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2022年九年级中考英语语法解析--非谓语动词用法和做题技巧学案
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这是一份2022年九年级中考英语语法解析--非谓语动词用法和做题技巧学案,共13页。学案主要包含了非谓语动词的概念,三种形式的含义,非谓语动词的时态和语态,非谓语动词的否定形式,非谓语动词的复合结构,非谓语动词的做题步骤,不定式做状语一般有两种等内容,欢迎下载使用。
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了,要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:1、动词不定式:t d 2、动词的ing : ding 3、 动词的过去分词:dne
二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)
不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态
四、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加nt, never. 即 nt / never t d, nt / never ding
五、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构:fr / f sb. t d sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+ding (-ing 形式作主语时,用的所有格+ding)
六、非谓语动词的做题步骤
1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。方法:分析句子,看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 dne; 之后常用t d; 同时常用ding.
学习非谓语形式时,建议把三种形式一起来比较学习,会更加有效一些。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。 动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如:
________ is a gd frm f exercise fr bth yung and ld.
A. The walk B. Walking C. T walk D. Walk
(分析) a gd frm 暗示泛指一般的行为,用动名词作主语,选 B
b. 不定式作主语时,常用it 作形式主语,即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (fr / f sb. ) t d sth.
It’s imprtant fr us t learn English well.
It’s kind f yu t help us.
注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:
It’s n gd / use ding sth.
It’s useless ding sth.
There is n need t d sth.
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较
1、不定式、动名词作表语,.表示主语的内容。如:
My jb is teaching / t teach English. (teaching / t teach English 是my jb的内容)
Knwing wh we are means knwing what we like t d. (主表语要用同一种形式)
2、分词作表语
记住:一些表示情感、情绪的动词,常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征,用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词:surprise (使某人吃惊), surprising (令人吃惊), surprised (主语)感到吃惊)类似动词有:excite (激动),astnish (惊奇),shck (震惊),scare (惊恐), disappint (失望),mve (感动),
如:The mvie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
3、在seem / appear (似乎,好像), prve / turn ut (被证明是), remain (仍然是,尚待)等连系动词后,可用不定式作表语。如:He seemed (t be ) very happy.
常见双谓语错误句型
英语中一个简单句只能出现一个谓语动词,因为谓语必须由动词担任,但动词不一定作谓语,不少同学因受汉语习惯影响将非谓语动词作谓语使用,造成双谓语错误句型。常见双谓语错误句型误用句型如下:
一、误用定语性动作作谓语
例 站在那儿的学生来自北京。
(误) The student std there came frm Beijing.
(正)The student standing there came frm Beijing.
(正)The student wh std there came frm Beijing.
析:“站在那儿”属定语性动作,修饰名词“学生”,因此属误用。
二、误用宾语性动作作谓语
不少同学不能根据谓语成分成立条件,误用谓语动词表达宾语性动作,造成双谓语错误句型。
例 她说她将明确拒绝给予他帮助。
(误)She said she wuld refuse clearly help him.
(正)She said she wuld refuse clearly t help him.
析:“帮助他” 属宾语性动作,不能作谓语动词help him表达,应用不定式t help him表达。
三、误用表语性动作作谓语
例 我的人生目标是在一切领域取得成绩。
(误)My life aim is make achievements in everything.
(正)My life aim is t make / making achievements in everything.
析:“在一切领域取得成绩”属表语性动作,不能用谓语动词make achievements in everything表达,应用动词不定式t make achievements in everything或动名词making achievements in everything表达。
四、误用状语性动作作谓语
例 他手里拿着一本书走进教室。
(误)He came int the rm, held a bk in his hand.
(正)He came int the rm, hlding a bk in his hand.
析:“手里拿着一本书”属伴随状语,因此不能用谓语动词held表达,应用现在分词hlding表达。
五、“有……人做某事”句型的误用
表“有……人做某事”时,不少学生没有考虑到“做某事”已为谓语动词,又使用there be句型,造成双谓语错误句型。
例 今天有二十个学生迟到。
(误)There are twenty students are late tday.
(正)Twenty students are late tday.
(正)There are twenty students wh are late tday.
