所属成套资源:2022年九年级中考语法知识梳理
2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理 - 定语从句学案
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2022年九年级中考英语语法知识梳理
定语从句
定语从句的先行词与关系词
1.定语从句的先行词
定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词,它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。如:
The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old.在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(先行词是名词)
Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group.任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(先行词是代词)
His mother is out of danger ,which excites their family very much.他母亲脱离了危险,这件事情使他们家人兴奋不已。(先行词是句子)
2.定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。根据关系词的用法不同,关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。其中关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as,but等;关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用,又作从句中的某个句子成分。关系代词在从句中通常作主语、宾语、表语、定语等;关系副词在从句中作状语。如:
Lingling is one of the students who are working very hard.玲玲是学习非常努力的学生之一。(关系词who在从句中作主语)
He led us to a place where we have never been before.他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。(关系词where在从句中作状语)
This is the bike that my father gave me as my birthday present.这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的自行车。(关系词that在从句中作宾语)
定语从句的种类
根据先行词与定语从句关系的紧密程度,可将定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。
1.限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与先行词关系非常密切,说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况,是句中不可缺少的组成部分,如果没有这个从句,先行词的意思就含混不清或不明确,主句内容也不完整;从句和主句之间一般不用逗号分开。如:
This is the bicycle that I bought yesterday .这就是我昨天买的自行车。
She is the nurse who looks after the children .她就是照料这些孩子的阿姨。
2.非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整。一般用逗号与主句分开。如:
She has two brothers,who are both doctors .
她有两个兄弟,他们都是医生。
We went to see comrade Wang,who gave us a hearty welcome.
我们去看王同志,他热情地欢迎我们。
关系代词的用法
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词的三个作用:代替先行词,在定语从句中作某种成分,连接先行词与定语从句。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which。
1.关系代词who,whom的用法
关系代词who和whom用来指人。先行词是表示人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语时用关系词who,作宾语时用关系词whom或who。在现代英语中常常用who代替whom。如:
This is the man who helped me yesterday.这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语)
注意:
①关系词在从句中作宾语时,常常被省略。如:
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你们谈论的那个人是我们的校长。
②介词后的宾语只能用关系词whom,不可用关系词who。如:
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.刚才和你说话的那个人是个演员。
2.关系代词that的用法
关系代词that既可用来指人,也可用来指物,指人时可代替关系词who、whom,指物时可代替关系词which。that在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语;作宾语或表语时可省略;作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,否则需要用关系词who或which替代。如:
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演讲的那个人是谁?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他们正在谈论的那个人是谁?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永远也找不回来失去的时间。
3.关系代词which的用法
关系代词which用来指物,在从句中作主语、宾语。which引导定语从句有时可以与that互换使用;作宾语时可以省略。如:
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语,可以省略)
4.关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose通常用来指人,但有时也可指物,在定语从句中作定语,而且不能省略;whose指物时可以与of which互换使用。如:
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我认识一位男孩,他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵红色叶子的树是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
关系副词的用法
关系副词有when,where,why,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。关系副词主要起三个作用:代替先行词,在定语从句中作状语,连接先行词与定语从句。
1.关系副词when的用法
when在定语从句中作时间状语,往往代指时间。此时可与on which,in which,at which,during which等互换使用;when的先行词通常是time,day,season,age等表示时间的名词。如:
This was the time when/at which he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
Spring is the season when/in which grass and trees turn green.春天是草木变绿的季节。
2.关系副词where的用法
where在定语从句中作状语,用来指代地点。where引导的定语从句也可与in which互换使用;where的先行词通常是place,city,town,village,house等表示地点的名词。如:
This is the town where I was born.这就是我出生的城镇。
Beijing is the place where/in which I was born.北京是我的出生地。
3.关系副词why的用法
why在定语从句中作状语,表示原因,why的先行词只能是reason;why可用for which代替。如:
Is this the reason why/for which he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
习惯上要用that引导定语从句的5种情况
that引导定语从句,既可以指人,相当于who,也可以指物,相当于which,但下列5种情况通常用that而不用who或which。
1.先行词为指物的不定代词或被不定代词修饰时
当先行词是指物的all,little,few,much,any,anything,everything,nothing,none,the one时,或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,every,no等修饰时用that不用which。如:
All that can be done has been done.能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it .他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you .没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left .我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
2.先行词为序数词、最高级或被序数词、最高级修饰时
当先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时,或者先行词被序数词(包括last,next)、最高级形容词等修饰时用that不用which。如:
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here .这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best method that has been used against pollution .这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
3.先行词包括人和物时
当先行词包括人和物两项时用that不用who或which。如:
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in .他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。
4.主句为who或which开头的疑问句时
当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,为了避免重复,多用that引导。如:
Which is the house that caught fire last night ?昨晚失火的是哪座房子?
