初中英语宾语从句语法讲解

初中英语宾语从句语法讲解

　　[宾语从句歌诀]

　　宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。

　　展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。

　　主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。

　　陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。

　　特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。

　　三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。

　　留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。

　　[歌诀解码]

　　一、三姊妹

　　宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：

　　1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：

　　We knew （that）we should learn from each other.

　　2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：

　　Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.

　　3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：

　　Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？

　　二、三关

　　1. 引导词关

　　如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。

　　2. 语序关

　　①陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：

　　He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.

　　②一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：

　　Does he work hard？I wonder.→I wonder if/whether he works hard.

　　When did he leave？I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left.

　　3. 时态关

　　①如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：

　　I have heard（that）he will come back next week.

　　②如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：

　　He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.

　　注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：

　　He said that light travels much faster than sound.

　　三、人称的变化和标点的使用

　　1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：

　　“May I use your knife？”He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

　　“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.

　　2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：

　　Who will give us a talk？I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.

　　Do you know？Where does he live？→Do you know where he lives？

　　四、两副面孔

　　if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：

　　If it rains tomorrow，I won’t come.（时间状语从句）

　　I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）

　　五、从句的简化

　　1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：

　　She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.

　　2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：

　　She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.

　　3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：

Can you tell me how I can get to the station？→Can you tell me how to get to the station？

宾语从句是用作宾语的从句，它也是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句。在学习宾语从句时， 必须注意以下五个方面的问题：

　　一、 注意正确使用引导词

　　1. 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用that来引导从句，其中的that无具体意义，一般可以省略。如：

　　I hear （that） she’s going to give me a call.

　　Li Tao thought （that） the TV play was interesting.

　　2. 当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时， 可用if 或whether 来引导从句，意为“是否”。如：

　　David asked her if/whether she slept well last night.

　　3. 当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时，用连接代词who/whose/what/which 或连接副词when/where /why/how 来引导。如：

　　Do you know where we can stay on the island？

　　I don’t know why Jane was late for school this morning.

　　二、 注意正确使用语序

　　在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序，即：引导词+主语+谓语+其它，还要注意原来的助动词或情态动词要符合相关的时态。如：

　　When did the train leave？ I want to know. →I want to know when the train left.

　　Does the shop close at six every day？ Do you know？→Do you know if/whether the shop closes at six every day？

　　三、注意正确使用时态

　　1. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，宾语从句时态不受限制，可以根据实际表达的需要来确定。如：

　　I hear he is here today/he was here yesterday/he will be here tomorrow.

　　2.如果主句是一般过去时， 宾语从句应与主句保持一致，即使用过去时态的某种形式。如：

　　He said he was watching TV/he had swept the floor/he would play football after school.

　　3. 如果宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象、科学真理等时，从句不受主句限制，用一般现在时。如：

　　Everyone answered there are sixty minutes in an hour.

　　四、 注意否定提前

　　当主句的谓语动词为think， believe， suppose 等动词时，且主语为第一人称，从句的否定提前。如：

　　I don’t believe he is a doctor， is he？

　　五、 注意复合结构

　　在 find， make， think 等一些可带有复合宾语的动词后，为保持句子平衡，常将实际宾语（主要是that 引导的从句）后置，而使用形式宾语it.如：

　　I think it important that we should learn English well.

语法要点：宾语从句

(一)宾语从句: 宾语从句在复合句中做主句的宾语，做动词、介词或形容词宾语的从句。 
1. 做动词的宾语： I think (that) you will like the pictures.

（连接词that无意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，可以省略）

2. 做介词宾语： They are worrying about whether/if they can get there in time.
                You can write about whatever topic you can think of.
3. 做形容词宾语：Are you sure what you will do next?
                 I'm afraid that he will fail in the exam.

(二)宾语从句三要素：引导词、语序、时态

宾语从句：一个从句在复合句中作了主句中谓语动词的宾语，由于它在整个句子中作宾语，故称之为宾语从句。它有三要素：引导词，语序，时态。

1. 语序：所有的宾语从句都用陈述句语序，即：主语+谓语
2. 引导词：①陈述句转换为宾语从句，用that, 在口语中常省略。

We don’t know. He was late for school yesterday. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)

→We don’t know that he was late for school yesterday.

  ②特殊疑问句转换为宾语从句，用该句的疑问词作引导词。

Could you tell me? Where is the post office ?  (改为含宾语从句的复合句)

→Could you tell me where the post office is?

   ③一般疑问句转换为宾语从句，用if 或 whether

He asks, “Is she a teacher?” (改为含宾语从句的复合句) →He asks if /whether she is a teacher.

3. 时态：①主句谓语动词为一般现在时，从句根据需要选用时态

I hear that he _will be_ (be) back in a few months.

I hear that he has _been (be) back for a month.

        ②主句谓语动词为一般过去时，从句要用相应的过去的时态。

I heard that he would be (be) back in a few months.

    ③当宾语从句叙述的是自然规律，真理，定理时，不管主句的时态如何，宾语从句都用一般现在时。

            He said the Changjiang River   is   (be) the longest in China.

            Grandpa said that the moon moves (move) around the earth.

