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    词汇晨读13- 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测

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    词汇晨读13- 江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测

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     江苏高考英语3500词汇读练测(词汇晨读)13
    说明:①本系列资料的例句尽可能多地选自高考真题或各地模拟试题;
    ②凡是形容词+ly构成的副词在本系列资料【拓展】栏目里不予列出。
    (I—justify)
    I pron.(人称代词)我:
    At first I thought I understood what my teacher said, but the more he explained, the more confused I became.起初我以为我明白了老师所说的,但他越解释我就越困惑了。
    ice n.①冰:Her hands were as cold as ice.她的手像冰一样冷。
    ②一份冰淇淋:Two ices, please.请来两份冰淇淋。
    ice-cream n.冰淇淋:Will you take some ice-cream?你吃冰淇淋吗?
    I want a strawberry ice-cream.我要一份草莓冰淇淋。
    idea n.①点子,主意,想法,意见,思想,概念:
    David is getting on well with his boss—he can always come up with a new idea for pleasing the boss.
    大卫和他的老板相处得很好——他总能想出取悦老板的新点子。
    What is the central idea of the story?这个故事的中心思想是什么?
    ②打算,计划:I have an idea for a new book.我打算写一本新书。
    ③了解,明白:You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我有多着急!
    【拓展】表示“做某事的想法”或“想做某事”,其后接of doing sth,不接不定式:
    I am excited at the idea of going abroad.我对出国这个想法感到很激动。
    ideal n.理想,典范,典型,高尚的、有价值的原则或目标:
    There will be an endless power of youth supporting the Chinese nation’s rejuvenation so long as the younger generation of the country has ideals , pursuits and shoulders.只要年轻一代有理想、有追求、有担当,就有源源不断的青年力量支持中华民族伟大复兴。
    In ancient Greece an egg-shaped face was the ideal of female beauty.在古希腊鹅蛋脸是女性美的典范。
    adj.想像的,理想的,最合适的:
    British Broadcasting Corporation, known as BBC, is an ideal radio station for those who need improving their listening.英国广播公司,被称为BBC,对于那些需要提高听力的人来说是一个理想的广播电台。
    identify v.①识别,认出,确定/认,找出,辨认:
    I cannot identify this signature.我识别不出这是谁的签字。
    The police have already identified around 10 murder suspects.警方已经确认了约10名谋杀案疑凶。
    Wherever you are, I can identify you in the crowd.无论你在哪里,我都能一眼在人群中认出你。
    There was snow everywhere so that the shapes of things were difficult to identify.
    到处都是雪,所以东西的形状很难辨认。
    ②表明……的身份:His accent identified him as a Frenchman.他的口音表明他是法国人。
    ③认为……等同于:You should not identify wealth with happiness.你不应该把财富与幸福等同起来。
    【拓展】identification n.鉴定,辨认,确认,确定,身份证明:
    Each product has a number for easy identification.每件产品都有号码以便于识别。
    The early identification of children with special educational needs is very important.
    早期确认儿童有特殊教育需求很重要。
    A valid identification card is required when you purchase foreign money from the Bank of
    China.你从中国银行购买外币的时候,需要有效的身份证。
    identity n.①相同,一致:
    The identity of those two criminals was beyond question.那两名罪犯毫无疑问就是同一人。
    ②身份:Please show your identity card.请出示您的身份证(ID)
    Now that the police know the killer’s identity, they are getting close to catching him.
    警方既已掌握了这名杀手的身份,要将他逮捕归案也就指日可待了。
    ③(区别人或群体的)个性或特征:
    After years of performing, he felt that in some ways he had lost his identity.
    经过多年的表演,他觉得在某些方面他已经失去了自己的个性。
    idiom n.①习语,成语,惯用语:
    Have you thought of a situation where this idiom can be used?
    你有没有想过在什么情况下可以使用这个习语?
    ②语言用法:This expression is against idiom.这一表达方式不合乎语言习惯。
    if conj.①如果,假如:
    He asked whether they would hold the meeting if it rained the next day.
    他问如果第二天下雨他们是否举行会议。
    ②是否:She asked if that was enough.她问那是否够了。
    【拓展】①even if 即使,纵使:
    We won’t give up even if we should fail ten times.即使失败十次,我们也不会放弃。
    ②as if好像,似乎:She looks as if she has been on holiday.看她那样子,好像放假了。
    ③if only但愿,要是……就好了:If only it would stop raining.真希望雨能停下来。
    ignore v.不理睬,忽视/忽略:
    She’s all alone here, and it seems rather unkind to ignore her.
    她一个人在这里,不理睬她似乎很不友善。
    Ignoring the difference between the two findings is one of the worst mistakes you’ve made.
    忽视这两个发现之间的差异是你犯过的最严重的错误之一。
    They completely ignore these facts as if they never existed.
    他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它们不存在似的。
    【拓展】ignorance无知,愚昧:
    I am embarrassed by my complete ignorance of history.我对历史一无所知,这让我很难堪。
    He acted in ignorance of basic procedures.他对基本程序一无所知就行动了。
    Fear always springs from ignorance.恐惧源于无知。
    ill adj.①有病的,不健康的:She fell ill/was taken ill suddenly.她突然病了。
    ②不好的,恶意的:
    Prisoners have complained of ill treatment.犯人们抱怨受到了不好的待遇。
    He says that he bears no ill feelings towards Johnson.他说他对约翰逊并无恶感。
    adv.坏,不利地,令人不满地:
    You should not speak ill of your friend.你不应该说你朋友的坏话。
    Nobody likes to be spoken ill of.没人喜欢别人说自己的坏话/没人喜欢被别人说坏话。
    illegal adj.不合法的,非法的:
    It has been revealed that some leaders abuse their authority and position to get illegal profits for
    themselves.据透露,一些领导滥用权力和职位为自己获取非法利益。
    【拓展】legal法律的,合法的,法定的,法律(上)的:
    She started out on her legal career in 1963.她于1963年干起了法律这一行。
    What I did was perfectly legal. 我所做的绝对合法。
    We engage you as a legal adviser.我们聘请你当法律顾问。
    illness n.疾病:My mum’s letters really encouraged me throughout my illness.
    在我生病期间妈妈的来信真的自始至终鼓励着我。
    Cancer is a serious illness.癌症是重病。(习惯上不用heavy来说明illness)
    illustrate v.加插图于,说明,解释,阐明,表明……真实:
    He has illustrated the book with black-and-white photographs.他为那本书配了一些黑白照片插图。
    The teacher wrote an example on the blackboard to illustrate the point.
    老师在黑板上写了一个例子来说明这一点。
    The following tale will clearly illustrate this point.接下来的故事将清楚地阐明这一点。
    【拓展】illustration n.插图,说明,例证,图解:
    The marginal illustration is very interesting.页边的插图很有趣。
    To give a definition of a word is more difficult than to give an illustration of its use. 
    给一个词下定义要比举例说明它的用法困难得多。
    Perhaps the accompanying illustration will explain it.可能所附的图解能对此作出解释。
    image n.形象,图像,影像:
    China’s image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing its role in international affairs.
    中国的形象正在稳步提升,更多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用。
    Studies have explored how dogs categorize and discriminate between different images.
    研究探索了狗狗们如何分类和区分不同的图像。
    A computer in the machine creates an image on the screen.机器上的计算机在屏幕上产生了影像。
    imagination n.想像,想像力:
    But later I knew that your bearing is far beyond my imagination.
    然而后来我才明白,你的气度远远超出我的想像的。
    The prize will go to the writer whose story shows the most imagination.
    这个奖项将会颁给故事最有想象力的作家。
    imagine v.想像,以为,(设)想:
    It’s hard to imagine what a bad effect the violent TV show has on the children.
    很难想象暴力电视节目对孩子们有多么坏的影响。
    He imagines that people don’t like him.他自以为没有人喜欢他。
    —Will it cost a lot to study abroad?—I would imagine so, but you can apply for a scholarship.