Who is the lady that is playing the piano ?在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁?
5.先行词被the only,the very,the same等修饰时
当先行词被the only,the very,the same,the right等修饰时,用that不用which。如:
He is the only boy that is invited .他是唯一的一个被邀请的男孩。
This is the very book that I am looking for .这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
习惯上不用that引导定语从句的4种情况
1.在非限制性短语从句中不用that引导
在非限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时用who,指物时用which,不能用that引导。如:
Yesterday I met Mary,who seemed very excided .昨天我碰到了玛丽,她显得非常兴奋。
2.关系词在介词后不能用that引导定语从句
关系词直接在介词后作宾语时,不能用that引导,要用whom,whose或which,且不能省略。如:
The house in which we live is not large.我们住的房子不大。
I know the young man with whom you live .我认识和你住在一起的那个年轻人。
注意:
当介词放在从句的末尾时,可以用that替代which,who替代whom,也可以省略关系代词。如:
The house which/that we live in is not large.我们住的房子不大。
I know the man whom/who/that you live with.我认识和你住在一起的那个人。
3.先行词是指人的不定代词等时不用that引导
当先行词是指人的all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people,he等时,只能用who而不用that引导定语从句。如:
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in.任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
I met someone who said he knew you .我碰到一个人,他说认识你。
None so blind as those who won't see .睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.(谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。
4.先行词被短语或从句隔开时不用that引导
当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时 不用that引导;指人时用who,指物时用which引导。如:
I was the only person in my office who was invited .我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German .有位新校长明天来,他将教你们德语。
习惯上用which不用that引导定语从句的6种情况
1.非限制性定语从句用which不用that
当关系代词引导非限制性定语从句,且先行词指物时,通常要用which而不用that引导定语从句。如:
Football,which is a very interesting game ,is played all over the world.足球是很有趣的运动项目,世界各国人民都踢足球。
He has to work on Sundays,which he doesn't like .他得在星期天工作,他是不喜欢这样的。
The London team,which played so well last season ,has done badly this season.伦敦队上一个季度打得很好,这个季度却打得很差。
2.关系代词前有介词时用which而不用that
当关系代词前有介词时,关系代词须用which,如把介词移至句末,可用that (或省略)。如:
There's only one problem about which they disagree .只有一个问题他们不同意。
This is the book (that)she was looking for just now .这就是她刚才在找的那本书。
3.先行词是that时用which引导
如果先行词是that,关系代词应用which而不能再用that引导定语从句。如:
I have that which you gave me .你给我的那个我有了。
4.先行词与关系词中间被隔开时用which引导
如先行词和定语从句之间被其他较长的成分分隔,常用which引导定语从句。如:
Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book .拉里告诉她我在这本书的开始讲的年轻飞行员的故事。(先行词为story)
5.先行词被those修饰时用which引导
在“those+复数形式的名词”结构中,其后的关系代词多用which。如:
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best .一家商店应该有畅销货物的存货。
6.多个定语从句中的后一个用which引导
一个句子中如果有两个定语从句,第一个定语从句用了关系代词that,第二个从句中的关系代词宜用which。如:
This is the book that you bought which you have lost .
这就是你买后丢了的那本书。
定语从句中选择关系词的3种策略
1.一看先行词的意义
看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、指时间、指地点还是指原因,如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等。
2.二看关系词的句法功能
看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等。如作定语通常用whose引导定语从句,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why引导定语从句。
注意:
不要一看到先行词为表示时间、地点、原因的名词,就认为一定要用 when,where,why 来引导定语从句,要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如:
I forget the time when he will come.我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作状语)
I forget the time that he told me.我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作宾语)
The reason why he can't come is that he is ill.他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作状语)
The reason that he told me is not true.他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句,在定语从句中用作宾语)
3.三看定语从句的种类
看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。
注意:
不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如:
If you've really said that to her,_____ will cause real trouble.
