly hit your hometown. 得知你的家乡发生突如其来的特大地震灾害, 我非常难过。13. The cause of natural disasters is the behavior of human beings. 引起自然灾害的原因是人类行为。14. Disaster Day is aiming at proposing everyone to stop doing the things that will cause natural disasters. 自然灾害日旨在提倡大家停止做会导致自然灾害的事情。15. Natural disasters have caused serious tragedy, making plenty of people injured or dead. 自然灾害已造成严重的悲剧, 导致很多人受伤或死亡。16. Disaster has a great influence on the sustainable development of economy and society and threatens the survival of mankind. 灾难对经济和社会的可持续发展有着严重的影响, 威胁到人类的生存。17. What upsets us most is that such a situation is spreading to countryside. 最让我们苦恼的是这样的情况正扩展到乡下。18. If we make great efforts on it, we can reduce these natural disasters. 如果我们付出巨大的努力, 我们就可以减少这些自然灾害。19. Wenchuan earthquake has caused the people of disaster areas tremendous physical and mental suffering. 汶川大地震给灾区的民众造成了巨大的身心痛苦。20. In a battle to save the lives of all people, the victory will come after a disaster test of the Chinese nation. 在一场拯救全民生命的战斗中, 胜利终将属于历经灾难考验的中华民族。 【题型突破专练】一、阅读理解1Hundreds of snow leopards(雪豹)are being killed every year across the mountains of central Asia, threatening the already endangered big cat, according to a new report from Traffic.Snow leopards live in 12 nations but more than 90% of the reported snow leopard illegal hunting takes place in five countries: China and Mongolia, which host most snow leopards, as well as Pakistan, India and Tajikistan, of which each have just a few hundred of the animals.Over half the so-called "ghosts of the mountains" are killed by farmers for attacks on livestock(牲畜)and 20% are trapped by snares(陷阱)set for other animals. Another 20％ are killed for the illegal fur trade. The report found up to 200 snow leopards are being illegally traded each year. But the number has fallen sharply in recent years, particularly in China, perhaps because of increasing law enforcement(实施).The leopards are also at risk from climate change, with warming temperatures threatening to leave a third of their habitat uninhabitable. The tree line shifts up the mountains and causes farmers to plant crops and raise livestock at higher altitudes(高海拔).To reduce the killings, the report's authors recommend the rolling-out leopard-proof corrals(防豹畜栏)for yaks and horses and insurance schemes for farmers. Such schemes are already being tested, for example in a village in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The natural food of snow leopards are Himalayan blue sheep and ibex, but their numbers have fallen as their habitat is turned into farmland.Stronger law enforcement is also needed, said Traffic. Less than a quarter of cases of snow leopard poaching have been found and just one in seven charged."We all should work together to greatly reduce human-wildlife conflict and ensure that mountain communities can co-exist with snow leopards," said Rishi Sharma, from WWF and a co-author of the report. "Compensation schemes and innovative predator-proof corrals are making a difference but we urgently need to expand these to benefit communities and snow leopards across Asia's high mountains."1. Why are leopards becoming endangered?A. Because they are often attacked by livestock.B. Because they are killed by people for kinds of reasons.C. Because the animals have experienced many earthquakes.D. Because their meat tastes delicious and people want them.2. What's the main idea of Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 4?A. Leopards are ghosts of the mountains.B. Snow leopards are threatening people.C. People are killing more and more leopards.D. The reasons for the decreasing number of snow leopards.3. What can we know from the passage?A. Cases of snow leopard poaching are happening in 12 nations throughout the world.B. Most of the reported snow leopard poaching was investigated and charged.C. The number of snow leopards has fallen because their habitat is turned into farmland.D. Illegal snow leopard trade has been brought under effective control in China recently.4. What's the meaning of the underlined word "poach"?A. Raising. B. Killing. C. Illegal hunting. D. Feeding.2There are a lot of feral(野生的) camels in Australia. Although they don't appear to be as destructive as other introduced species because they eat trees and plants that our native Australian animals don' t eat, in the last few years the Australian Camel population has been increasing at a fairly alarming rate and becoming a bit of a problem.We didn’t see them that often where we grew up unless we went further into Queensland or South Australia. When we did see them it was always a bit of a thrill for us kids because it was somewhat of a novelty(新奇的事物).The suggestion of bringing camels to Australia was first made in 1837, 49 years after Europeans arrived in Australia. The importing of camels into Australia began in the mid 1800s to open up the desert areas of Central and Western Australia. They were handled and cared for by Muslim cameleers that came from countries like Egypt, Turkey and northern India. The cameleers were called Afghans or “Ghans”even though most of them were not Afghans. The name stuck to a part of the railroad track that links Port Augusta in South Australia to Darwin in the Northern Territory.By the 1920s there were about 20,000 domesticated(家养的) camels in Australia, but with the arrival of motor and rail transport in the 1930s people no longer needed their camels and a lot of them were abandoned in the bush.Australian Camels are now exported live to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other countries where disease-free camels are considered a delicacy(佳肴).  