    “出国留学花费很多吗?”“我想是这样的,但是你可以申请奖学金。”
    Imagine yourself (to be) on a desert island.设想你处在一个荒岛上。
    【拓展】①表示想像做某事,其后不接不定式,而接动名词(有时带逻辑主语):
    Can you imagine living without electricity?你能想像没有电的生活吗?
    注意下列句中的you can imagine为插入语:
    What is the best way you can imagine to reduce the overuse of water in our school?
    你能想到的减少我们学校过度用水的最好方法是什么?
    ②表示“认为……是……”,可用imagine…to be/as…:
    I always imagine her as/to be a kind person.我总是认为她是一位善良的人。
    ③imaginary虚构的,想象的,假想的;imaginable可能的,可想象的;imaginative富于想象的:
    The equator is an imaginary line around the middle of the earth.
    赤道是一条假想的环绕地球腰部的线。
    These technological developments were hardly imaginable 30 years ago.
    这些科技新产品在30年前几乎是不可想象的。
    The imaginative child made up fairy stories.这个想象力丰富的孩子自己编神话故事。
    imitate v.模仿,效仿,仿造:
    The style of painting adopted by the artist is hard to imitate.这位画家的绘画风格很难模仿。
    You should imitate her way of doing things.你应该效仿她做事的方式。
    The workers imitate a diamond with crystal.工人们用水晶仿造钻石。
    【拓展】imitation n.仿制品,模仿,仿效,赝品:
    At first sight, the bag seems made of real leather, but actually it is just an imitation.
    乍一看,这个包似乎是真皮的,但实际上它只是一个仿制品。
    A child learns to talk by imitation.小孩子通过模仿学会说话。
    Her innocence is only an imitation.她的天真只是一种伪装。
    immediate adj.①立即的,马上的,立刻的:The situation demands immediate action.形势要求立即行动。
    ②最接近的,紧靠着的,目前的:
    The immediate cause of this crisis is not perhaps surprisingly a shortage of food. 
    可能有些令人惊奇的是,此次危机的直接原因并非食物短缺。
    One hundred dollars will meet my immediate needs. 一百美元可以应付我目前的需要。
    【拓展】immediately除了作为副词(立即,即刻)以外,还可以作连词引导时间状语从句意为“一……就……”:
    The policemen hurried into the station immediately they heard the gunshot.
    警察一听到枪声就急忙赶到车站。
    immigration n.移民(移民来):
    Barack Obama and Mitt Romney both say the country's immigration system must be reformed. But they disagree about how to do it.奥巴马和罗姆尼都说这个国家的移民体系需要改革,但是他们对于怎么做意见不一。
    【拓展】emigration n.移民(出境),移居国/海外:
    The emigration of scientists is a catastrophe for the country. 
    许多科学家移居国外是该国的灾难。
    impact n.影响:We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made an impact on our lives in many ways.
    我们可以观察到人工智能已经在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了影响。
    Yet at no point in the process of development did they stop to consider the impact of their
    “progress” on nature.然而他们绝不会在发展的过程中,停下来思考他们的“进步”对自然的
    影响。
    imply v.暗示,意味:
    To fully understand the writer, we must read not only between the lines but also beyond the lines to know what is implied in the article.为了全面理解作者,我们不仅必须读字里行间的意思,我们还要理解文章暗含的意思。
    What did she imply in her words? 她的话意味着什么?
    import v.输入,引进,进口:
    The government placed restrictions on the number of foreign cars that could be imported.
    政府限制进口车的数量。
    We import wool from Australia.我们从澳大利亚进口羊毛。
    n.①进口,输入:They are engaged in import and export.他们做进出口贸易。
    ②进口品,进口货:Machinery is one of our imports.机械是我们的进口货物之一。
    importance n.重要性:Only a short-sighted man will lose sight of the importance of education.
    只有目光短浅的人才会忽略教育的重要性。
    English, as well as Chinese and maths is of great importance now.
    英语、汉语和数学现在都很重要。
    important adj.重要的:
    Food production is important, but of equal importance is taking care of the environment.
    粮食产量很重要,但是保护环境同等重要。
    You must quit smoking. Most important of all, you should start taking exercise.
    你必须戒烟,最重要的是,你应该开始运动。
    【拓展】在It’s important 后接that从句时,从句谓语通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气:It is important that we (should) help each other.我们要互相帮助,这是很重要的。
    impossible adj.不可能的,不可能发生的:
    What we used to see as something impossible is now becoming a reality.
    我们过去认为不可能的事情现在变成了现实。
    Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.天下无难事,只怕有心人。
    This is an impossible story.这是一个令人难以置信的故事。
    【拓展】it’s impossible后接that从句时,从句谓语通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气:
    It is impossible that he(should)go with her.他不可能会同她去。
    impress v.①留下(极深)印象:
    I guess what impresses me most about his painting is the colors he uses.
    我想他的画给我印象最深的是他使用的颜色。
    I was very impressed by/at/with his performance.他的表演给我留下了很深的印象。
    ②铭记:No matter where he goes and no matter who he encounters, he would like to follow his father’s advice and impress the best upon mind.无论他去哪里,无论他遇到谁,他都愿意听从父亲的建议,把最好的建议铭记在心。
    【拓展】①在impress sb. as ...(给某人的印象是……)这一表达中,as后的情况指的通常是句子主语,而不是impress后的宾语,如She impressed me as being very rude的意思是“在我的印象中,她很粗鲁”,而不是“她对我的印象是我很粗鲁”。
    ②impressive adj.令人印象深刻的,引人注目的,显赫的:
    The museum is located in a park surrounded by a number of impressive buildings.
    博物馆坐落在一个被许多令人印象深刻的建筑包围的公园里。
    impression n.印象,感觉:Would you like to share your first impression on the new school uniform with us?
    你愿意和我们分享你对新校服的第一印象吗?
    improve v.改进,改善:
    The experts urge that governments improve social services and city planning policies.
    专家催促政府改善社会服务和城市规划政策。
    The teacher suggested to us that every minute should be made use of to improve our spoken English.
    老师建议我们利用好每一分钟来提高英语口语水平。
    improvement n.提高,改进/善/良,增进,进步:
    The government has put forward a series of policies and measures to ensure the improvement in
    living standards.政府已经提出了一系列的政策和措施来保证提高生活标准。
    The system we introduced in 1980 has been a great improvement.
    我们1980年引进的系统有了很大改进。
    As for the service, it is generally good but there’s still much room for improvement.
    至于服务,大体上很好,但是仍有很多改善的空间。
    This has provided valuable data for work in soil improvement.
    这为土壤改良工作提供了宝贵资料。
    With the improvement of economic benefits and material civilization, spiritual interests have 
    been paid much attention to.随着经济福利、物质文明的提高,人们对精神利益也日益重视。
    The class has made noticeable improvement.这个班已有引人注目的进步。
    It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.
    医疗保健的进步将促进一个更强大、更繁荣的经济,这是我们的信念。
    in prep.①(表时间)在,在……期间,在……内,在……后:It happened in the past.这是过去发生的事情。
    ②(表地点、位置、范围、空间等)在……内,在……中,在……上:
    Let’s have a rest in the shade.我们在树阴下休息一会儿吧。
    ③(表动作的方向)向……之中,向……里:She put the keys in her pocket.她把钥匙放在口袋里。
    ④(表比率)……之中,每(一)……:The losses were nine in ten.损失了十之八九。
    ⑤(表方式、手段、材料)用:You must pay the bill in cash.你必须用现金付账。
    ⑥穿着,戴着:The policeman is in uniform.警察穿着制服。
    ⑦(表状况、状态、环境等)在……状态中,处于……之中:His life is in danger.他有生命危险。
    ⑧(表职业或活动)从事于,做:Her husband was in business.她丈夫是经商的。
    ⑨在……方面:China is very rich in natural resources.中国自然资源丰富。
    ⑩(表形式)以……的形式,按照:Water exists in three forms.水以三种形态存在。
    ⑪(表进行)在……中,……在进行中:The motor is not yet in action.发动机还没开始运转。
    ⑫(后接动名词)在……时,在……过程中:
    In crossing the street he was run over.他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。
    There was no difficulty (in) finding her house.找到她的家没费一点事。
    adv.在家,进入:The doctor advised me to stay in for a few days.医生劝我在家里呆几天。
    Can we let them in? 我们能让他们进来吗?
    inch n.英寸:It is a mid-sized dog, 16 or 17 inches tall from the shoulder.