A.that B.which C.as D.what
此题答案是A,不是B。尽管空格前有逗号,但这并不是非限制性定语从句,所以不能填 which。正确的理解是:If you've really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句,逗号后的句子是主句,空格处填that用作主句主语。
定语从句中的主谓一致关系
1.从句谓语的数须与先行词一致
定语从句中的谓语动词须与主句中的先行词在人称和数方面保持一致。如:
The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.给我的那一台录音机是国产的。
I didn't meet the guests who were here last week。我没有会见上星期在这里的客人。
注意:
有时先行词与关系代词隔开,这时先确定先行词,然后判断单复数。如:
①Henry is doing experiments in the laboratory which are important to his studies of certain chemicals.亨利正在实验室里做试验,这些试验对于他研究某些化学药物是很重要的。(which的先行词只能是experiments,而不是紧处在它前面的laboratory,因为重要的只能是“试验”,而不是“实验室”。因此which应当是复数。)
②Peter and John often take their aunt in a car to the parks which has been given to them as a present.彼得和约翰经常开车带他们的姑妈到公园去,这辆车是(姑妈)送给他们的礼物。(which指的是单数的car,而绝不是复数的parks,因为car才能作为送给人的礼物。)
2.主句谓语要和主语的人称和数一致
主句的主语和谓语动词在人称和数方面要与主句保持一致,而不是从句。如:
I ,who am your colleague ,will share the work with you.我是你的同事,要和你分担这项工作。
He ,who is my neighbour ,has a deep sympathy for me.他是我邻居,非常同情我。
They ,who are here now ,are not aware of the danger.他们在这里,没有觉察到危险。
3.关系代词what作主语时的主谓一致
关系代词what作主语时,动词的数要与what所表示的数的概念一致。如:
We are satisfied with what has resulted from the experiment.
we are satisfied with the thing which has resulted from the experiment.我们对试验中得到的结果感到满意。
Our grocery will sell what are most welcomed by the customers.
Our grocery will sell goods which are most welcomed by the customers.我们的杂货店要出售最受顾客欢迎的商品。
4.关系代词which作主语时的主谓一致
关系代词which作主语指的是它前面的整个主句时,动词要用单数。如:
He jumped for joy at the news,which was natural.他听了这个消息高兴得跳起来,这很自然。
5.one of 结构中的主谓一致
在“one of the+复数名词(短语)”中,从句的动词通常用复数。如:
This is one of the questions that have been raised by the audience.这是听众提出的许多问题中的一个问题。(复数)
注意:
当“one of the+复数名词”这个短语前有the,the only,the very时,关系代词所代表的是一个单数的概念。如:
The schoolmaster is the only one of his short stories that is not well written.《校长》是他唯一的一篇写得不好的短篇故事。(单数)
定语从句与其他从句的区别
1.定语从句与时间语状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与时间状语从句的连接词都是when时,定语从句修饰、限制、说明表示时间的名词,只放在先行词的后面;而时间状语从句说明动作发生的时间,既可以放在主句的前面,也可以放在主句的后面。如:
Do you know the time when the class is over ?你知道下课的时间吗?(定语从句)
It was already five o'clock when the class was over .当课结束时,已经是五点钟了。
=When the class was over ,it was already five o'clock.当课结束时,已经是五点钟了。(时间状语从句)
2.定语从句与地点状语从句的区别
当定语从句的引导词与地点状语从句的连接词都是where时,定语从句修饰、限制、说明表示地点的名词;而状语从句说明动作发生的地点,where前没有对应的地点名词或代词。如:
This is the place where we used to live a few years ago .这就是几年前我们常居住的地方。(定语从句)
Let's go where we can find a better job .我们到能找到更好工作的地方去吧。(地点状语从句)
3.定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制的作用,关系词可能是that,which,who,whom,whose等;另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,而强调语气的连接词只能是that,who,并且句子中的It 没有任何意义;一般比较明显,有时就难以区别,还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。如:
It is a book that he wants.
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,需要从语境上来考察。如果它是用来回答What is this/that?这样的问题,意思是:它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want?这样的问题,那么意思就是:他想要的是一本书。显然,句子是强调句型。
4.定语从句与结果状语从句的区别
定语从句中的关系词在从句中还要作某种成分,因而从句成分不完整;而结果状语从句中的连接词不作句子任何成分,因此句子成分是完整的。如:
It is such an interesting book as we all like .它是一本有趣的书,我们都喜欢。(定语从句)
It is such an interesting book that we all like it .它是一本如此有趣的书,大家都喜欢它。(结果状语从句)
比较:It is such an interesting book that we all like.强调句型。意思是:我们都喜欢的是一本如此有趣的书。
5.限制性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
关系副词引导限制性定语从句中的关系词,有跟他们含义相应的先行词;而引导同位语从句时则没有与他们含义相应的先行词。如:
Sorry,I've forgot the day when we met for the first time .抱歉,我记不起我们第一次见面的日子了。(定语从句,先行词the day与when含义相应)
I've no idea when we met for the first time.我不知道我们第一次是什么时候见面的。(同位语从句,idea与when没有任何联系)
6.定语从句与独立主格结构的区别
定语从句一般有关系词、主谓结构完整;而独立主格结构没有关系词,也没有谓语动词。如:
The book being very interesting,we all like it. 由于这本书有趣,我们大家都喜欢它。
The book which/that is very interesting was published last year.这本有趣的书是去年出版的。
【习题速递】
1.The woman _____ is singing on the TV show is our English teacher.
