解密10 阅读理解之主旨大意题(讲义+分层训练)-【高频考点解密】2022年高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练(浙江专用)

解密10 阅读理解之主旨大意题 

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内容索引

核心考点1 主旨大意题的考查方法

核心考点2 主旨大意题的解答方法

主旨大意题主要考察考生对文章主旨大意的概括和归纳能力。主要有主题型和标题型两类，题干中一般有main idea, topic, title, mainly about等字眼。

此类题的阅读文章多属于议论文和说明文，其构造特点常表现为：提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或说明观点。考生对这一构造的掌握，有助于迅速掌握文章的主题，把握文章的脉络，从而快捷而准确地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。

解答此类题目的关键在于迅速抓住阅读文章的主题句。考生只要找准了主题句，对于阅读理解中的主旨大意题就迎刃而解了。

主题句的显著特点：主题句所表达的意思具有明显的概括性；句子构造简单精练；文章或段落中的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释、说明、论证或扩展。

主题句的五种位置：①文首；②文尾；③首尾照应；④文中；⑤没有主题句。

主题句确实定方法：用浏览法〔skimming〕，即只需选读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

▲识别主旨小窍门

①段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句。

②作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨。

③首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答可能就是文章主旨。

④提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore, thus, but, however, in short等。

▲答题根本步骤

①阅读文章开头几句和最后几句，以便获得有关主题和中心思想的信息。

②浏览文章的其余局部，寻找能支撑和论证主题、中心思想的关键词。

③仔细推敲各个选项，排除有明显错误或无关信息的选项，从而选出最正确答案。

▲推敲正误小窍门

①正确选项常含有抽象名词或概括性词语。

②正确选项一般不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。

③那些概括全文、容全面、含义深刻、说明道理的选项一般是正确答案。

④四个选项中，容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。

⑤干扰项特点：细节信息明显，容片面，以偏概全，只含局部信息，或是一句没有展开论述的话，概括围太宽或太窄，或是此选项没有具体的容。

▲规律方法

规律方法一：如何概括文章大意？

1. 做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。

2. 在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。

规律方法二：如何总结段落大意？

段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。

核心技能1：定位主旨知文意

文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

▲主题句法

解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。

(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句

(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句

▲高频词法

全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

▲逆向思维法

在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。

【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)

Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with math－related skills.

Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago，found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.

The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.

“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.

The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher－income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently，and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.

The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.

27．What is the text mainly about?

A．A mathematical method.

B．A scientific study.

C．A woman psychologist.

D．A teaching program.

【分析】

·第一步　读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。

·第二步　利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。

·第三步　排除3种错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意； 选项C以偏概全主次不分。

核心技能2：首尾兼顾定段意

段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。

做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。

【真题示例】　(2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D)

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

32．What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A．A new study of different plants.

B．A big fall in crime rates.

C．Employees from various workplaces.

D．Benefits from green plants.

【分析】

·第一步　首尾兼顾定段意：通读全文可知，Recent studies have found positive effects.是本段的主旨，后通过列举两项科学研究来说明绿色植物对人类的好处。

·第二步　析选项，斟酌判断：

·第三步　比对选项得出答案。

核心技能3：文章主题定标题

该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)。要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。该类试题的解答技巧如下：

【真题示例】　(2020·浙江7月卷阅读C)

Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology  suggests.

Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then，for eight years，the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.

Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.

“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run，you may feel like you’re in pain，you may feel tired.But it makes you fit.After a long day at work—sure，you will feel tired，but it can help your brain stay healthy.”

It’s not just corporate jobs，or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit，Then points out.A waiter’s job，for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decision－making could be just as stimulating as any high－level office work.And “running a family household requires high－level planning and coordinating(协调)，”she says.“You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”

Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.

30．Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills

B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs

C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp

D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

【分析】

·第一步　找准文章的主题句：通读全文，本文是“总—分”结构，文章开头提出主旨“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age”。

·第二步　根据正误选项特征，斟酌判断：A、B选项无中生有，曲解文意；D选项以偏概全；主次不分；选项C“棘手的工作可能会帮助你保持思维敏捷”精炼地概括了文章内容。

·第三步　比对选项得出答案。