新人教版高考英语一轮复习句子成分下的语法第七讲依据句子成分和结构突破并列句和状语从句课件+学案

第七讲　依据句子成分和结构突破并列句和状语从句

(一)　并 列 句

编者按：并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词短语连在一起。

[真题集训——明考点]

一、语法填空常考点

1．(2021·浙江1月高考)In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index(体重指数)across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier and that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.

2．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)They kept their collection at home until it got too big        until they died, and then it was given to a museum.

解析：or　根据句意“他们把收藏品保存在家中直到收藏数量过大或者他们去世”可知，应填入表示选择关系的并列连词or。

3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I work not because I have to,          because I want to.

解析：but　句意：我工作不是因为我不得不工作，而是因为我想要工作。not ...but ...为固定结构，表示“不是……而是……”。

4．(2016·四川高考)It was time for her to have a new baby,          it was also time for the young panda to be independent.

解析：and　根据语境可知，“It was time for ...”和“it was also time for ...”之间是并列关系，故用and连接。

5．(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass          it began to rain heavily.

解析：when　be doing sth.when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”。

二、短文改错常考点

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.               

解析：but→and　此处表示动作的先后，是顺承关系，故将but改为and。

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Actually, I started to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, for I have long been out of practice.               

解析：for→but/yet　句意：事实上，我在七岁时开始学习功夫，但是我已经长时间疏于练习。由此可知前后是转折关系，所以把for改为but或者yet。

3．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In order to make sure all of us are in good health, and she makes specific plans for us.               

解析：去掉and　整句话中，后半部分为主句，前半部分是目的状语，两个句子间并非并列关系，不能用连词连接， 所以去掉连词and。

4．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenly a football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.               

解析：but→and　“一个足球正好落在我面前”与“差点儿打到我”之间是顺承关系而非转折关系，故用并列连词and。

5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When I studied chemistry in high school, I reconsidered my goal or decided to be a doctor.               

解析：or→and　reconsidered和decided这两个动作是递进关系作并列谓语，故or改为and。

6．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, but he agreed.               

解析：but→and　根据语境可知，此处表示顺承关系，而非转折关系，故用并列连词and。

[语法精析——知规则]

[名师指津]　when可用作并列连词，相当于and at this/that time，意为“正在这/那时；突然”，常用于下列句式：①sb. be about to do/going to do/on the point of doing sth. when ... (某人正要做某事，突然……)；②sb. be doing sth. when ... (某人正在做某事，突然……)；③sb. had just done sth. when ... (某人刚做完某事，突然……)。

He was about to go out when the telephone rang.

他正要出去时，电话铃响了。

I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me.

我刚写完作业，汤姆就来找我了。

(二)　状语从句

编者按：状语从句 Adverbial Clause 是指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。状语从句中的从句可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。状语从句根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。

[真题集训——明考点]

一、语法填空常考点

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)         he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.

解析：When/As　空处引导时间状语从句，在句中表示“当……时”。故填When或As。

2．(2020·江苏高考改编)They decide to have more workers for the project         that it won't be delayed.

解析：so　句意：他们决定让更多的工人来做这项工程，为了不拖延工期。so that意为“为了”，引导目的状语从句。

3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining          hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take to get there.

解析：so　根据空格后的hard以及其后的that从句可知此句含“so＋adj./adv.＋that ...”引导的结果状语从句，故填so。

4．(2019·天津高考改编)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion          he wants their support.

解析：unless　句意：汤姆如此独立，以至于他从来都不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。根据语境可知，这里用从属连词unless“除非”引导条件状语从句。

5．(2018·北京高考改编)         we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.

解析：If　句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用 if 引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。

二、短文改错常考点

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.               

解析：unless→until/till　句意：我耐心地等到油热为止。unless意为“除非”；until或till 意为“直到……为止”。

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Then I can spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together every day.               

解析：such→so　此处引导结果状语从句，应用so that。

3．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.               

解析：where→when　根据语境可知，父母是在我小时候教我玩游戏(纸牌)的，所以此处要用when引导时间状语从句。

[语法精析——知规则]

1．时间状语从句

(1)when, while与as引导的时间状语从句

Metals expand when they are heated.