Australian Camels are also exported to Arab Camel racing stables as breeding stock. The United States also imports them to use in tourist attractions. There are over 40 farms providing rides in Australia now.5. What problem with camels in Australia is mentioned?A. They carry disease.B. They hurt people sometimes.C. The number of them is growing rapidly.D. Some native animals are threatened by them.6. For what purpose were camels brought to Australia?A. To keep the balance of nature. B. To develop the desert areas.C. To satisfy kids’ curiosity. D. To create new jobs.7. What led to camels' being deserted in Australia?A. The disappearance of bushes. B. The spread of a serious disease.C. The introduction of other animals. D. The availability of modern vehicles.8. What’s the last paragraph mainly about?A. The history of Australian Camels. B. What Australian Camels are used for.C. The advantages of Australian Camels. D. Why Australian Camels are popular abroad.3The proliferation(激增)of fires in the Amazon rainforest drew international attention in August 2019, especially when French President Emmanuel Macron called for urgent action. Since then, the eyes of the world have shifted elsewhere as House Democrats launched an impeachment(弹劾)inquiry against President Donald Trump. Meanwhile, the Amazon continued to burn. The number of fires decreased by 35% in September 2019, but experts say this is merely a slowdown in a crisis with global repercussions(反响). There were still 19,925 fire outbreaks in September 2019 on the Brazilian part of the rainforest, which accounts for nearly 65% of the Amazon basin. Moreover, through the first nine months of 2019, the number of fires soared by 41% compared to the same period in 2018, Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) reported. Higher rainfall totals than usual since the beginning of September 2019 and measures taken under mounting pressure by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro—who deployed the military to the Amazon and imposed a twomonth ban on clearing land through fires—contributed to the burning decline. “The factors that led to such widespread fires in the first place—decreased enforcement of forestlaw, illegal deforestation for agriculture and invasion of native territories—remain in place,” said Nigel Sizer, Chief Program Officer for the advocacy organization Rainforest Alliance. “It is good news that there are fewer fires in the Amazon right now, but this is a short-term pause from the larger problem.” That problem centers on deforestation through systematically chopping down trees, which are either logged or burned, mostly to convert the land for raising cattle and growing crops. The practice has expanded from a small scale to an industrial production, leading to about 20% of the Brazilian Amazon having been cleared since 1970.9. Who raised international attention to the proliferation of fires in the Amazon rainforest?A. Emmanuel Macron.B. Donald Trump.C. Nigel Sizer.D. Jair Bolsonaro.10. What’s the second paragraph mainly about?A. There are more fires in Amazon now than ever before.B. There were more fires in Amazon in August 2019 than in September 2019.C. The proliferation of fires covers most of the wide area in Amazon.D. The fires in the Amazon rainforest is still burning with international attention.11. What’s the main cause of the widespread fires in the Amazon rainforest?A. Decreased enforcement of forest law.B. Invasion of native territories.C. Serious deforestation for agriculture.D. The shor-term pause of the proliferation of fires.12. From which is the text probably taken?A. A biology textbook.B. A gardening magazine.C. A newspaper.D. A travel brochure.4Twenty years ago, crises like the wildfires burning California and Hurricane Laura striking Louisiana in 2020 could have been described as “natural disasters.” Thanks to climate change, this is no longer the case. Around mid-August last year, the temperature in Death Valley hit the highest ever recorded on Earth A hotter, drier California is much more likely to burst into flames. The Gulf of Mexico too is heating up, with dangerous consequences. Hurricanes draw their energy from the warmth of the surface waters and so are becoming stronger and more likely to intensify.Perhaps we need a new term to call these events, namely “man-made natural disasters.”People now play such a dominant role on the planet. By cutting down forests and digging mines and building cities, we’ve transformed half of the ice-free land on Earth. With our advanced tools, we move around more earth than all the world’s rivers and streams. As a consequence, all sorts of catastrophes extend across the line between man and nature. Many earthquakes, for example, are now caused by human activity, Meanwhile, as the climate continues to warm, wildfires will grow even larger and storms more damaging. As Andrew Dessler, a professor of atmospheric sciences at Texas A&M University, observed last fall, “If you don’t like all of the climate disasters happening in 2020, I have some bad news for you about the rest of your life.”What’s to be done? According to some scientists, the best way to deal with, human intervention (干扰) in the natural world is to intervene better. Old technologies got us into this situation; new ones will get us out. Advocates of this view note the extraordinary advances that are being made all the time, in fields ranging from computing to genetics 1o material science. To prevent climate change, engineers have built machines that suck carbon dioxide out of the air. Today the numbers are limited, but perhaps one day they’ll be as common as mobile phones.Other scientists argue that the new world altering technologies are likely to have much the same impact as the old world-altering technologies, only with. higher risks. Consider the example of some chemicals, which were produced in the hope of solving the problems caused by early refrigerants (制冷剂), but finally destroyed the ozone layer (臭氧层).As for me, the choice we face is not whether to change the world; that, decision unfortunately has been made. The decision going forward is how are we going to change it? Over the years I’ve interviewed scores of scientists, inventors, and entrepreneurs, and I’m continually impressed by how smart humans are as a species. But then, the wind blows in smoke from 3,000 miles away, and I’m reminded of how dangerous we are as well.13. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The severe situation of the California’s wildfires.B. The cause of current natural disasters on earth.C. The conditions of climate warming nowadays.D. The development of the natural disasters.14. What message is implied in Andrew Dessler’s words?A. Worse consequences will happen if humans don’t act.B. Human beings will continue to take control of the earth.C. All natural disasters are brought about by human beings.D. Nature will never be restored due to human beings’ mistakes.15. What is some scientists’ attitude toward the events in nature?A. To spend more money on technology development.B. To reduce human intervention in the natural world.C. To produce machines to take CO2 out of the air.D. To apply new technologies to dealing with them.16. How do other scientists argue about new technologies?A. Machines will be developed to improve climate warning.B. More engineers are needed to develop new technologies.C. New technologies can cause new problems to mankind.D. New technologies can change the world for certain.17. What does the author indicate in the last paragraph?A. We should not change the world any more.B. We should feel proud of humans’ intelligence.C. It is the way humans change the world that counts.D. Although humans are smart, we are in danger as well.二、完形填空You just can’t imagine what a brave mother is like. She was a mother of three, who just    18   an earthquake, couldn’t tell if her children were   19   for help. Or what if you knew you couldn’t yell at her for help because she couldn’t   20   you? That was what happened to Connie and her three children when the 6.1-magnitude   21     rocked Napa, California. Connie is   22   and communicates with her children using   23   .At midnight, Connie and her three children were   24   on the first floor of their two-story home. She and her 16-year-old son, Juan, were   25    awake. Instantly, they realized there were no disaster supplies   26   . Connie, also   27   one-month-old Raul and 8-year-old Adriana, called Juan to come close to her in the darkness and   28    for him to go upstairs to get a   29   .Juan slowly   30    the stairs. He heard a loud creak (嘎吱声). Arriving on the top floor, he moved quickly but   31   to get what he needed. Using the flashlight to guide his   32   back down the stairs, the family was able to take a few   33   from the first floor and   34   . Their home was almost in ruins.Being deaf was not deterrent (妨碍物) for this   35   mother. The family made it to the    36    safely, which    37   everyone.18. A. experienced B. dreamed C. avoided D. reported19. A. turning around B. standing by C. crying out D. running away20. A. see B. hear C. forgive D. reach21. A. earthquake B. storm C. wind D. disaster22. A. blind B. deaf C. old D. sick23. A. telephone B. email C. hearing aid D. sign language24. A. alone B. awake C. asleep D. alive25. A. shaken B. called C. forced D. kicked26. A. indoors B. outdoors C. upstairs D. downstairs27. A. chatting to B. playing with C. focusing on D. running after28. A. phoned B. signed C. shouted D. explained29. A. helper B. flashlight C. box D. suitcase30. A. mopped B. examined C. climbed D. left31. A. carefully B. regularly C. bravely D. hurriedly32. A. steps B. sisters C. memory D. family33. A. animals B. tents C. tools D. items34. A. stay B. return C. flee D. cry35. A. famous B. skillful C. ordinary D. determined36. A. darkness B. shelter C. ruins D. stairs37. A. won B. calmed C. cured D. comforted三、语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词，或括号内单词的正确形式。“Animals are a who, not a what,” animal advocates say. Animal rights activists, including Jane Goodall, want writers — 38.  take guidance from the Associated Press Stylebook — to stop referring to an animal as “it.”Animals are a part of some of the most important 39. （story）being told right now, but they are not always given 40.  voice. We have learned much about how intelligent, social, complex and unique as individuals they are, and we know they are important. But many times, they 41. （describe）as if they are merely objects whose lives and interests don't deserve further 42. （consider）on our part.Jane Goodall points out that when she 43. （start）her research, she was told that her findings and approaches, such as 44. （give）names to chimpanzees, were wrong. She was told that the belief that they have emotions was also 45. （correct）.“But we know that animals feel joy, pain 46.  grieve; We are not separate 47.  other species,” Goodall adds. We must recognize that every individual nonhuman animal is a ‘who,' not a ‘what.'四、应用文写作假定你是李华, 你校英文报社将举办主题为自然灾害的征文活动。请你就如何应对自然灾害写一篇短文向报社投稿。内容包括: 1. 灾害造成的损失; 2. 应对措施和方法。注意: 1. 词数80左右; 2. 可以适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________