    这是只中等大小的狗,肩部高度在16或17英寸。
    incident n.①事情,小事件:That was one of the strangest incidents in my life.那是我一生中最奇怪的事件之一。
    ②事变,事件:
    The CPC Central Committee published an open telegram to the nation after the Lugouqiao Incident, 
    calling on the the whole nation to resist Japanese aggression.卢沟桥事变后,中共中央向全国发表公
    开电报,号召全国人民抗日。
    include v.包含,包括:
    The reign of the next Japanese emperor will be known as “Reiwa” era, in whose name the character for “harmony” is included.下一个日本皇帝统治时期将被称为“令和时代”,在这个名字里包含着寓意“和谐”的字。
    【拓展】①后接动词通常用动名词形式:
    My job doesn’t include making coffee for the boss.我的工作不包括给老板冲咖啡。
    ②是及物动词,在引出一个解释性短语时,要注意分清是用现在分词(其后应有宾语)还是用过去分词(其宾语变为逻辑主语,注意其被动关系):
    Everyone laughed, including the teacher.=Everyone laughed, the teacher included.
    大家都笑了,包括老师在内。
    including prep.包括,包含:
    After the dinner, I looked at the bill and found that it was 200 yuan in all, including the wine.
    饭后,我看了看账单,发现总共消费200元,包括酒。
    income n.收入,所得:The government tax on income is called income tax.政府对收入所征收的税叫做所得税。
    Her father earns a large(small)income.她父亲收入高(低)。(习惯上不用 much或little)
    increase v.增加,增多,增大:
    They have increased the price of oil again.他们又把油价提高了。
    The number of students increased by 1000.=The number of students had an increase of 1000.
    学生人数增加了1000。
    The number of students increased to 1000.学生人数增加到了1000人。
    n.增加:There has been an increase in road accidents.交通事故增多了。
    【拓展】on the increase=on the rise在增加,on the decrease在减少:
    The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is on the increase now.
    新的法律已经生效,野生动物的数量正在增加。
    The birthrate is on the decrease.人口出生率正在下降。
    indeed adv.的确,确实,实在,事实上:
    “It’s cold.” “It is indeed.” “天很冷。”“的确很冷。”
    Hope there will be an end to the trade war between China and the US. Indeed, otherwise both sides would suffer a lot.希望中美之间的贸易战能够结束。事实上,不然双方都将遭受巨大损失。
    independence n.独立:
    With the new requirements for reading put forward, pupils should be able to read with a large
    degree of independence.随着对阅读的新要求的提出,学生应该能够以很大程度的独立性阅读。
    independent adj.独立的,有主见的:
    Although she is young, she is very independent.虽然她很年轻,但是很有主见。
    【拓展】independent of不依靠,dependent on依靠,independence from从……中独立出来:
    Human beings should not be dependent on computers too much.
    人类不应该过分依赖电脑。
    You’re eighteen years old. You should be independent of your family.
    你已十八岁了,你应该从家庭里独立出来生活。
    India has a national festival on October 2 to honour Mohandas Gandhi, the leader who helped gain India’s independence from Britain.在印度,10月2日是国庆日,纪念帮助印度从英国独立出来的领袖甘地。
    indicate v.①指出,指示,标示:
    A signpost indicated the right road for us to follow.一个路标给我们指出应走的路。
    ②表明/示,暗示:
    The number of foreigners learning Chinese has been growing in recent years, indicating that China has a greater effect on the world.近年来,学习中文的外国人越来越多,这表明中国对世界的影响越来越大。
    The results of the study may indicate that there is a connection between air pollution and this disease. 
    研究的结果可能暗示着空气污染和这疾病有关系。
    ③象征:If a horse has its ears forward, that indicates that it is happy.马的耳朵向外闪表示它的心情好。
    ④显示(读数、位置等):
    In this map, the towns are indicated by a red dot.在这张地图上,城镇是用小红点标的。
    ⑤发出改变行车方向的信号:Why don’t you indicate?你为什么不打信号?
    【拓展】indication n.迹象,表明,暗示,标示/志,显示,象征:
    Having a fair attitude towards people with different ideas is an indication that one has been
    well educated.对持不同想法的人有一个公平的态度,表明一个人受过良好的教育
    A firm, dry handshake is generally regarded as an indication that someone is confident and in
    control.坚定干脆的握手就是暗示这个人很自信,能控制局面。
    individual adj.个人的,个别的,个体的,独特的:
    The teachers give individual tutoring to students who are having difficulties.
    对有困难的学生,教师个别进行辅导。
    Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
    他们的孩子正处在能说个别单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。
    It was really all part of her very individual personality.那其实都是她独特个性的表现。
    indoors adv.在屋里,在室内,在户内:
    Since she was indoors, she had not been wearing a coat.由于她在室内,就没有穿外套。
    It was raining hard, which kept us indoors.雨下得很大,把我们困在了家里。
    You stay too much indoors.你呆在户内的时间太多了。
    【拓展】indoor adj.室内的,户内的,outdoor adj.室外的,户外的,outdoors adv.室外,户外:
    I enjoy indoor and outdoor activities of all kinds.我喜欢所有室内和户外的活动。
    There is no indoor swimming-pool in this school and the students often go to swim outdoors.
    这所学校没有室内游泳池,学生们经常去户外游泳。
    induce v.引起,归纳,引诱:
    Doctors said the surgery could induce a heart attack.医生们说这次手术有可能引起心脏病发作。
    Raise the student independence analysis, solve problem and induce the ability of the summary. 
    提高学生独立分析、解决问题和归纳总结的能力。
    Nothing in the world will induce me to do that.什麽也不能引诱我做那种事。
    industry n.①工业,产业,行业:
    There are the close relation to heavy industry and light industry.重工业和轻工业有密切关系。
    In terms of the numbers in employment, the hotel industry was the second largest industry in this country last year.从就业率看,去年旅馆业是这个国家的第二大产业。
    There has been a recent trend in the food service industry towards lower fat content and less salt.
    食品服务行业最近出现了降低脂肪含量和减少盐的趋势。
    ②勤奋,勤劳:He won the prize through his industry.他靠勤奋获奖。
    【拓展】表示“工业”,其相应的形容词是industrial(工业的);表示“勤奋”,其相应的形容词是industrious(勤劳的):
    As we all know, the industrial revolution took place in England first.
    我们都知道工业革命先在英国发生的。
    It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century don’t attract visitors.
    这座在19世纪建设的工业城市不能吸引游客正是一件遗憾的事情啊!
    She was an industrious and willing worker.她是个勤劳肯干的员工。
    infection n.感染,传染,传染病:
    She intended to be a doctor, but a serious eye infection forced her to abandon the idea.
    她想成为一名医生。但是一个严重的眼部感染迫使他放弃了这个想法。
    There is no vaccine against HIV infection.现在还没有防艾滋病病毒传染的疫苗。
    【拓展】infect v.使受影响,感染,传染:
    A single mosquito can infect a large number of people.一只蚊子就可以感染很多人。
    infer v.推断,猜想,推理,暗示,意指:
    I inferred from what she said that you have not been well.我从她的话语里推断你身体一直不太好。
    The police inferred that they found her behavior rather suspicious.警方暗示他们发现她行为非常可疑。
    【拓展】inference n.推断:
    You seemed to know about this book, and by inference I thought you had read it. 