金属受热时膨胀。

While/When I was reading, he came in.

我正在看书时，他进来了。

The students sang as they walked.学生们边走边唱。

As a young man (＝ When he was a young man), he was fond of hunting.他年轻时喜欢打猎。

(2)before与since引导的时间状语从句

①before与since的常用句式

It will be half a year before I come back.

我将半年之后才回来。

It won't be long before we meet again.

用不了多久我们就会再见面的。

It was three days before he came back.

三天后他才回来。

②since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起，意为“自从……有多久”；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起，意为“自从结束/完成……起有多久”。

It's two years since we arrived here.

我们到这儿两年了。

It's three years since we lived here.

我们不住在这里有三年了。

(3)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句

①引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, instantly, directly, hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...等。这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。

Directly you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor.

你一感觉疼痛就必须去找医生。

We will leave the minute you are ready.

你一准备好，我们就出发。

②hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner ...和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。

Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.他一听到这个消息就哭了。

No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.

我们刚到火车站火车就开走了。

(4)until与till引导的时间状语从句

①until与till引导时间状语从句的区别

I had waited a long time till/until he came back.

他回来时我已等了很长时间。

It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。

②not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。

Not until he comes will we start our discussion.

直到他来了我们才能开始讨论。

③until/till用于肯定句时，主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词；用于否定句时主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。

They waited till/until I returned.

他们一直等到我回来。

(5)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)

①其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year等。

Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.

每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮助我们。

②by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。

By the time you come back, we will have finished the job.

到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。

By the time we got there, the rain had stopped.

到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。

2．条件状语从句

(1)引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词有if, unless, as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that)等。

You'll be late unless you get up earlier.

除非你早点起床，否则你会迟到的。

As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.

只要你不灰心，你就会成功。

Supposing that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help？假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁呢？

(2)在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。

In case there is a fire, what will we do first?

万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？

3．让步状语从句

(1)although, though,  as与while引导的让步状语从句

①although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数可数名词，前置时要省略冠词。

Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face.

尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。

Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂得很多。

Try as he may, he never succeeds.

尽管他很努力，但他从未成功过。

②although与though都可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。

③though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。

I have got a cold. It is nothing much, though.

我感冒了，不过不太严重。

④while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。

While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。

(2)even if/though引导的让步状语从句

①even if/though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。

②even if/though引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。

I'll do it, even if/though it takes me all the afternoon.

我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。

Even if/though I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。

(3)“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句

①“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋­ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。

Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.

无论他说什么，不要相信他。

②whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”不可以。

(4)whether ... or (not) ...引导的让步状语从句

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

不管你相信与否，这是真的。

4．原因状语从句

(1)because/as/since/now that

The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。

I can't go with you, as I have a lot of work to do.

我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。

Now that/Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.

既然大家都在这儿，我们开始开会吧。

(2)when (既然), seeing that (鉴于，由于)，considering that (考虑到), in that (因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句

The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。

It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.既然步行五分钟就能到那里，你却乘出租车，真够愚蠢的。

5．结果状语从句

(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so, so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ... that ..., such ... that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构：

Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.

＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.

迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。

It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.

天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。

He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于他养不起家。

(2)such ... that ...引导的状语从句与such ... as ...引导的定语从句的区别。

①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(like后少宾语，as要在从句中充当成分，故该句为定语从句)

他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。

②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.(从句中不缺成分，故该句为状语从句)

他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。

6．其他状语从句

We must camp where we can get water.

我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。

I'll speak slowly so that you can make sense of what I said.我会说得慢一些以便让你听懂我说的话。

The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.

那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。

He is taller than any other student in our school.

他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。

[名师指津]　①so that与in order that引导目的状语从句时，常与can, could, may, might等情态动词连用，in order that引导的目的状语从句可以置于主句前或后，但so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。

②what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．A对B而言正如C对D一样。

Air is to us what water is to fish.