A.who B.which C.whose
2. — I really want to relax myself.Could we see City Danger tonight?
— Sure!The actor _____ a hero used to be a school teacher.I like him very much.
A.who play B.which plays
C.who plays D.that play
3.— Who won the first prize in the English speech contest?
— The prize went to the girl _____ speech was the most natural and fluent.
A.that B.who C.whose D.不填
4. The earth is the planet _____ provides us with everything we need,fresh air,clean water and so on.It's our duty to protect it.
A.who B.that C.where
5. Xiandao Lake in Yangxin is the famous place _____ we'll visit next week.
A.that B.who C.where D.whom
6 — You look smart in the T-shirt _____ your daughter bought for you.
— Thanks a lot.
A.which B.who C.whom
【答案点拨】
1.答案:A 句意:在电视节目上唱歌的那位女士是我们的英语老师。由空格前的woman可知先行词指人,而且在从句中作主语,用who引导定语从句。故选A。
2.答案:C 句意:“我真想放松一下。我们今晚可以《冒险城市》吗?”“当然可以!剧里演英雄的那个演员以前是位学校老师。我很喜欢他。”定语从句中,当先行词是人时,引导词用who或that;从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。故选C。
3.答案:C 句意:“谁获得了英语演讲比赛的第一名?”“一个女孩获得了这个奖项,她的演讲是最自然、最流利的。”根据句意可知此处用表示“某人的”关系词whose而不是who。故选C。
4.答案:B 句意:地球这颗星球,提供我们需要的一切,新鲜的空气、干净的水等。保护它是我们的责任。空白处前的先行词planet是表示物的名词,用which或that引导定语从句,故选B。
5.答案:A 句意:阳新仙岛湖是我们下周要游览的一个著名景点。先行词the famous place指物,且关系词在定语从句中作visit的宾语,故选A。
6.答案:A 句意:“你穿着女儿给你买的这件T恤衫看上去很好。”“谢谢。”由句意可知这里考查定语从句,先行词T-shirt指物,用which引导定语从句,故选A。
【语法专练 体验中考】
1. This is one of the most interesting cities _____ I have ever visited.
A.who B.that C.which D.where
2. — What are you doing,Tim?
— I am listening to the song Long Live _____ makes me feel excited.
A.which B.who C./
3. — Have you found the information about famous scientists _____ you can use for the report?
— Not yet.I'll search for some on the Internet.
A.where B.which C.what D.who
4. Theaters may have a brighter future if they can provide a movie experience _____ people cannot get at home.
A.that B.who C.whom D.what
5.QQ is a tool _____ is mainly used for people to talk to others online.
A.which B.who C.where
6.Mr.Chen is a teacher _____ I want to learn from.He is so knowledgeable.
A.which B.when C.who D.what
7. — I'd like to read some Chinese classics.Any suggestion?
— Journey to the West .It's a book _____ is about Monkey King.
A.what B.who C.that
8.— Do you know the heroic girl,Tu Youyou?
— Yes,she is the first Chinese _____ won a Nobel prize in science.
A.who have B.that have C.which has D.who has
9. The students love the teachers _____ can make their lessons fun.
A.whom B.who C.whose D.which
10. My grandparents still live in that old village _____ the local government has decided to keep.
A.which B.where C.when D.what
11.Shiyan is one of the best places _____ people would like to visit.
A.that B.which C.where D.who
12.The policemen have caught the thief _____ stole Mr.Li's wallet.
A.whose B.who C.whom D.which
13. The watch _____ you gave me keeps perfect time.
A.who B.what C.that
14. — Which invention do you like best?
— QQ.It is an invention _____ can help us communicate with others online freely.
A.what B.that C.who
15. I prefer movies _____ me something to think about.
A.which gives B.that gives C.that give D.who give
【答案速递】
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.A 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.C
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