2021-2022学年高中英语新牛津译林版必修第二册语法专题之主谓一致 学案-

这是一份2021-2022学年高中英语新牛津译林版必修第二册语法专题之主谓一致 学案-
专题三：主谓一致谓语动词与其主语在人称和数上要保持一致，称为主谓一致。主谓一致遵循着三个基本原则：语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。一、语法一致语法一致是指主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。其构成有以下11点。1. 用and连接两个或两个以上的名词时，谓语动词一般用复数；但如果在意义上指同一个人，同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词用单数。Tom and Jim are students. 汤姆和吉姆是学生。Rice and wheat are grown in China. 中国种植水稻和小麦。Both his father and his mother are advanced teachers. 他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进教师。The professor and writer is from Nanjing University. 那位教授兼作家来自南京大学。To love and to be loved is the great happiness. 爱与被爱是一种很大的幸福。Bread and butter is their daily food. 奶油面包是他们的日常食物。注：常见的由and连接表示同一个概念的词有：（当其作主语时，谓语动词用单数。）war and peace 战争与和平 iron and steel 钢铁 bread and butter 奶油面包 milk and water 掺水的牛奶 fish and chips 炸鱼土豆条 meat and potatoes 肉炒土豆fruit and cream 加奶油的水果 truth and honesty 真诚 a needle and thread 针线a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a cup and saucer 一套杯盘 a horse and cart 一辆马车a watch and chain 一只系表带的手表 a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家2. 由every…and every…, each…and each…, no…and no…, many a…and many a…等构成复合主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Every boy and (every) girl has the right to get the education.每个男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。Each man and (each) woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作。No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很长时间没有听到一点声音。Many a boy and many a girl likes surfing the Internet. 许多男孩和女孩都喜欢网上冲浪。3. 当主语后面有with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, like, rather than, but, except, besides, in addition to, including等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由主语来确定。The boy with his classmates is playing on the playground.那个男孩和他的同学们正在操场上玩耍。I as well as he am reading. 我和他在看书。The teacher, including his students, is going to the zoo.那位老师，包括他的学生们，要去动物园。4.“many a+名词单数”或“more than one+名词单数”作主语时，尽管意义上是复数，谓语动词仍用单数形式。但“many+名词复数，more+名词复数+than one”结构之后，谓语动词用复数形式。即：many a +名词单数+动词单数 many+名词复数+动词复数more than one+名词单数+动词单数 more+名词复数+than one+动词复数Many a boy likes pop music. 许多男孩喜欢流行音乐。Many boys like pop music. 许多男孩喜欢流行音乐。More than one student has seen the film. 不止一个学生看过这部电影。More students than one have seen the film. 不止一个学生看过这部电影。5.“each of+名词复数”和“each+名词单数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；但当“名词复数+each”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Each of the houses has a security system.=Each house has a security system.=The houses each have a security system. 每栋房子都有安保系统。6.“a great deal of/a little/quite a little/a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A great deal of time was wasted playing. 很多时间在玩耍中浪费了。A large amount of medicine is needed in the stricken area. 灾区需要大量的药物。7. 有些名词如glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, goods, ashes, scissors, shorts, pants等只有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但若前面有a kind of, a sort of, a type of, a series of, a pair of, this kind of等修饰时，谓语动词则由单位词来确定。His glasses are on the desk. 他的眼镜在课桌上。A pair of glasses is on the desk. 一副眼镜在课桌上。Three pairs of glasses are on the desk. 三副眼镜在课桌上。8. 关系代词who, that, which在定语从句作主语时，其谓语动词应与先行词在数上保持一致。Those who want to go sign your names here. 想去的人在这儿签名。The book which was bought yesterday is lost. 昨天买的那本书不见了。9. “分数或百分数+of+名词（短语）”以及“all of/a lot of/plenty of/half of/a pile of/most of/the rest of/the majority of+名词（短语）”作主语时，谓语动词要与of之后的名词在数上保持一致。30﹪of the students are from the countryside. 百分之三十的学生来自农村。30﹪of the water is polluted here. 这儿百分之三十的水被污染了。Half of the bananas are rotten. 一半的香蕉腐烂了。Half of the banana is rotten. 一半的香蕉腐烂了。注：population“人口，人口数 [u/c]”，当其作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；但当其与分数、百分数连用时，谓语动词用复数形式。—What is the population of China? 中国的人口是多少？—It is over 1.3 billion. 有13亿多。The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 中国的人口比日本的人口多。80% of the population are farmers in China. 在中国80%的人口是农民。Four-fifths of the population here are from the Northeast. 这儿五分之四的人口来自东北。10. “a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of+名词”和“名词+of this kind”等以及由与kind意义相似的type, sort等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词要与of之前的名词在数上保持一致。A new kind of game is popular with young people. 一种新的游戏受到年轻人的欢迎。This kind of question(s) is very difficult. 这种问题是很难的。Questions of this kind are very difficult. 这种问题是很难的。Many kinds of pears are on sale in that shop. 各种各样的梨在那家商店出售。11. 