   ④在做“用宾语从句连接句子”时，若主句的时态为一般过去时，则宾语从句的时态要作相应变化：

一般现在时→一般过去时；现在进行时→过去进行时；

一般将来时→过去将来时；现在完成时→过去完成时

     a. Where does Mr. Green work? They wanted to know.→They wanted to know where Mr. Green ______.

b. What is he looking for? She asked. →She asked what he____  _____for.

c. She has lived here for ten years. Mrs. Read said. →Mr. Read said that she ____ _____here for ten years. （三）注意点：

1. 否定前移：当主句主语为I 、we 时，动词为think, believe，如从句中含有否定，那么该否定要转移到主句中。

I think. It won’t rain tomorrow. (改为含宾语从句的复合句) →I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.

2. “两副面孔”

if 和when既能引导状语从句，又能连接宾语从句。

①I don’t know if he will come tomorrow.

( if 译为“是否”，这句是宾语从句 )

②If he comes tomorrow, I will tell him about it.

( if 译为“如果”，这句是条件状语从句，从句中必须用一般现在时 )

③I don’t know when he will come.

( when译为“什么时候”，这句是宾语从句 )

④When he comes tomorrow, I will tell him about it.

( when译为“当……时”，时间状语从句，从句中必须用一般现在时 )

1

( ) 1 The girls asked if they ____ some food and drink with them.

A. took B. take C. takes D. will take

( ) 2 Catherine said that she ___ to Guangzhou.

A. has never gone B. had never gone

C. has never been D. had never been

( ) 3 The students want to know whether they___ dictation today.

A. had B. has . C. will have D. are

( ) 4 She asked Linda if___ go and get some.

A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may

( ) 5 Linda said the moon___ round the earth.

A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelled

2

( ) 1 Can you tell me___ you were born, Betty?

A. who B. what C. when D. that

( ) 2 I don't know ___ they have passed the exam.

A. what B. if C. when D. where

( ) 3 I hardly understand.___ he has told me.

A. that B. what C. which D. who

( ) 4 She didn't know___ back soon.

A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be

( ) 5 I don't know _____ he still lives here after so many years.

A. whether B where C. what D.when

( ) 6 Do you know _____ they listened to yesterday evening?

A. what B when C why D how

( ) 7 He asked me _____told me the accident.

A whom B which C who D whose

3

( ) 1.They don't know ______their parents are.

A that B what C why D which

( ) 2.Please tell me ______what last year.

A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work

C where your sister works D where your sister worked

( ) 3.She asked me if I knew ______.

A. whose pen is it B. whose pen it was

C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it

( ) 4. You must remember ________.

A. what your mother said B. what did your mother say

C. your mother said what D. what has your mother said

( ) 5 Did you know ____?

A. who he was looking after B. who was he looking for

C. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after

( ) 6 Could you tell me ___?

A. when will they leave Beijing B. when would they leave Beijing

C. when they will leave Beijing D. when did they leave Beijing

参考答案：

1. 1-5 A D C B C

2. 1-7 C B B A A A C

3. 1-6 B D B A A C

系列复习题（十五）——宾语从句

基本型

1. He won’t come. I think. (变为复合句)(1996甘肃)

I ______ think he ______ come.

2. Miss Gao: Lucy, do you come from the USA? (改为含有宾语从句的句子)

Miss Gao asked Lucy that she came from the USA.

Miss Gao asked Lucy do you come from the USA.

Miss Gao asked Lucy if she came from the USA.来源：www.examda.com

3. “Do you wash your clothes yourself?” Tom asked the girl next to him.(改复合句)

Tom asked the girl next to him ______ ______ ______ her clothes herself.

4. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为宾从)(1999福州)

Li Lei wants to know ______ Peter ______ here yesterday.

5. Is the earth round? The little boy asked.(改为宾语从句)

The little boy asked ______ the earth ______ round.

6. “Where does he live?” Mr Hu asked.(改为复合句)

Mr Hu asked where _______ _______.

7. Tom’s father saw him sitting on some eggs.(改为复合句)

Tom’s father saw ______ ______ ______ sitting on some eggs.

8. Mrs White told Tom not to throw paper on the ground.(改为复合句) (99上海)

Mrs white told Tom ______ ______ ______ throw paper on the ground.

9. Please tell me where we show our tickets.(改为简单句，保持原意) (98广西)

Please tell me ______ ______ show our tickets.

10. Can you tell me how I can get to the post office? (改为简单句，保持原意)

Can you tell me the ______ _____ the post office?

11. Rose doesn’t know when they are going to repair the watch. (改为简单句)

Rose doesn’t know ______ ______ repair the watch.

12. The teacher told the boys what they should do and how they should do it.(改为简单句)

The teacher told the boys ______ ______ do and ______ _____ do it.

13. The earth moves around the sun. The teacher said.(改为宾语从句)

The teacher said ______ the earth ______ around the sun.

14. Are you hungry? My mother asked me.(改为宾语从句)

My mother asked me ______ ______ ______ hungry.

15. Why hasn’t she come yet? Nobody knows. (改为宾语从句)

Nobody knows ______ ______ _______ come yet.