    你好像了解这本书,因此我推断你已读过它了。
    inflation n.通货膨胀,通胀率:
    The main task of the government is to reduce the level of inflation.
    政府的主要任务是降低通货膨胀率。
    influence n.影响:The world’s attention is being fixed on China’s Belt and Road Initiative, as it has a great
    influence on the world’s economy.全世界的注意力都集中在中国的“一带一路”计划上,因
    为它对世界经济有很大的影响。
    v.影响:The mobile phone has influenced people’s life a lot since it was invented.
    自从手机被发明后,它在很大程度上影响了人们的生活。
    【拓展】influential adj.有影响力的:
    He is one of the most influential performers of modern jazz.
    他是现代爵士乐最具影响力的表演者之一。
    inform v.告诉,通知:He has not yet informed me of his plans for holidays.他尚未把他的度假计划告诉我。
    Please inform me how to find his house.请告诉我怎样找到他的家。
    He showed great interest in my work. He asked me to keep him informed of the latest
    developments.他对我的工作表现出了很大的兴趣。他让我把最新进展告诉他。
    【拓展】①与tell sb. sth.和 tell sth. to sb.不一样,inform既不接双宾语,也不用于inform sth. to sb.,要表示告诉某人某情况,通常用inform sb. of/about sth.。
    ②其宾语通常只能是人,所以当后接从句时,其前的sb.不能省略。
    We regret to inform you that your application has been refused.
    我们很遗憾地通知您,您的申请已被拒绝了。
    ③不能将“通知某人做某事”按汉语意思直译为inform sb. to do sth.,可将其中的不定式改为从句,如不说I’ve informed them to leave at once,可改为I’ve informed them that they must leave at once等。
    information n.①信息:
    To find out more information, you can log on to the website of our company or call 8858858.
    要找更多的信息,你可以登陆我们网站或者拨打8858858。
    We arranged to meet at the information desk of the hotel.我们约好在旅馆的问讯处见面。
    ②通知,告知:Please email the information to the managers.
    请把这个通知用电子邮件发给各位经理。
    initial adj.开始的,最初的:
    In spite of the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Pro. White persisted in his research.
    尽管怀特教授最初的实验失败了,但是他还是坚持他的研究。
    n.姓名起首的大写字母:Steven Lane’s initials are S. L. Steven Lane.这姓名的首字母是S.L.。
    injure v.损害,伤害:A big fire broke out last night. Luckily, no one was killed or injured.
    昨晚发生了一场火灾。幸运的是,没有人员伤亡。
    Jim is absent from the party. That is because he was badly injured in the football game.
    吉姆没有参加聚会。那是因为他在足球比赛中受了重伤。
    【拓展】①是及物动词,所以要表示“他没受伤”,可说成:
    He wasn’t injured,但不能说成He didn’t injure.
    ②the injured表示“伤员”,具有复数意义:
    The injured were taken to the hospital.伤员已被送往医院。
    ③参看词条hurt。
    injury n.受伤处,伤口,伤害,损害,损伤:
    The nurse dressed his injury.护士给他包扎了伤口。
    There is sometimes no way to recover from brain injury.有时脑部损伤是无法恢复的。
    ink n.墨水,油墨:The words on this page are printed in red ink.本页的字是用红色油墨印刷的。
    inn n.小旅店,小饭店:a small roadside inn路边小客栈
    inner adj.里面的,内部的,内心的,隐藏的:
    It’s inner beauty, in my opinion, rather than physical beauty, that matters in the long run.
    在我看来 ,从长远角度看,是内在美而不是外在美真的重要。
    Loving relationships will give a child an inner sense of security.亲昵关系会给予孩子内心一种安全感。
    innocent adj.①无罪的,无辜的,清白的:
    The suspect was declared innocent for lack of convincing evidence.
    嫌疑犯因缺乏令人信服的证据而被宣布无罪。
    An innocent man was arrested by mistake.有一个无辜的人被误捕了。
    ②无害的,没有恶意的:Do you call these innocent amusements?你把这些叫做无害的娱乐吗?
    ③单纯的,天真无邪的:an innocent child天真无邪的孩子
    【拓展】innocence清白,无辜,无罪,天真无邪:
    The couple tried every effort to convince the judges, who tried the cases, of their innocence only to result in the contrary.这对夫妇努力使判决案子的法官相信他们的清白,结果正相反。
    Your excuse is too weak to convince me of your innocence.
    你的借口太没有说服力而不能使我相信你的无辜。
    Children lose their innocence as they grow older.儿童随着年龄的增长而失去其天真。
    innovate v.改革,创新:
    Efforts will be made to innovate new teaching models to exploit students’ potential.
    将努力创新教学模式以便能开发学生的潜力。
    【拓展】①innovation n.改革,创新
    It was MaYun’s persistence and innovation that contributes to the success in his career.
    正是马云的坚持和创新,促成了他事业上的成功。
    ②innovative adj.革新的,创新的:
    He was one of the most creative and innovative engineers of his generation.
    他是他那代人当中最富创造性与革新精神的工程师之一。
    insect n.昆虫:Ants, flies, butterflies and beetles are all insects.蚂蚁、苍蝇、蝴蝶、甲虫都是昆虫。
    insert v.插入:They inserted too much advertisement in the newspaper.他们的报纸插的广告太多。
    inside prep.在……里面:There was also a wallet sitting inside the car with a lot of money sticking out.
    车内还有一个钱包,里面有很多钱。
    adv.在里面:He opened the box and looked inside.他打开箱子向里面看。
    n.里面,内部,内侧:The door was locked from the inside.门从里面给锁上了。
    insight n.顿悟,领悟,洞察力:
    He was a brilliant actor who brought deep psychological insight to his many roles. 
    他是一个优秀的演员,能够从心理上领悟他扮演的许多角色。
    The article in The Times gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.
    英国泰晤士报上的这篇文章让我们真正洞察当前经济危机的原因。故选C。
    insist v.①坚持,坚决要求:
    He insisted on my staying there.= He insisted that I (should) stay there.他坚持要我留在那儿。
    You should respect the views of others, and at the same time insist on what you think is right.
    你应该尊重别人的观点,同时坚持你认为正确的事情。
    ②坚决认为,坚决主张:I insist that he is innocent.我坚持认为他是无罪的。
    【拓展】①其后既不接不定式也不接动名词,遇此情况要用 insist on [upon] doing sth。
    If you insist on leaving now, please go ahead.你一定要走,那就请便吧。
    ②可及物或不及物,但及物时通常只接that从句作宾语,而不接一般普通的名词或代词作宾语。
    ③不可将“坚持要某人做某事”直译为insist sb. to do sth.,遇此情况可改用从句的形式。
    ④后接that从句时,有时用陈述语气,有时用虚拟语气,其区别是:若表示“坚持要”、“一定要”,从句所指内容为尚未成为事实的想法,此时从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气 (即用should+动词原形);若表示“坚持说”、“坚持认为”,从句所指内容为既成事实或完全能成为事实的决心等,此时从句谓语要用陈述语气:
    We all insisted that Mick have a rest, but he insisted that he was all right.
    我们都坚持要求米克要休息一下,但是他坚持认为自己没问题。
    inspect v.①检查,审查:You should inspect the wheels regularly, and replace them before they cause you trouble.
    你应该在出事之前经常检查车轮并及时更换。
    ②检阅,视察:The Tourist Board inspects all recommended hotels at least once a year.
    旅游局至少每年视察一次所有举荐的旅馆。
    【拓展】inspection n.检验,检查,视察,检阅:
    Would you mind pointing out your luggage for inspection? 可否把你的行李指给我们检查?