某些不定代词either, each, one, no one, the other, another以及由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Each of the children has an apple. 每个孩子都有一个苹果。Someone is waiting for you at the gate. 有人在门口等你。Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的一切都是物质。练习：1. The singer and dancer ____________ coming to our country. The singer and the dancer _____________ coming to our country. (be)2. Many students ____________ interested in foreign films.Many a student ____________ interested in foreign films. (be)3. More than one student _____________ late for school this morning.More students than one _____________ late for school this morning. (be)4. A knife and fork ____________ on the table.A knife and a fork ____________ on the table. (be)5. This kind of cartoon _____________ well in the bookstore. Cartoons of this kind _____________ well in the bookstore. (sell)6. Each of them _____________ light music and country music. They each _____________ light music and country music. (enjoy)7. Ann is one of the girls who _____________ failed in the driving test. Ann is the one of the girls who _____________ failed in the driving test. (have)8. The shoes on the ladder _____________ mine. This pair of shoes on the ladder _____________ his. (be)9. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____________ working on the project day and night to meet the deadline.10. A poet and artist ___________ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. 【江苏卷】11. Most of what has been said about the Smiths ____________ also true of the Johnsons. 【安徽卷】12. The father as well as his three children _______________ (go) skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. 【辽宁卷】13. A survey of the opinions of experts ______________ (show) that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ________________ (be) good for one’s health. 【江西卷】14.—Did you go to the show last night? —Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _______________ invited. 【陕西卷】15. More than 70% of the surface of the earth _________________ covered with water.16. The population of China ______ the largest in the world, but 80% of the population ______ farmers.17. I, who ________________ your best friend, will help you.18. War and peace ______________ a constant theme in history.19. It is you, rather than he, that _____________ to blame for the accident.20. Butter and bread __________ their daily food, but the bread and the butter ____________ (eat) up now.21. So far a series of problems _____________ been brought about by this decision.22.—Mike, what did our monitor say just now?—Every boy and every girl as well as teachers who __________ to visit the museum _________ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning. (be)(答案：1. is/are 2. are/is 3. is/are 4. is/are 5. sells/sell 6. enjoys/enjoy 7. have/has 8. are/is 9. is 10. is 11. is 12. goes 13. shows/is 14. was 15. is 16. is/are 17. am 18. is 19. are 20. is/have been eaten 21. has 22.are/is )二、意义一致意义一致是指主语形式上是单数，但表达的是复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；或主语为复数形式，但表达的是单数意义，那么谓语动词要用单数形式。其构成有以下15点。1. 某些集体名词family, team, class, club, party, group, government, committee, audience, couple等作主语时，若看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若看作一个个的个体，谓语动词用复数形式。My family is a large one. 我的家庭是个大家庭。My family are watching TV. 我的家人在看电视。但：无生命的集体名词clothing, poetry, baggage/luggage, furniture, machinery, scenery, jewellery, equipment等作主语时，谓语动词必须用单数。Much of the jewellery was missing. 大量的珠宝不见了。If your luggage is overweight, you’ll have to pay extra. 假如你的行李超重了，你得付额外的费用。2. 表总称意义的名词people, police, cattle, crew, poultry(家禽), youth等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。People are working hard in the field. 人们正在地里努力地劳动。The police are searching the lost boy. 警察们正在寻找那个走失的男孩。The cattle are eating grass in the field. 牛在田里吃草。The crew are busy now. 现在全体人员都在忙碌。但：people当“民族”讲时，有单复数形式。The Chinese people is a great people. 中华民族是个伟大的民族。3. 单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词一般随意义用相应的单复数形式。这类词有：sheep, deer, fish, means, works, species, Chinese, Japanese等。当其前面有a, this, that等修饰时，谓语动词用单数；当其前面有all, these, those, some, many等修饰时，谓语动词用复数。A sheep is under the tree. 一只羊在树下。Many sheep are under the tree. 许多羊在树下。Every means has been tried out. 每一种方法都试过了。All means have been tried out. 所有的方法都试过了。4. 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作主语时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把它们看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若把它们看作一个个体，与pass, go by, waste, use, spend等词连用时，谓语动词用复数。Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 对我来说，两个小时完成这项工作就够了。Ten thousand kilometers is a long distance. 一万公里是很长的一段距离。Ten years have gone by since I left my hometown. 自从我离开家乡以来，十年已经过去了。5. 用作人名、书名、报纸名、国家名、组织机构等的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Engels was good at learning foreign languages. 恩格斯擅长学外语。The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book. 《天方夜谭》是一本有趣的故事书。The United States is a developed country. 美国是一个发达国家。The United Nations is an international organization. 联合国是一个国际组织。6. 某些以-s结尾的学科名词、疾病名词、游戏名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。这类词有：maths, physics, gymnastics（体操）, economics（经济学）, mechanics（力学，机械学）, athletics（田径运动）, news, AIDS等。Maths is my favourite subject. 数学是我最喜爱的学科。AIDS is a deadly disease. 艾滋病是一种致命的疾病。7. 以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛及亚运、奥运等大型系列活动名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean. 菲律宾群岛位于太平洋。The Himalayas extend along the border of India and China.喜马拉雅山脉一直延伸到中印边境上。The Rocky Mountains cover a distance of about 3,220 km. 落基山脉全长约3,220公里。The Asian Games were held in Guangzhou last year. 亚运会去年在广州举行。The Olympic Games are held every four years. 奥运会每四年举行一次。8. 表示四则运算时，谓语动词多用单数。Two and three is/makes/equals/is equal to five. 3加2等于5。Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15。Fifteen minus five is ten. 15减5等于10。Fifteen divided by five is three. 15除以5等于3。9.“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；当其表示一类事物时，谓语动词用单数形式。The wounded were saved by the villagers at last. 最后，伤员们被村民们救起。The beautiful is not always useful. 好看的并不总是有用的。10.“one and a half+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。One and a half apples is left on the table. 桌子上剩下一个半苹果。One and a half years has passed. 一年半已经过去了。11.“a number of/a group of/a variety of +名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of /the variety of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。A number of students are from Beijing. 许多学生来自北京。The number of students in our class is 50. 我们班学生的数目是50。A variety of flowers are sold in that shop. 各种各样的花在那家商店出售。The variety of flowers is astonishing. 花的种类是惊人的。12. such, the same起指示代词作用，应根据其所指的内容来确定单、复数。Such is my plan. 这就是我的计划。Such are my plans. 这些就是我的计划。13. 一个不可数名词被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数形式；但如果表示的是同一个概念，谓语动词用单数形式。Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying. 古代史和现代史是我们正在学习的科目。Cool and fresh wind is blowing from the south. 凉爽清新的风正从南方吹来。14. 如果名词词组的中心词是all, most, rest, some等时，所指的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数形式。All are present at the meeting. 所有的人都出席了会议。All is well that ends well. 结果好一切都好。These books are new, and the rest are old. 这些书是新的，其余的是旧的。The water in the bottle is clean here, and the rest is dirty.这儿瓶子里的水是干净的，其余的是脏的。15. 单独的动名词、不定式短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Smoking is bad for health. 吸烟有害健康。To see is to believe. 眼见为实。When we shall go there is not decided. 我们何时去那儿还没有决定。When and where to hold the meeting is not decided. 何时何地将举行会议还没有决定。注：①what引导的主语从句，谓语动词的单复数是根据其所指的具体内容而确定的。What we need is more time. 我们需要的是更多的时间。What we need are good books. 我们需要的是好书。②当主语是并列动名词、并列不定式或并列从句时，指同一概念，谓语动词用单数；不指同一概念时，谓语动词用复数形式。Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. 早睡早起是个好习惯。To work and to live are two different things. 工作和生活是两件不同的事情。When we’ll go there and how we’ll get there haven’t been decided.我们何时去那儿及怎样到达那儿还没有被决定。练习：1. The Chinese people ______________ brave and hard-working. The Chinese people ______________ a brave and hard-working people. (be)2. The police ______________ searching for the prisoner everywhere. The policeman ______________ searching for the prisoner everywhere. (be)3. Her family ______________ much larger than mine. Her family ______________ watching TV when I come in. (be)4. What we need badly ______________ more time. What we need now ______________ more sheep. (be)5. Such ______________ our plan for the future. Such ______________ his words that he told us. (be)6. “All______________ present and all________________ going on well,” our monitor said. (be)7. One and a half bananas ___________ left on the table. (be)8. Ten minutes______________ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call. (seem)9. Early to bed and early to rise ______________ a good habit. (be)10. To play basketball and to go swimming _______________ useful for character-training. (be)11. About 60 percent of the students ____________ from the south; the rest of them ___________ from the north and foreign countries. (be)12. The number of people invited ______________ fifty, but a number of them _____________ absent for different reasons yesterday. (be)13. In this publishing house, varieties of books ____________ been published. So the variety of the books here ____________ rich.14. When _____________ the United Nations founded?15. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ (hold) in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us all.16. One third of the deer ______________________ (eat) by the wolves last night.17. What the science teacher does and says ______________ of great importance to college students.18. The sheep farmer used their dog to round up the cattle that __________ eating the grass here and there.19. What he says and what he does________________ (not agree).20. Five years ____________ passed since I joined the Party.(答案：1. are/is 2. are/is 3. is/are 4. is/are 5. is/are 6. are/is 7. is 8. seems 9. is 10. are 11. are/are 12. was/were 13. have/is 14. was 15. were held/was 16. were eaten 17. is 18. were 19. don’t agree 20. have)三、就近一致就近一致是指谓语动词的人称和数由最靠近它的主语决定的。其构成有以下3点。1. 由“neither…nor…, either…or…, not only… but also…, not …but…, …or…”连接两个并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词要和离它最近的主语保持一致。Neither he nor I am right. 他不对我也不对。Either you or he is to blame. 要么你，要么他该受责备。Not only the teacher but also the students are going there. 不仅老师而且学生们要去那儿。2. There be结构中，使用就近原则。There is a chair and two tables in the room. 房间里有一把椅子和两张桌子。There are two tables and a chair in the room. 房间里有两张桌子和一把椅子。3. 在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与它后面的主语一致。On the wall hangs a picture. 墙上挂着一幅画。On each side of the street stand a lot of stores. 大街两边有许多商店。练习：1. Not the teacher but the students ______________ excited about the news yesterday.2. Either John or his friends _____________ to blame for the bad results.3. On the wall ______________ two pictures, which attract many people.4. Among the students ________________ their teacher, who is in her thirties.5. There _____________ a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.(答案：1. were 2. are 3. are 4. is 5. is )四、特殊情况作主语时主谓一致的情况1.“one of+名词复数+定语从句”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式；“the/the only/the last/the very/the right/just the one of +名词复数+定语从句”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。He is one of the students who are from the city. 他是来自城市的学生之一。He is the only one of the students who is from the city. 他是唯一来自城市的学生。2.“a (large) quantity of +不可数名词/可数名词复数，(large) quantities of+不可数名词/可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词是根据quantity的单复数来确定的。A large quantity of water is wasted. 大量的水被浪费了。A large quantity of books is on the desk. 大量的书在课桌上。Large quantities of water are wasted. 大量的水被浪费了。Large quantities of books are on the desk. 大量的书在课桌上。3.“a large amount of +不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；“large amounts of +不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。“the amount of +不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。A large amount of money is spent on the bridge. 大量的钱被花在这座桥上。Large amounts of money are spent on the bridge. 大量的钱被花在这座桥上。The amount of money is 100 yuan. 钱的数量是100元。4.“one or two +名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“a/an +名词单数+two”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。One or two days are enough for me. 对我来说，一两天就够了。A day or two is enough for me. 对我来说，一两天就够了。5. neither, none作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。Neither of the books is/are interesting. 两本书都没有趣。None of us has/have been to Shanghai. 我们没有一个人去过上海。6. 强调句型中，如果强调的是主语，that之后的句子谓语动词是由被强调的主语来决定的。It is I that am your best friend. 是我是你最好的朋友。It is he that often gives me help. 是他经常给我帮助。练习：1. He is one of the boys who ___________ never late for school and he is the only one of the boys who ___________ never late for school.2. It is this teacher who ______________ leaving for Paris and it is you who ______________ next.3. Neither of them ___________ going to the cinema. Both of them ___________ going to the cinema.4. With many forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ________ being washed away each year.5. Large quantities of cotton ______________ shipped all over the world.6. A large quantity of bamboo ______________ used as pipes to carry water.7. One or two students _______________ planting trees yesterday afternoon.8. Large amounts of time ____________ spent in reading.(答案：1. are/is 2. is/are 3. is/are 4. are 5. are 6. is 7. were 8. are 9. is)9. A large amount of time ____________ spent in reading.