析:“有”与“迟到”均属动词,不能同时使用。.
非谓语动词例题及十大解题原则
非谓语动词主要包括t d, -ing和-ed三种形式,可是其用法非常广泛,它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点,而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法,笔者在教学实践中总结出十条实用的解题原则,并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则,相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。
原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接,如果没有连词连接,则需要用非谓语动词
例1. _________ many times, but he still culdn't understand it.
A. Having been tld B. Having tld
C. He had been tld D. Thugh he had been tld
例2._________ many times, he still culdn't understand it.
A. Having been tld B. Having tld
C. He had been tld D. Thugh he had tld
解析:例1中有连词but连接,表明前后都是句子,所以答案为C。
例2中后面是一个句子,而且没有连词,所以前面不是句子,应该用非谓语动词,根据句意此处为被动,所以答案为A。
原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词,及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式,无宾语时用-ed形式
例3. ____________ in the muntains fr a week, the tw students were finally saved by the lcal plice.
A. Having lst B. Lst C. Being lst D. Lsing
解析:lse为及物动词,现在后面没有宾语,所以用-ed形式,答案为B。
例4. __________, I really believe that I'd prefer nt t make any change nw.
A. Cnsidered all the pssibilities
B. Taking all the pssibilities int cnsideratin
C. Taken all the pssibilities int cnsideratin
D. Giving all the pssibilities
解析:把。。。考虑进来结构为take sth int cnsideratin,现在take后面有宾语all the pssibilities,所以用-ing形式,答案为B。
原则三、being dne 表示“正在被”,一般不作状语,只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式t have dne或having dne强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前
例5. __ t reach them n the phne, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. T fail D. Having failed
解析:根据句意“我们没有打通电话,就给他们发了个邮件”,没有打通电话应该发生在发邮件之前,所以用having dne,答案为D。
例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally cnsidered _____ the Wrld Wide Web, n which all the infrmatin is shared by all.
A. t have funded B. having funded
C. funding D. t fund
解析:根据句意,Tim Bemers-Lee创立万维网应该是过去的事情,而且be cnsidered后面应该用动词不定式,所以应该用t have dne,答案为A。
原则四、非谓语动词作定语时,表示将来用-t d,表正在进行用-ing,表示已经完成用-ed
例7. The play_____ next mnth aims mainly t reflect the lcal culture.
A.prduced B.being prduced
C.t be prduced D.having been prduced
解析:根据本题中的时间状语next mnth,可知the play将要于下月被创作出来,表将来应该用t d,所以答案为C。
例8.The trees _____ in the strm have been mved ff the rad.
A. being blwn dwn B. blwn dwn
C. blwing dwn D. t blw dwn
解析:根据句意“被暴风雨刮倒的树已经从路上移走了”,树被刮倒是过去已经完成的动作,表已经完成用-ed形式,所以答案为B。
原则五、介词后跟-ing形式,可以在-ing前加逻辑主语
例9. The discvery f new evidence led t ______________.
A. the thief having been caught B. the thief t be caught
C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught
解析:本题led t中的t是介词,后面应该用-ing形式,the thief作-ing的逻辑主语,所以答案为D。
例10. At the beginning f class, the nise f desks ____ culd be heard utside the classrm.
A. pened and clsed B. t be pened and clsed
C. being pened and clsed D. t pen and clse
解析:本题the nise f中的f是介词,后面应该用-ing形式,desks作-ing的逻辑主语,所以答案为C。
原则六、-ing形式或t d可作主语或宾语,-ed形式则不可以
例11. ___________ in a heavy traffic jam is quite an unpleasant experience.
A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. T catch
解析:本题中is为系动词,前面应该作主语,用-ing形式,所以答案为C。
例12 ___twice a year, whether it is a car r a bus r a truck, is the rule that every driver must bey in this city.
A. Examining B. Examined
C. Being examined D. Having been examined
解析:本题中is为系动词,前面应该作主语,用-ing形式,所以答案为C。
原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语
例13Michael's new huse is like a huge palace, ______with his ld ne.
