定语从句的概述、写法和分类-2022届高三英语一轮复习素材

这是一份定语从句的概述、写法和分类-2022届高三英语一轮复习素材，共6页。试卷主要包含了定语从句的概述，定语从句的写法，定语从句的补充等内容，欢迎下载使用。
定语从句的概述、写法
一、定语从句的概述：
一个句子作定语，用来修饰限定名词。例如：
Law is a discipline which encurages respnsible judgment.
全句为主句，discipline名词，用which encurages respnsible judgment.修饰。
注意：定语从句可以修饰所有名词。被修饰的名词称为先行词，因为定语从句所修饰的名词一定放在从句前面，用关系词连接，且关系词与先行词是同等的。例如上面的句子可分解为：Law is a discipline. A discipline encurages respnsible judgment.若将两句话构建成一句话，那么出现有重复的名词，在英语中我们就用一定的词来替换有重复的词。如是替换人则用wh，替换物则用which。用来替换的关系词是要作句子成分的，故一定一定不能省略。
二、定语从句的写法
先行词n. + 关系词 + 陈述句（定语从句）
关系词选择看先行词是表示什么。
注意：whm是专门作宾语的。先行词是事/物，关系词选择which/that Teachers need t be aware f the emtinal,intellectual,and physical changes that yung adults experience.
changes先行词（表示的是变化这件“事”）故用了that
Furthermre,the legal system and the events which ccur within it are primary subjects fr jurnalists.
events先行词（表示事件）用which修饰。
2、先行词是人，关系词选择wh/whm/that
wh/that只要是指人，都能通用，但是whm只能用做宾语。
Mst archaelgical sites,hwever,are discvered by archaelgists wh have set ut t lk fr them.
archaelgists（先行词表示人的）故用wh作关系词。
Retailers that master the intricacies f whlesaling in Eurpe may well expect t rake in substantial prfits thereby.
Retailers（先行词表示人物的）用that作关系词。that master the intricacies f whlesaling in Eurpe陈述句作从句。
3、先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系（即XX的），关系词选择whse。
On display here are varius fantasy elements whse reference,at sme basic level,seems t be the natural wrld.
这个句子倒装过的，顺序排列应该是：Varius fantasy elements are n display here...
之所以倒装是因为后面有定语从句修饰varius fantasy elements，如果按顺序排列的话使句子看起来头重脚轻。“这些元素的参考”XX的所以用whse关系词。
This, fr thse as yet unaware f such a disadvantage,refers t discriminatin against thse whse surnames begin with a letter in the lwer half f the alphabet.
4、先行词是时间，关系词选择when
It is difficult t the pint f impssibility fr the average reader under the age f frty t imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism culd be fund in mst big-city newspapers.
5、先行词是地点，关系词选择where
In dreams, a windw pens int a wrld where lgic is suspended and dead peple speak.
6、先行词是原因，关系词选择why
The ther reasn why csts are s high is the restrictive guild-like wnership structure f the business.
重点关注前两种定语从句。
关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意：1、定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分，包括that。
2、whm指人，只能在做宾语时使用。
3、when/where/why引导定语从句时，前面的先行词必须与之匹配。
4、关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以省略。无论及物动词后（动宾）还是介词后（介宾），均可以省略。
5、关系词一定在从句句首，但是它表示的成分不一定在句首。
Are humans actually aware f the wrld they live in?
可以在they live in前面加上关系词which，但实际它表示的成分在live in后作宾语。
These rules say they must value sme assets at the price a third party wuld pay,...
a third party wuld pay可以是which a third party wuld pay,但是which所表示的成分应该在pay后面作宾语。
注意：特殊的关系词whereby = by which（近15年出现过2次）
The definitin als excludes the majrity f teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditinally been the methd whereby many intellectuals earn their living.
可以将whereby换成by which。
定语从句的分类
定语从句的分类：1、限定性定语从句（无逗号隔开）
2、非限定性定语从句（有逗号隔开）
其实核心是：先行词的范围，如果先行词的范围明确，则为非限定性定语从句；如果先行词的范围不明确，则为限定性定语从句。
例如：He will call his friend wh is wrking in Lndn.（限定性定语从句）
He will call his mther, wh is wrking in Lndn.（非限定性定语从句）
出现最多的是限定性定语从句，要特别注意。
（一）非限定性定语从句 先行词范围明确
例如：If it is trying t upset Ggle, which relies almst whlly n advertising,it has chsen an indirect methd.
Ggle范围十分明确，所以这里使用非限定性定语从句，用逗号隔开。
This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel prviders such as airlines and htels and will n dubt g further.
（二）限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别
1、逗号问题：限定性定语从句无逗号，非限定性定语从句有逗号。
2、先行词：限定性定语从句范围不明确，非限定性定语从句范围明确。
3、作用：限定性定语从句修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意。非限定性定语从句补充说明先行词，可以省略，不影响表意。
4、翻译方法：限定性定语从句往前翻译（译到先行词前，“的名词”）；非限定性定语从句不用往前翻译。
5、两者的关系词：限定性定语从句：a、关系词可以用that。b、作宾语可以省略。c、指人作宾语，用whm/wh/that都行。非限定性定语从句：a、关系词不用that。b、不可以省略。c、指人作宾语，只能用whm。
例如：A tailr named Jhn Dane,wh emigrated in the late 1630s, left an accunt f his reasns fr leaving England that is filled with signs.
The winner,by a large margin,was a tiny Virginia cmpany called Open Surce Slutins,whse clear advantage was its mastery f the electrnic wrld.
三、定语从句的补充
（一）限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
例如：One pssible respnse is fr classical perfrmers t prgram attractive new music that is nt yet available n recrd.
The idea that sme grups f peple may be mre intelligent than thers is ne f thse hyptheses that dare nt speak its name.
（二）特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话）
关系词只能用which和as；as可位于句子的任何位置，which只能位于句子后面。
例如：
Mst fisheries are well belw that,which is a bad way t d business.
A few generative rules are then sufficient t unfld the entire fundamental structure f a language, which is why children can learn it s quickly.
Nevertheless, as any bigrapher knws, a persn's early life and its cnditins are ften the greatest gift t an individual.
As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string f lucrative awards fr researchers have jined the Nbel Prizes in recent years.
（三）介词提前的定语从句 介词+whm/which
介词提前可用于限定性和非限定性定语从句。
例如：Furthermre,humans have the ability t mdify the envirnment which they live in.
Furthermre,humans have the ability t mdify the envirnment in which they live.
介词提前，构成介宾。
... cmmercial genetic testing is nly as gd as the reference cllectins which a sample is cmpared t.
... cmmercial genetic testing is nly as gd as the reference cllectins t which a sample is cmpared.