一、高考题改编：1.（20天津卷9）The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and _______________ (remain) around that level ever since.2.（19江苏卷22）The musician along with his band members _______________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.3.（19江苏卷8）Amy, as well as her brothers, _______________ (give) a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.4.（17江苏卷24）The publication of Great Expectations, which __________ (be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.5.（17天津卷6） Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _______________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.6.（15湖南卷27）It is important to remember that success ____________ (be) a sum of small efforts made each day and often ____________ (take) years to achieve.7.（14湖南卷32） All we need __________________ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.8.（13福建卷23）The famous musician, as well as his students, ______________ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.9.（13江苏卷21） Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others __________ (be) essential to their development.10.（13湖南卷33）The university estimates that living expenses for international students _____________ around $8,450 a year, which _____________ a burden for some of them. (be)11.（12湖南卷35）All the scientific evidence _______________ (show) that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____________ (be) damaging our health.12. （12陕西卷12）The basketball coach, as well as his team, ________________ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.13.（11湖南卷26） One third of the country _________________ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _____________ black people. (be)14.（11安徽卷27） The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ____________ saved for other purposes.15.（10全国卷II 9）Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only of the women who ___________ (wear) evening dress.16.（10湖南卷33）Listening to loud music at rock concerts ___________ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.17.（10四川卷15） Such poets as Shakespeare ____________ widely read, of whose works, however, some _____________ difficult to understand. (be)18.（09湖南卷33） Either you or one of your students ________ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.19.（09江西卷28） At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport _________ that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area.20.（09山东卷25） The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _______________ rising steadily since 1990.21.（09陕西卷7）Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _________ visit Beijing this summer.22.（09四川卷17）The teacher together with the students _____________ discussing Reading Skills that __________ newly published in America.二、语法填空：Qiang Shuping was so busy making cloth shoes __________ she didn’t even rest during the Dragon Boat Festival holiday. The woman from Baipu County, Jiangsu Province, _____________ (make) shoes since she was 19 years old, and this year marks her 31st year making cloth shoes.She spends the entire day in her tiny studio, which ________________ (measure) less than 10 square meters altogether, filled with cloth shoes in _________________ (variety) stages of completion. Nowadays, many stores make cloth shoes using machines, but Qiang ______________ (stick) to the technique of making shoes entirely by hand. She says the shoes _________________ (produce) by machine are not of the same quality as handmade ones. The handmade cloth shoes are more durable(耐用的) and comfortable, ______________ (soft), and absorb sweat better. Some people buy cloth shoes out of nostalgia (怀旧)，while others ______________ (trust) their quality. Making shoes isn’t a profitable job, but Qiang still insists as she wants to preserve the craft and pass it down to the younger generation.Handmade cloth shoes are also called qian ceng di (shoes with a thousand layers), ___________ can date back to the ancient Zhou Dynasty (1050 - 221 BC). In 2009, the making technique of qian ceng di __________ (list) as a national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产).答案：一、高考题改编：1. has remained 2. has given 3. was given 4. was 5. is regarded 6. is/takes 7. is 8. was invited 9. is 10. are/is 11. shows/is 12. was 13. is/are 14. were 15. wears 16. has 17. are/are 18. is 19. is 20. has been 21. is going to 22. is/was二、语法填空：that; has been making; measures; various; sticks; produced; softer; trust; which; was listed