    After an inspection, the inspectors must publish a report.视察后,视察者必须发表一份报告。
    inspire v.①鼓舞,激励,激发:
    The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。
    ②赋予某人灵感(尤指写作),启示,启迪:
    His wife inspired him to write this poem.他妻子激发了他的灵感创作出了这首诗。
    【拓展】inspiration n.灵感,鼓舞人心的人(或事物):
    Dreams can be a rich source of inspiration for an artist.
    梦境可以成为艺术家灵感的丰富源泉。
    You have been such an inspiration to all of us that we want to repay you for what you give us.
    你对我们所有人来说是一个如此鼓舞人心的存在以至于我们想回报你所给予我们的。
    install v.安装,设置,任命:
    I found my computer functioning much better, having installed a new operating system.
    在安装了一个新的操作系统之后,我发现我的电脑运行得更好了.
    Professor Sawyer was formally installed as President last Thursday.
    索耶教授上周四被正式任命为校长。
    instance n.例子,实例,事例:
    There are a number of improvements; for instance, both mouse buttons can now be used. 
    在许多地方有了改进,例如,鼠标的左右键都可以使用了。
    A teacher should be good at drawing inferences about other cases from one instance.
    老师要善于举一反三。
    instant adj.即刻的,立即的:He was sentenced to instant death.他被判为立即处死。
    n.瞬间,刹那:I shall be back in an instant.我立刻就回来。
    For an instant I was infected by her fear.有那么一会儿她的恐惧也传染给了我。
    【拓展】the instant或者instantly conj.“一……就”用来引导时间状语从句:
    The instant he opened the door he saw the thief.他一开门就看见了这个贼。
    I called out her name instantly I saw her.
    我一见到她,就叫出了她的名字。
    instead adv.代替,顶替:Come another day instead.改日再来吧。
    【拓展】instead of代替,而不是:
    I’ll go instead of you.我愿代你去。
    You should get rid of the bad habits instead of getting into them.
    你应该改掉这些坏习惯,而不是染上这些坏习惯。
    institute n.①(研究)所,院,学院:
    By now 516 Confucius Institutes have been founded in 142 countries and regions, according to the
    Confucius Institute Headquarters.根据孔子学院总部的统计,到现在为止,全世界142个国家和地区已经建立了516个孔子学院。
    At first the institute refused to purchase the experiment instrument, but this decision was afterwards changed.起初该研究所拒绝购买实验仪器,但后来改变了这一决定。
    ②协会,学会:
    Mr. Li from Chinese Information Institute also attended the conference. 
    来自中文信息协会的李先生也参加这次会议。
    institution n.①机构:A medical institution shall properly keep the medical record cards of patients. 
    医疗机构应当妥善地保管病人的病历卡。
    ②(由来已久的)风俗,习惯:Giving presents on Christmas is an institution.圣诞节送礼是一种风俗。
    ③建立,设立,制定:the institution of new safety procedures新安全规程的制定
    instruct v.①通知:I will instruct him whether (he needs) to come today or tomorrow.
    我会通知他该今天来还是明天来。
    ②指示/导,教:
    How do you instruct your students to dip into their studies after class?
    你如何指导你的学生在课后专心学习?
    I’ve been instructed to wait here until the teacher arrives.我奉命在这里等老师来。
    【拓展】①instruction n.教导,教授,命令,指示,(用复数)说明,须知:
    He’s not yet trained, but still under instruction.他还未训练好,还在接受教导。
    He gave instructions to leave at once.他下达指示说要马上离开。
    Please read the instructions on the bottle and take the right amount of medicine.
    请阅读瓶子上的说明,并服用适量的药物。
    ②instructor n.教练,导师,(大学)讲师:
    I want you to be a swimming instructor.我想你成为一个游泳教练。
    instrument n.①乐器:He asked how to play the instrument.他问这乐器怎样弹奏。
    ②工具,器械,仪器:
    Language is an instrument for communication.语言是交际的工具。
    The hospital bought some medical instruments.这家医院购置了一些医疗器械。
    The Arctic explorers carried with them a lot of scientific instruments.
    去北极的探险家们随身带了许多科学仪器。
    insult v.辱骂,侮辱,凌辱,冒犯:
    She has no right to insult us like that.她没有任何权利像那样辱骂我们。
    If you joke with him he’ll think you are insulting him on purpose.
    如果你和他开玩笑,他会认为你是在故意地侮辱他。
    Instead, he argued it was China that felt insulted.他说,相反,中国才是感觉受到了冒犯。
    insurance n.保险,保险费:
    You must buy the credit life insurance before you can buy the disability insurance 
    你必须先购买信用人寿保险,方可购买伤残保险。
    For individual travelers, hotel reservation, air tickets, travel insurance are required.
    对于单独的旅游者来说,酒店预订、机票、旅游保险都是需要的。
    She received $5000 (in) insurance.她得到五千美元的保险金。
    insure v.①给……保险:My car isn’t insured.我的汽车没买保险。
    ②保障,保证,确保:Their support will insure me success.他们的支持保证让我成功。
    【拓展】ensure v.担保,保证,使安全,确保:
    I can’t ensure that he will be there on time.我不能担保他会及时到那儿。
    This medicine will ensure you a good night’s sleep.这药保证能让你好好睡一觉。
    If you want to ensure that you catch the plane, take a taxi.
    你要想确保能赶上那班飞机,就坐出租车去吧。
    intellectual adj.智力的,有才智的:
    High levels of lead could damage the intellectual development of children
    铅含量过高会损害儿童的智力发展。
    Chess is a highly intellectual game.象棋是需用高度智力的运动项目。
    intelligence n.①智力,才智:What is important in study is diligence rather than intelligence.
    学习中重要的是勤奋而不是智力。
    ②情报:The British intelligence service is called MI5.英国的情报机构叫做MI5。
    intend v. ①想要,打算,企图:
    Where did you intend him to go?你打算让他去哪里?
    The FBI and Capitol Police arrested a man named Friday because he intended to set off a suicide bomb at the U. S. Capitol.美国联邦调查局和国会警察星期五逮捕了一名男子,因为他企图在国会大厦引爆自杀炸弹。
    ②打算供……使用,打算使……成为:
    This dictionary is intended for elementary learners of English.本词典是为初学英语的人编写的。
    【拓展1】①表示打算做某事,其后可接不定式或动名词:
    He intends to buy/buying a car.他打算买辆汽车。
    ②表示打算要某人做某事,可后接不定式的复合结构或从句:
    He intended her to go there.=He intended that she should go there.他打算让她去那儿。
    ③表示过去未曾实现的想法或打算,通常用过去完成时:
    We had intended to go to London.我们本来打算到伦敦去的。
    有时也可将完成式移至其后的不定式上:We intended to have gone to London.
    【拓展2】intention n.意图,打算:
    Our intention was to leave early in the morning.我们打算一早就走。
    He has no intention of marrying yet.他还没有要结婚的打算。
    We’ve come here with the intention of leaning knowledge. 
    我们是带着学习知识的目的来到这里的。
    interact v.互动,相互作用,互相影响:
    Facebook is a very famous social networking website founded in 2004 where millions of people interact with one another.成立于2014年的脸谱网是一个非常著名的社交网站,数以百万计的人在此上面相互交流。
    Millions of people want new, simplified ways of interacting with a computer.
    数以百万计的人们想要新的简化方式实现人机交互。
    【拓展】interaction n.相互影响(作用,制约,配合),交互作用(影响):
    Capitalist social formations reflect the interaction, or articulation, of different modes of 
    production.资本主义社会结构反映了不同形式的生产方式之间的互动,或者说相互联系。
    interest n.①兴趣,趣味:
    Mary is willing to make friends with whoever shares the same hobbies and interests with her.
    玛丽愿意和任何和她有相同爱好和兴趣的人交朋友。
    ②利息:He lent me the money at 5% interest.他以百分之五的利息借给我这笔钱。
    ③(常用复)利益:I cannot but admit the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests.