空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。

[应用落实——通方法]

一、单句语法填空

1．(2021·沈阳模拟)Shortages in supply have resulted in rising pork prices since the beginning of the year, but prices have started to decline recently due to increased production.

2．(2021·驻马店统考)Some English words changed in the US, whether in terms of spelling or in terms of general usage.

3．(2021·蚌埠仿真)The interesting story will never fade from my memory though/although I heard of it many years ago.

4．The  film appeals so much to children because it caters well to their taste.

5．But you don't know that when I started senior English in the beginning, I found it difficult and quite different from what we had learned in junior school.

6．Now I have made such great progress in my English study that I am more interested in learning it than before.

7．It was so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters.

8．We need to get to the root of the problem before we can solve it.

[解题技法]

二、单句改错

1．(2021·滁州模拟)It was quite a long time when the student answered, “Thirty­three.”when→before

2．(2021·大同模拟)Do you have any relevant experience and qualifications？and→or

3．(2021·长治质检)Whenever you go, you are supposed to protect the environment.Whenever→Wherever

4．You have to read because you want to become a good reader.because→if

5．I forgave him but gave him a hug.but→and

6．When I was 10, once my parents were away on business, but I had to stay at home alone for a day.but→and/so

7．Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other while people meet.while→when

8．They said this was so a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.so→such

[解题技法]

三、高考写作佳句

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)钟南山院士那时虽然已经84岁高龄，但他还是动身去了武汉。

Although Zhong Nanshan was 84 years old then, he stepped forward to Wuhan.

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)随着时间的流逝，活动结束了。

As time passed by, the activity came to an end.

3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)无论我们的团队在哪里训练，我们都会尽力而为，我们都希望能赢。

Wherever our team are training, we will try our best  and we all want to be the winner.

4．(2019·北京高考书面表达)当老师告诉我们这个以“劳动光荣”为主题的活动时，我们都欢呼起来。

The moment our teacher told us about the programme with the theme “Labor is the most glorious” we all cheered up.

5．(2019·江苏高考书面表达)李江推荐中国传统服装，而苏华更喜欢校服。

Li Jiang recommends the traditional Chinese dress while Su Hua prefers the school uniform.

四、用适当的连词填空

My classmate Michael studied very hard   1   he went to senior school. Every day he worked   2   everyone else in my class left the classroom. He said he wouldn't stop trying   3   he got satisfying scores in his studies. Hard   4   he tried, he made little progress. But he didn't lose heart at all   5   he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day.   6   time went by, he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Beijing at last.We had a get­together party   7   we started our new life in university. Everyone had got offers from universities,   8   we had a very good time. When we stood   9   we used to play and study, we couldn't help thinking of our happy old days. We believed we would never forget each other,   10   we would go or whatever we would do.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章通过回忆“我”的高中同学Michael的高中生活，想起了我们一起奋斗的那些青春岁月和难舍难分的纯真友谊。

1．after　句意：Michael上高中以后，他学习非常努力。由于主句为一般过去时，所以不能用since。

2．until　句意：每天他都学习到我们班所有其他同学都离开教室为止。 until“直到……为止”。

3．unless　句意：他说除非他在学习上取得令人满意的成绩，否则他不会停止努力。unless“除非……(否则)”。

4．as/though　句意：尽管他努力了，但是进步很小。副词hard位于句首，所以此处为让步状语从句的倒装形式。

5．because/as　句意：但是他一点儿也没有灰心，因为他相信只要他坚持不懈他迟早会成功的。此处解释他不灰心的理由，故答案为because或as。

6．As　as time goes/went by “随着时间的推移”。

7．before　考查时间状语从句。句意：上大学前，我们举行了一次聚会。由前后两个动作发生的先后顺序可知填before。

8．so　考查并列连词。句意：由于每个人都得到了大学录取通知书，所以我们玩得特别开心。前后两个分句为因果关系，故答案为so。

9．where　句意：当我们站在昔日一起玩耍，一起学习的地方时，我们不禁想起了昔日快乐的时光。where引导地点状语从句。

10．wherever　句意：我们相信无论我们将来身在何方，也无论我们将来做什么，我们都不会忘记彼此。