A. cmparing B. cmpares C. t cmpare D. cmpared
解析:“和。。。相比较”结构为be cmpared with,现在做句子的状语,所以只保留非谓语动词,把动词be去掉,答案为D。
例14 _______ with a difficult situatin, Arnld decided t ask his bss fr advice.
A. T face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
解析:“面对”结构为be faced with, 现在做句子的状语,所以只保留非谓语动词,把动词be去掉,答案为C。
原则八、非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致,和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式,构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时,要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构
例15. ____ twice, the pstman refused t deliver ur letters unless we changed ur dg.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. T be bitten
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语应和句子主语the pstman一致,the pstman应该是被咬,所以答案为B。
例16._______ in the fields n a March afternn, he culd feel the warmth f spring.
A. T walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
解析:本题考查非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语应和句子主语he一致, he 和walk应该是主动关系,所以答案为B。
例17. While watching televisin, __________.
A. the drbell rang B. the drbell rings
C. we heard the drbell ring D. we heard the drbell rings
解析:根据“非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致”的原则,watching的逻辑主语应和后面句子主语一致,所以句子主语应为“we”,答案为C。
例18. The children went hme frm the grammar schl, their lessns ____ fr the day.
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
解析:本题没有连词,所以后面应用非谓语动词,the lessns是非谓语动词的逻辑主语,和非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。根据句意应是“被完成”,所以答案为B。
原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种:目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语(表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式)。另外,某些形容词(表喜、怒、哀、乐)做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因
例19._____, yu need t give all yu have and try yur best.
A. Being a winner B. T be a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
解析:根据句意“要想成为获胜者,你要付出所有,尽最大努力”,此处表目的,所以答案为B。
例20. The news reprters hurried t the airprt, nly _______ the film stars had left.
A. t tell B. t be tld C. telling D. tld
解析:本句句意为“记者们匆匆赶到机场,却被告知明星们已经走了”,表出乎意料的结果常常用nly t d,所以答案为B。
例21. The glass drs have taken the place f the wden nes at the entrance, ________ in the natural light during the day.
A. t let B. letting C. let D. having let
解析:本题句意为“玻璃门替换了木头门,自然光就进来了”,自然光进来时顺其自然的结果,所以用ding, 答案为B。
例22.Hw glad I am ___________ yu!
A. seeing B. t see C. saw D. having seen
解析: 本题是I am glad t see yu 的感叹句形式,t see yu 是原因状语,答案为B。
原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加nt,有nt t d, nt ding, nt having dne, nt t have dne几种形式
例23______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper int the frest.
A. Nt realized B. Nt t realize
C. Nt realizing D. Nt t have realized
解析: 本题考查ding的否定形式nt ding,答案为 C。
例24. What wrried him mst was ______ t visit his sick child.
A. his being nt allwed B. his nt being allwed
C. his nt allwing D. having nt been allwed
解析:本题考查being dne的否定形式nt being dne; his 为nt being dne的逻辑主语,所以答
案为B。
例25. Sarah has decided ________ away n hliday this summer.
A. dn't g B. t nt g C. nt ging D. nt t g
解析:本题考查t d的否定形式nt t d, 所以答案为D。
非谓语动词的时态和语态
1. 非谓语动词的时态
不定式或现在分词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前,用完成式(过去分词没有完成式),否则,就用一般式。若与谓语动作同时发生,并强调正在进行的情景或持续性,可用不定式的进行式(现在分词和过去分词均没有进行式)。如:
Having failed twice, he didn’t want t try again. 他已经失败了两次,不想再试了。
He came in, fllwed by his secretary. 他走了进来,后面跟着他的秘书。
He seems t have caught a cld. 他似乎感冒了。
He seems t be saying smething. 他似乎在说什么。
2. 非谓语动词的语态
不定式或-ing 形式与其逻辑主语若是主动关系,用主动式;若是被动关系,用被动式。如:
Wh is the wman being perated n? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
Did it need t be dne s sn? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
注:(1) 过去分词没有被动式。(2) 有些非谓语动词要主动式表示被动意义。
一般式
完成式
进行式
不定式
主动
t d
t have dne
t be ding
被动
t be dne
t have been dne
ing 形式
主动
ding
having dne
被动
being dne
having been dne
过去分词
被动
dne
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