    我不得不承认你说的是实话,尽管那与我的利益相违背。
    v.使……感兴趣:They are interested in playing football.他们对踢足球感兴趣。
    I’d be interested to hear your opinion about this.我很想听听你对这事的意见。
    interesting adj.有趣的,令人感兴趣的,引起兴趣的:
    There is an interesting program on television tonight.今天晚上有一个有趣的电视节目。
    American is really an interesting place.美国的确是一个令人感兴趣的地方。
    【拓展】interested与interesting:前者心理感受“感兴趣的”,后者表示事物所具有的特征“令人感兴趣的”或“有趣的”:
    Mr. Smith, tired of the speech, started to read an interesting novel.
    史密斯先生对这个无聊的演讲感到厌烦,所以他开始读一本有趣的小说。
    To my surprise, my aunt Diane is more than a chemistry teacher, she is also interested in
    modern art.令我惊讶的是,我的黛安娜阿姨不仅仅是一名化学老师,她还对现代艺术感
    兴趣。
    interfere v.干预,干涉,妨碍,打扰:
    We will always keep our promise not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. 
    我们始终遵守不干涉别国内政的诺言。
    While being shy is normal, it is when the shyness interferes with an individual’s daily communication with others that it becomes a disorder.尽管害羞很正常,但是当害羞妨碍了个人和他人的日常交流时,它就变成了灾难。
    I wish everyone would stop interfering and just leave me alone.
    我希望大家都别再来打扰我,让我一个人静一静。
    intermediate adj.中间的,中级的:
    You should consider breaking the journey with intermediate stopovers at airport hotels.
    你应该考虑将旅程分为几段,中途在机场旅馆稍作停留。
    This book is intended for readers of intermediate level.这本书是写给中级水平的读者的。
    internal adj.内部的,国内的,本身的:
    Humans have an internal clock that controls the beating of our heart, and the pace of our breathing.
    人类体内有一个生物钟,它控制我们的心跳和呼吸的节奏。
    Solving Taiwan Issue is entirely internal Chinese affair.解决台湾问题完全是中国内政。
    international adj.国际的:
    The computer system broke down suddenly while he was searching for some important international news.他在寻找一些重要的国际新闻时,计算机系统突然出了故障。
    We will remain committed to the path of peaceful development and shoulder more international responsibilities.我国将继续坚持走和平发展的道路并且承担更多国际责任。
    Internet n.互联网,英特网:
    A good idea occurred to me that we could advertise our products on the Internet.
    我想到了一个好主意,我们可以在网上为我们的产品做广告。
    interpret v.口译,阐释,诠释:
    Interpreters found they could not interpret half of what he said. 
    口译员们发现他说的话他们连一半都翻译不出来。
    The judge quite rightly says that he has to interpret the law as it’s been passed
    法官说他必须按照该法的立法初衷来阐释它,这完全没错。
    【拓展】interpretation n.理解,解释,说明,演绎:
    In a diverse society, one would expect there to be multiple interpretations of rights.
    在一个多元化的社会,人们会期望对于权力有多种解释。
    In this paper, there are two basic research methods, interpretation of law and the inductive 
    method.本文基本研究方法有两种,演绎法和归纳法。
    interpreter n.翻译,译员,口译者:
    George could not speak Italian so he hired an Italian girl to work as an interpreter.
    乔治不会说意大利语,这样他雇佣了意大利女孩做翻译。
    His speech was translated into English by his interpreter.他的演说由口译员译成了英语。
    interrupt v. ①打扰,打断:Don’t interrupt me while I’m explaining the problems to you.
    我在给你们解释这些问题时,请不要打断我的话。
    ②中断,阻断:Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.市内交通被暴风雪所阻断。
    【拓展】interruption n.干扰,中断,打断,障碍物,打岔的事:
    But for those interruptions, the meeting would finish half an hour ago.
    要不是那些干扰,这个会议半小时前就结束了。
    She has kept up physical training for several years without interruption.
    她坚持锻炼,多年来从未间断。
    interval n.(时间、空间等)间歇,间隔:There was a long interval before he replied.他隔了许久才回答。
    【拓展】at intervals每隔……时间,不时地:
    It may be necessary to stop at intervals in the learning process and go back to the difficult
    points in the lessons.可能有必要学一定的内容再停下来回顾一下本课的难点。
    The bell rang at 20 minute intervals.铃声每隔20分钟响一次。
    It rained at intervals this month.这个月不时地下雨。
    interview n.①采访:There was an interview with the Prime Minister on TV last night.
    昨天晚上有个采访首相的电视节目。
    ②面试,会见:
    We did all we could to comfort the girl, who had been feeling down because of her failure in the job
    interview.我们竭尽全力安慰这位女孩,她因为面试失败而变得非常沮丧。
    【拓展】interviewer n.面试官,采访者,interviewee n.参加面试者,接受采访者:
    The interviewer will give you a problem and ask how you would deal with it. 
    面试官将会给你一个问题,然后问你将如何处理。
    He once told an interviewer that he didn't even like rock music.
    他曾告诉一位采访者,他甚至都不喜欢摇滚乐。
    According to the principle of the investigation, interviewees should give a truthful answer
    consistent with the reality of their world.根据调查的原则,受访者应如实回答与自己领域
    的现实相符的问题。
    v.①会见,面试:They interviewed six people for the job.他们面试了六个申请这份工作的人。
    ②采访:We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest to be held in Shanghai next month.我们最好推迟采访这位运动员,因为他正忙于准备下个月在上海举行的国际比赛。
    【拓展】表示“面试”通常是指对应试者进行“面试”,而不是面试者去参加“面试”,所以下面一句用了被动语态:I was interviewed for a job last week.上个星期我为申请一个职位而去面试了。
    into prep.①进入,到……里面:He fell into the sea.他掉进了海里。
    ②朝着,对着:Please speak into the microphone.请用话筒说话。
    ③成为,变成:She burst into laughter (tears).她突然笑(哭)了起来。
    ④持续到:He worked far deep, late] into the night.他工作到深夜。
    ⑤以致,导致:He scared them into silence.他把他们吓得不敢出声。
    ⑥分成:He divided the students into six groups.他把学生分为六组。
    introduce v.①介绍:
    It is a privilege to make a speech here and out of respect I’d like to introduce my teacher first.
    在这里发表演讲是一件荣幸的事情;出于尊敬,我想先介绍一下我的老师。
    Not until they were introduced to each other did they realize they had met at a dinner party.
    直到他们互相介绍认识之后,他们才意识到他们是在一次宴会上认识的。
    ②使认识,使了解:
    The teacher introduced the students to the pleasure of reading.老师让学生们尝到了读书的乐趣。
    ③引进,引入:
    Since advanced technology was introduced early this year, our factory has produced more than twice as many bicycles as last year.自从今年年初引进先进技术以来,我们工厂生产的自行车是去年的两倍多。
    introduction n.①采用,引进:The word is a recent introduction.这个词是新传来的词。
    ②介绍:The book is a complete introduction to all the best Indian films.
    这本书是对所有最好的印度电影的完整介绍。
    ③序言:There is a long introduction to the book.这本书有篇很长的序言。
    invent v.①发明,创造:
    Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight could not have been solved.
    如果没有电子计算机的发明,许多太空飞行的问题是不可能解决的。
    ②捏造,编造,杜撰,虚构:
    He invented an excuse for his absence.他为缺席找了个借口。
    Don’t believe him. This is just a story he invented.
    不要信他。这只是他杜撰/虚构的一个故事。
    【拓展】①invention n.发明,创造,发明物,创造物,捏造,编造:
    While many of us today take the television for granted, it’s actually one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.尽管今天我们许多人认为电视是理所当然的,但它实际上是20世纪最伟大的发明之一。
    The story was certainly a favourite one, but it was undoubtedly pure invention. 
    这个故事当然特别受欢迎,但它无疑是纯属虚构的。
    ②inventor n.发明者,创造者:
    Timothy Berners Lee, an English engineer and computer scientist, is best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web.蒂莫西·伯纳斯·李,英国工程师和计算机科学家,作为万维网的发明者而闻名。
    ③参见词条discover。
    invest v.投资,耗资,花费:
    When people buy houses they’re investing a lot of money.购买房子时,人们是在进行大笔的投资。
    The company invested thousands in an electronic order-control system.
    公司耗资数千购买了一套电子订单管理系统。
    I would rather invest time in Rebecca than in the kitchen.
    我宁愿把时间花在丽贝卡身上也不愿花在厨房里。
    【拓展】①investment n.投资,投资额:
    He said the government must introduce tax incentives to encourage investment
    他说政府必须推出税收激励政策来鼓励投资。
    Investment is turning up sharply.投资额急剧增长。
    ②investor n.投资人/者:
    Of the 2,000 stock investors surveyed last month, 90% was found lacking financial knowledge.
    在去年受调查的2000个股票投资人之中,90%被发现缺少经济知识。
    investigate v.调查,研究,审查:
    A UN official is said to visit our province next month to investigate the problem of housing and
    education.据说一个联合国官员会在下个月来到我们省份来调查住房和教育的问题。
    The two officers are being investigated.两名官员正在接受审查。
    【拓展】investigation n.调查,研究,审查:
    Mr. Mathew, fully convinced of his son’s innocence, began to seek new evidence which
    would persuade the police to reopen their investigation.马修先生完全相信儿子的清白,他
    开始寻找新的证据来说服警方重新展开此案件的调查。
    We are making a thorough investigation.我们正在进行彻底调查。
    invitation n.①邀请:I’m afraid we can’t come, but thank you for your invitation anyhow.
    恐怕我们不能来,但无论如何还是要谢谢你的邀请。
    ②请帖/柬:We had three invitations to parties.我们有三张参加聚会的请柬。
    ③诱因,招致……的行为:
    An official survey shows that electricity bicycles are now the most potential invitation to traffic accidents.一个官方调查显示,电动车现在是交通事故最为可能的诱因。
    Leaving your house unlocked is an open invitation to burglars.门不上锁,就会引来窃贼。
    invite vt.①邀请,招待:Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
    被邀请到聚会的绝大多数人都是著名的科学家。
    ②请求,征求:Questions are invited.欢迎提问。
    involve v.涉及,卷入,牵扯,使参与:
    More than 60 people were involved in the accident.事故涉及60多人。
    I seem to have involved myself in something I don’t understand. 
    我似乎卷入了一件我并不知情的事情当中。
    Don’t involve me in your quarrel. I have nothing to do with it.
    不要把我牵扯到你们的吵架之中,我跟这事一点关系都没有。
    Involving themselves in the community services, students can gain experience for growth.
    参与社区服务,学生可以获得成长的经验。
    iron n.①铁:Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
    So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。
    ②熨斗:She bought an electric iron.他买了个电熨斗。
    v.熨烫:Her skirt had been so crushed in packing that she had to iron it before going out.
    她的裙子被弄皱了,她出门前得熨一下。
    island n.岛:Britain is an island.英国是个岛国。
    issue n.问题,议题,出版,发行,(报刊等)期、号,论点,结果:
    We need to raise public awareness to the environmental issue.我们需要提高公众对环境问题的认识。
    I used to read every issue from cover to cover.以前我每一期都会从头读到尾。
    Shares in the company slipped below their issue price on their first day of trading. 
    该公司股票价格在首个交易日就跌破了发行价。
    Such an arrangement is normal in German politics and its odd voting system almost forces the issue. 
    这在德国政坛是正常现象。德国独特的投票机制几乎必然会造成这样的结果。
    it pron.①它:How much did it cost?它花了多少钱?
    ②(表示天气、时间、距离等的词):It’s very cold today.今天很冷。
    ③(指上文提到的情况):He smokes in bed and I don’t like it.他在床上抽烟,我不喜欢他这样。
    ④(笼统地谈论某情况):I cannot help it.没办法了。
    ⑤(指性别或身份不明的人):
    There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman.有人在敲门,一定是邮递员。
    ⑥(用作形式主语):It’s a pity that you forget.你忘记了,太遗憾了。
    ⑦(用作形式宾语):We found it difficult to persuade her.我们发现很难说服她。
    ⑧(用于强调句型):It was yesterday that he got married.他是昨天结婚的。
    【拓展】①make it做到,成功:
    You’re brave and courageous. You can make it.你勇敢无畏,一定会获得成功。
    ②get it明白:
    —Tony, do remember to send the report to the sales manager!
    —Got it.
    “托尼,切记将报告送给销售经理。”“明白。”
    ③As sb. put it正如某人所说,按照某人的话说/说法,用某人的话说:
    He admitted the security forces might have made some mistakes, as he put it 
    他承认安全部队,按他的话说,可能犯了一些错误。
    item n.项目,条目,一件商品:
    I am afraid we cannot include the item you suggest, as it does not fit in with the rest of the programme.
    恐怕我们不能把你建议的项目包括在内,因为它不适合节目的其余部分。
    Can we add up this item to the agreement?我们可以把这一条款加入协议吗?
    And each item gets a price.每一件商品都有一个价格。
    its pron.它的:The dog hurt its foot.这条狗伤了它的脚。
    France is famous for its wines.法国因它的酒而出名。
    itself pron.它自己,它本身:The theory itself is all right.这理论本身没有问题。
    The box itself is not so heavy.箱子本身并不重。
    jacket n.短上衣,夹克衫:
    He wore a pair of dark glasses and a jacket all day long.他整天戴一副墨眼镜,穿一件短上衣。
    My jacket is made of otter skins.我的皮夹克是用水獭皮做的。
    jam n. ①果酱:Wipe the jam off my mouth, will you? 你帮忙把我嘴上的果酱擦掉,好吗?
    ②阻塞:a traffic jam交通阻塞
    jar n.罐子,广口瓶子:a jar of oil一罐油
    jaw n.颌,下巴:the upper (lower) jar上(下)颌
    jazz n.爵士音乐,爵士舞曲:modern jazz现代爵士乐
    jeans n.(用复数)牛仔裤:Lots of students wear jeans nowadays.现在很多学生穿牛仔裤。
    jeep n.吉普车:by jeep乘吉普车
    jet n.喷气式飞机: The accident happened as the jet was about to take off.喷气式飞机正要起飞时出了事故。
    jewel n.①宝石:He bought her a ring set with a jewel.他为她买了一只嵌有宝石的戒指。
    ②(常用复)(镶有宝石的)首饰:wear one’s finest jewels 戴着最好的珠宝饰物
    jewellery(Am jewelry )n.(总称)珠宝:She wears a lot of jewelry.她带着很多首饰。
    【拓展】jewelry与jewel:前者为总称名词,不可数;后者表示“宝石”时可数,表示“首饰”时,通常用复数。
    job n. ①工作:He is out of a job.他失业了。
    ②难做的工作,费力做的事:It was a (real) job to see the teacher.去见老师(真)是件难事。
    jog v.慢跑:Mrs. Brown really ought to go on a diet. She has put on so much weight since she gave up jogging.
    布朗太太真的应该节食了。自从她放弃慢跑后,体重增加了很多。
    Time keeps jogging on.时间不断地消磨掉。
    join v. ①参加,加入:He joined the army.他参军了。
    ②连接,结合:Join the two ends of the rope together.把绳子的两头打个结给接起来。
    ③会合:The brook joins the river.小川同河流汇合。
    【拓展】take part in/attend/join in/participate in/join辨析:
    1.take part in / join in / participate in 三个词可以互换,表示参加某种活动但侧重点不同:
    ①take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等,往往指参加者持有积极的态度,起一份作用:
    All the students took an active part in the thorough cleaning.
    所有的学生都积极参加了大扫除。
    We should take an active part in school activities. 我们应该积极参加学校的活动。
    ②join in通常指参加某种活动,尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动。如:
    I hope you’ll all join in the discussion.我希望你们大家都参加讨论。
    ③participate in通常指参与并分享其中的快乐。如:
    Everyone in the class is expected to participate in the discussion.希望全班同学参加讨论。
    I am sure the wide awake people of this country will participate in the debate.
    我相信这个国家清醒的人民会参加这场辩论。
    2. attend是“出席”的意思,表示在某种比较正式的场合出现:
    He did not attend the meeting yesterday.昨天他没有参加会议。
    Our teacher suggested that he attend a technical school.我们的老师建议他去上技校。
    3. join加入(某党派、组织、社会团体以及参军、入团等)
    He joined the League in 2006.他在2006年入团。
    I will never forget the day when I joined the Party. 我永远也忘不了入党的那一天.
    joint adj.共同的,联合的,共享的:
    Jackie and Ben came to a joint decision as to where they would live. 
    关于他们将住哪里是杰姬和本共同决定的。
    Keep it in mind not to disturb the president at two o’clock this afternoon, when he will be hosting a
    global joint meeting.记住下午两点钟的时候不要去打扰总统,到时他正在举行一个全球联合会议。
    Our school along with many other brother middle schools is to take another joint test next month.
    我们学校连同其他很多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。
    joke n.笑话:That’s nothing but a joke.这只不过是笑话。
    They played a joke on their teacher—they hid his books.
    他们跟老师开个玩笑——把他的书藏了起来。
    They often make jokes about my bald head.他们常拿我的秃顶开玩笑。
    journal n.日报,日志,日记,定期刊物,期刊,杂志:
    On the plane he wrote in his journal.他在飞机上写日记。
    He was a newspaperman for The New York Times and some other journals.
    他是个记者,为《纽约时报》和其他一些报刊撰稿。
    He just published a paper in the journal Nature analyzing the fires. 
    他刚刚在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇分析火灾的论文。
    【拓展】journalism n.新闻行业,新闻工作:
    He worked as a librarian before switching to journalism.
    在转到新闻行业之前,他曾做过图书管理员。
    journalist n.记者,新闻工作者:
    She took him for a journalist.她把他错当成记者了。
    Now anyone with a blog can be a journalist.如今,任何拥有博客的人都可以成为新闻工作者。
    journey n.①旅行,路程:
    Although caught in the rain unexpectedly, we still enjoyed the journey very much.
    尽管意外地被雨淋了,我们仍然享受这次旅行。
    A pleasant journey to you! = I wish you a good journey! 祝你一路顺风!
    ②路程:It’s about two hours’ journey.大约有两小时的路程。
    joy n. ①欢乐,高兴:Hearing the news, they jumped with joy.听到这个消息,他们高兴地跳了起来。
    ②令人快乐的人(事):My children are a great joy to me.我的孩子是我的一大喜悦。
    【拓展】①to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是:
    To my joy, I passed the exam easily.令我高兴的是,我轻松的通过了考试。
    ②joyful快乐/愉快的,高兴的,令人开心的,使人喜悦/欣喜的:
    Giving birth to a child is both painful and joyful
    生小孩是件既痛苦又令人高兴的事。
    The meeting between the two families was a joyful one.这两家人的聚会十分愉快。
    He was excited and joyful at the success.他因成功而激动欣喜。
    Our graduation was such a joyful event.我们毕业是件很高兴的事。
    He felt joyful to listen to jazz.他听到爵士音乐就高兴。
    judge n.①裁判:He was a judge of a beauty contest.他是选美比赛裁判员。
    ②审判员,法官:The judge sent the man to prison for 20 years for killing his wife.
    法官判处那个杀死妻子的男子入狱二十年。
    v.判断,断定:Don’t judge by/from appearances.不要从外表下判断。
    【拓展】①judging by/from根据……判断:
    Judging from/by his accent, he may be from the south.听他的口音,他可能是南方人。
    ②judgment n.判断,鉴定,评价,裁判:
    That isn’t a value judgment, and it’s a fact.那不是一个价值判断,而是一个事实。
    juice n.汁,果汁:One tomato juice and one soup, please.请来一份番茄汁和一份汤。
    May I have tomato juice?给我番茄汁好吗?
    jump n.跳,跳跃:Sotomayor, the Cuban holder of the world high jump record, cleared 2.36metres. 
    古巴的世界跳高纪录保持者索托马约尔跳过了2.36米。
    v.①跳,跳过:The horse jumped(over)the fence.马跳过篱笆。
    You should not jump at conclusion.你不该轻率地乱下结论。
    ②猛扑:The lion jumped on the trainer.狮子朝训狮员扑去。
    junction n.连接,接合,会合点,接合点,交叉点:
    They saw the junction of the Mississippi and the Minnesota. 
    他们看到了密西西比河和明尼苏达河的汇合处。
    This is an ancient European tribes living in what is now the junction of Norway and Denmark. 
    这是一个欧洲的古老部落,生活在现在的挪威和丹麦的交界处。
    jungle n.丛林,密林:We went deep into the jungle. 我们走进丛林深处。
    The mountain area is covered entirely in dense jungle. 山区完全掩映在密林中。
    It is the jungle law of capitalism.这正是资本主义弱肉强食的法则(丛林法则)。
    junior adj.①初级的:My brother now is a student of junior middle school.我弟弟现在在初中上学。
    ②地位较低的:I am junior to him in position in the company, but he doesn’t lift up horn.
    尽管我在公司的职位比他低,但是他从来没有摆架子。
    ③年少的:Although she is junior to me by two years, she has more working experience.
    虽然她比我年少两岁,但是她有更多的工作经验。
    n.年纪较小或地位较低的人:I am his junior in life.我是他的晚辈。
    just adj.公平的,公正的:You are a just person.你是一个公正的人。
    He received a just punishment.他受到了公正的惩罚。
    adv. ①刚才,刚刚:The bell just rang.铃刚响过。
    ②正好,刚好:He came just as I was leaving.他来的时候我正好要走。
    ③不过,仅仅:That’s just an idea of hers.这仅仅是她一个想法而已。
    ④(引起注意或加强语气):Just a moment, please.请稍等片刻。
    【拓展】①表示“刚刚”时,在英国英语中与现在完成时连用,在美国英语中与一般过去时连用:He(has)just arrived here.他刚到这儿。
    ②短语just now有两个意思,一是表示“刚刚”,常与过去时连用;二是表示“此刻”、“目前”(可视为now的加强说法):
    He came back just now.他刚刚回来。
    I know nothing about it just now.目前我什么也不知道。
    I don’t think she saw me just now. She was just admiring the beautiful vases.
    我认为她刚才没有看见我。她在欣赏那个美丽的花瓶。
    justice n.正义,公正,公平:
    As a mother I ask your justice to be merciful and not to punish my son for matters he has no control over.
    作为一个母亲,我请求你公正仁慈,不要因为我儿子控制不了的事情而惩罚他。
    The government work report covers a variety of issues, and social justice in particular.
    政府工作报告覆盖了很多方面的问题,尤其是社会公平。
    【拓展】Justice has long arms.天网恢恢,疏而不漏:
    —It’s reported in the local newspaper that the murderer was caught in a small town.
    —Justice has long arms.
    “据当地报纸报道那个谋杀犯在一个小镇被抓住了。”“天网恢恢,疏而不漏。”
    justify v.证明……正确(或正当、有理),对……作出解释/辩解:
    He made a half-hearted attempt to justify himself.他没有尽力证明自己有理。
    They must be prepared to justify any exemption.他们必须准备对任何例外作出解释。
    That company is bound to lose the case in court because no one can justify their selling pirated software
    and breaking intellectual property.那家公司一定会在法庭上败诉,因为没有人能为他们销售盗版软件
    和侵犯知识产权辩解。

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